Timeline of Johannesburg

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Johannesburg, in the Gauteng province in South Africa.

19th century

1886 – Johannesburg township established by Boer government after discovery of gold in vicinity.^[1]^[2]
1887
- The Star newspaper in publication.^[3]
- St. Mary's Church built.^[4]
- Johannesburg Stock Exchange founded.^[5]
- Theatre Royal opens.^[6]
1888 – St Mary's School was founded.
1890
- Library opens.^[7]
- Jeppe High School for Boys was founded.
1891
- Horse-drawn tram begins operating.^[4]
- Standard Theatre opens.^[6]
1892 – Prison built.
1895 – Railway in operation.^[4]
1896
- January: Uprising against Boer government.^[4]
- 19 February: Braamfontein Explosion.
1897
- Johannesburg Park station opens.
- Johan Zulch de Villiers becomes the first mayor.
1898 – St John's College was founded.
1899 – Fort built.
1900 – 31 May: Town captured by British forces during the Second Boer War.^[1]^[4]

20th century

1900s–1950s

1902
- King Edward VII School was founded.
- St. Andrew's School for Girls was founded.
1903
- Johannesburg Stock Exchange building constructed.^[2]
- Observatory built near town.^[4]
- Sophiatown developed.^[8]
- Roedean School for Girls was founded.
1904
- Johannesburg Zoo and Transvaal Technical Institute established.^[4]
- April: Brickfields burned.
- Drill Hall built.[1]
- Population: 99,022.^[4]
1905
- Town administrative wards created.^[4]
- Johannesburg Statistics begins publication.^[4]
- Alexandra developed near Johannesburg.^[9]
1906
- Electric trams begin operating.^[4]
- Sunday Times newspaper begins publication.
- Meeting of the Municipal Associations of South Africa held in Johannesburg.
1907 – Redhill School was founded.
1908 – Population: 180,687.^[4]
1919 – Jeppe High School for Girls was founded.
1920 – Parktown Boys' High School was founded.
1921 – Helpmekaar Kollege was founded.
1922
- University of the Witwatersrand incorporated.
- January–March: Miner's strike.^[10]
1923 – Parktown High School for Girls was founded.
1925 – Technikon Witwatersrand established.
1927 – Johannesburg Symphony Orchestra founded.^[11]
1928
- Johannesburg gains city status.^[1]
- Ellis Park Stadium was opened.
1929 – South African Institute of Race Relations headquartered in city.^{[citation needed]}
1931 – Airport opens in Germiston.
1933 – Kingsmead College was founded.
1935 – Johannesburg City Library building opens.^[7]
1936 – 15 September: The Empire Exhibition, South Africa World's Fair opens^[12]
1937 – 15 January: The Empire Exhibition, South Africa closes.
1941 – St David's Marist, Inanda was founded.
1942 – Springbok Legion's [fr] Fighting Talk begins publication.^[13]
1944 – Hoërskool Florida was founded.
1946 – Population: 603,470 city; 762,910 urban agglomeration.^[14]
1948 – Polly Street Centre founded.^[15]
1950 – Springbok Radio begins broadcasting.
1951
- Drum magazine begins publication.^[15]
- Population: 631,911 city; 884,007 urban agglomeration.^[14]
- Waverley High School for Girls was founded.
1952 – Jan Smuts Airport established in Kempton Park.
1953 – St Stithians College was founded.
1956
- December: Treason Trial begins.
- Purple Renoster literary magazine begins publication.^[16]
1957 – 1957 Alexandra bus boycott.^[17]
1958 – St Benedict's College was founded.

1960s–1990s

1960
- 21 March: Sharpeville massacre.
- Johannesburg Planetarium opens.
1961
- City becomes part of the Republic of South Africa.
- Greenside High School was founded.
1962 – Sentech Tower built.
1963
- 11 July: The arrest of Umkhonto we Sizwe high commanders known as Rivonia Trialist.
- 11 August: Four of the defendants who had been arrested on July 11, at the Liliesleaf Farm near Johannesburg, were able to escape their South African jail after a bribe was promised to their guard by the ANC.^[18]^[19]
- Classic magazine begins publication.
1964
- July: The arrest of Umkhonto we Sizwe high commanders known as Little Rivonia Trialist.
- Johannesburg Botanical Garden established.
1966 – Rand Afrikaans University founded.^[20]
1968 – Bryanston High School was founded.
1969
- Hyde Park Corner (shopping centre) in business.
- Northcliff High School was founded.
1970
- Tollman Towers and Trust Bank Building constructed.
- Population: 654,682 city; 1,432,643 urban agglomeration.^[21]
1971 – Hillbrow Tower built.
1973 – Marble Towers, Carlton Centre, and Sandton City shopping centre built.
1974 – Beeld newspaper begins publication.
1975 – Ponte City Apartments built.^[22]
1976
- 16 June: Soweto uprising.^[9]
- Market Theatre opens.^[23]
1978 – Staffrider literary magazine begins publication.^[24]
1980
- Municipal workers' strike.^[25]
- Federated Union of Black Artists Academy established.^[15]
1981 – The Sowetan newspaper begins publication.
1982
- City Press newspaper begins publication.
- Afrapix active.^[24]
1984
- 3 September: Sharpeville Six
- 11 Diagonal Street built.
1985
- Weekly Mail newspaper begins publication.
- Mormon Temple dedicated.
- Population: 632,369 city; 1,609,408 urban agglomeration.^[26]
1987 – Water Institute of Southern Africa headquartered in city.^[27]
1988 – 31 August: Bombing of Khotso House.
1989
- Soccer City stadium opens.
- Centre for the Study of Violence and Reconciliation established.^[27]
1991 – Population: 712,507 city; 1,916,061 metro.^[26]^[28]
1992
- Johannesburg Stadium opens.
- Centre for Policy Studies headquartered in Johannesburg.^[27]^[29]
1994
- 28 March: Shooting at Shell House.^[30]
- City becomes seat of the new Gauteng province.
- South African School of Motion Picture Medium and Live Performance established.
1995
- Gallagher Convention Centre opens.
- Centre for Development and Enterprise headquartered in Johannesburg.^[31]
- Johannesburg Biennale art exhibit begins.^[15]
1996
- 3 February: 1996 Africa Cup of Nations Final football contest played in Johannesburg.
- Population: 752,349 city.^[32]
1997
- MTN Sundrome opens.
- Flag of Johannesburg revised design adopted.
1998 – Website Joburg.org.za launched.^[33]
1998 – St Peter's College was founded.
1999 – September: 1999 All-Africa Games held in city.
2000
- City of Johannesburg Metropolitan Municipality and Johannesburg City Parks created.
- Stoned Cherrie in business.^[34]
- Population: 2,732,000 (urban agglomeration).^[35]

21st century

Aerial view of Johannesburg, 2006

2000s

2001
- Amos Masondo becomes mayor.^[36]
- Monash University, South Africa campus established.
- Population: 3,226,055.^[37]
2002
- Soweto becomes part of city.
- City hosts Earth Summit 2002.
2003 – Nelson Mandela Bridge built.
2004
- Constitutional Court of South Africa building opens in Constitution Hill.
- Drill Hall rebuilt.
- Creative Commons South Africa headquartered at University of the Witwatersrand.[2]
2005
- University of Johannesburg established.
- 2 July: Live 8 concert.
- Population: 3,272,000 (urban agglomeration).^[35]
2008
- Joburg Art Fair begins.^[15]
- Google office in business.^[38]^[39]
- Species Australopithecus sediba discovered near Johannesburg.
2009
- 28 June: 2009 FIFA Confederations Cup Final football contest played in Johannesburg.

2010s

2010 – 11 July: 2010 FIFA World Cup Final held.
2011
- Parks Tau becomes mayor.^[40]
- Air pollution in Johannesburg reaches annual mean of 41 PM2.5 and 85 PM10, more than recommended.^[41]
- Population: 4,434,827.^[37]
2013
- 10 February: 2013 Africa Cup of Nations Final football contest played in Johannesburg.
- 5 December: Nelson Mandela dies in Johannesburg.
2015 – October: #FeesMustFall protest.^[42]
2016 – 22 August: Herman Mashaba becomes mayor
2016 – Mduduzi Edmund Tshabalala died in Johannesburg
2016 – October: #FeesMustFall protest revival.
2018 – Winnie Madikizela-Mandela died in Johannesburg.
2018 – International 10th BRICS summit held at Sandton Convention Centre.
2018 – 24 October: Jabulani Tsambo died in Johannesburg

2020s

2021
- 9 July 2021: Geoff Makhubo dies.
- 10 August 2021: Jolidee Matongo becomes mayor.
- 18 September 2021: Jolidee Matongo dies from a car accident

2023
- 19 July 2023: Gas explosion destroys road in downtown.^[43]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c Webster's Geographical Dictionary, US: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, OL 5812502M
^ ^a ^b H.T. Montague Bell; C. Arthur Lane (1905). Guide to the Transvaal. Johannesburg Reception Committee.
^ "Johannesburg (South Africa) Newspapers". WorldCat. US: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Britannica 1910.
^ "South Africa". International Encyclopedia of the Stock Market. Fitzroy Dearborn. 1999. p. 964. ISBN 978-1-884964-35-0.
^ ^a ^b Jaques Malan (2005). "Opera Houses in South Africa". In Christine Lucia (ed.). World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-904303-36-7.
^ ^a ^b R.F. Kennedy (1968). "Johannesburg Public Library". Journal of Library History. 3.
^ Rough Guide 2012.
^ ^a ^b Schmitz 2004.
^ Murchú 2007.
^ Christine Lucia, ed. (2005). World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-904303-36-7.
^ "Lexicon – Empire Exhibition". Retrieved 5 December 2013.
^ Les Switzer, ed. (1997). South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880–1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55351-3.
^ ^a ^b "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Southern Africa, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Lionel Abrahams (1980). "Purple Renoster: An Adolescence". English in Africa. 7 (2): 32–49. JSTOR 40238472.
^ "Global Nonviolent Action Database". Pennsylvania, US: Swarthmore College. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ Nelson Mandela, Conversations with Myself (Random House Digital, 2010)
^ Gideon Shimoni, Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa (University Press of New England, 2003) p67
^ Jacqueline Audrey Kalley; et al. (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30247-3.
^ United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ "Demolition dreams: the world's 'worst' buildings", Financial Times, 31 October 2014
^ Kruger 2001.
^ ^a ^b "Afrapix timeline 1978–1991". South African History Online. Retrieved 30 August 2015.
^ Barchiesi 2007.
^ ^a ^b "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division. 1997. pp. 262–321.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Organizations". International Relations and Security Network. Switzerland: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ "South Africa". Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2003. ISBN 9781857431315. ISSN 0065-3896.
^ "Introduction". Centre for Policy Studies. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ Roger B. Beck (2013). "Timeline of Historical Events". History of South Africa. Greenwood Histories of Modern Nations (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-527-5.
^ "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
^ "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.
^ "Joburg.org.za". City of Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 12 December 1998 – via Wayback Machine.
^ Michaela Alejandra Oberhofer (2012), "Fashioning African Cities: The Case of Johannesburg, Lagos and Douala", Streetnotes, 20 (20), ISSN 2159-2926 – via California Digital Library
^ ^a ^b The State of African Cities 2014. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 10 September 2015. ISBN 978-92-1-132598-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.
^ "Mayor". City of Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010.
^ ^a ^b "Statistics by Place: City of Johannesburg". Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 30 September 2014.
^ "Google Africa Blog". July 2008 – via Blogspot.
^ "Company: Locations". Google Inc. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013.
^ "South African mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 2 May 2013.
^ World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva, archived from the original on 28 March 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ South African students continue fees protest, BBC News, 26 October 2015
^ "One dead, 41 injured in suspected gas explosion in South Africa". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.

Bibliography

Published in 20th century

A. Samler Brown; G. Gordon Brown, eds. (1906), "Johannesburg", Guide to South Africa (14th ed.), London: Sampson Low, Marston & Company
"Johannesburg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 15 (11th ed.). 1910. pp. 431–432.
"Johannesburg" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 31 (12th ed.). 1922. p. 659.
G.-M Van der Waal (1987), From mining camp to metropolis: the buildings of Johannesburg, 1886–1940, Pretoria: C. van Rensburg Publications for the Human Sciences Research Council, ISBN 0868460494
Noelle Watson, ed. (1996). "Johannesburg". International Dictionary of Historic Places: Middle East and Africa. UK: Routledge. ISBN 1884964036.
Musiker, 2000. A Concise Historical Dictionary of Greater Johannesburg, Francolin Pubs., Cape Town, South Africa.

Published in 21st century

2000s

Loren Kruger (2001). "Theatre, Crime, and the Edgy City in Post-Apartheid Johannesburg". Theatre Journal. 53 (2): 223–252. doi:10.1353/tj.2001.0050. JSTOR 25068913. S2CID 190702059.
Jo Beall; et al. (2002), Uniting a Divided City: Governance and Social Exclusion in Johannesburg, Earthscan Publications Ltd., ISBN 9781853839214
People Behind the Walls: Insecurity, Identity and Gate Communities in Johannesburg, London: Crisis States Research Centre, 2002 – via International Relations and Security Network
Okwui Enwezor, ed. (2002). Under Siege: Four African Cities, Freetown, Johannesburg, Kinshasa, Lagos. Ostfildern, Germany: Hatje Cantz [de]. ISBN 978-3-7757-9090-1. Documenta11 + website
Gardner Khumalo; et al. (2003), Alternative service delivery arrangements at municipal level in South Africa: Assessing the impact of service delivery and customer satisfaction in Johannesburg, Johannesburg: Centre for Policy Studies
Paul Tiyambe Zeleza; Dickson Eyoh, eds. (2003). "Johannesburg, South Africa". Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century African History. Routledge. ISBN 0415234794.
Lindsay Bremner (2004). Johannesburg: One City, Colliding Worlds. Johannesburg.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
Owen Crankshaw and Susan Parnell (2004). "Johannesburg". In Josef Gugler (ed.). World Cities beyond the West: Globalization, Development, and Inequality. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521830036.
"City of Hope, City of Fear: Johannesburg", National Geographic, vol. 205, Washington DC, 2004
Christian M. Rogerson (2004). "Urban tourism and small tourism enterprise development in Johannesburg: The case of township tourism". GeoJournal. 60 (3): 249–257. doi:10.1023/B:GEJO.0000034732.58327.b6. JSTOR 41147888. S2CID 153867127.
Christopher Schmitz (2004). "Johannesburg". In Kevin Shillington (ed.). Encyclopedia of African History. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45670-2.
Lindsay Bremner (2005). "Remaking Johannesburg". In Stephen Read; et al. (eds.). Future: City. UK: Spon Press. ISBN 0415284503.
Ivor Chipkin (2005). "The Political Stakes of Academic Research: Perspectives on Johannesburg". African Studies Review. 48 (2): 87–109. doi:10.1353/arw.2005.0054. JSTOR 20065097.
Kwame Anthony Appiah and Henry Louis Gates, ed. (2005). "Johannesburg". Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience (2nd ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 375. ISBN 978-0-19-517055-9.
S.B. Bekker and Anne Leildé, ed. (2006). Reflections on Identity in Four African Cities. South Africa: African Minds. ISBN 978-1-920051-40-2. (about Cape Town, Johannesburg, Libreville, Lomé)
Franco Barchiesi (2007). "Privatization and the Historical Trajectory of 'Social Movement Unionism': A Case Study of Municipal Workers in Johannesburg, South Africa". International Labor and Working-Class History. 71 (71): 50–69. doi:10.1017/S0147547907000336. JSTOR 27673070. S2CID 145433168.
Niall Ó. Murchú (2007). "Split Labor Markets and Ethnic Violence after World War I: A Comparison of Belfast, Chicago, and Johannesburg". Comparative Politics. 39 (4): 379–400. JSTOR 20434051.
Sarah Nuttall, Achille Mbembe, ed. (2008). Johannesburg: The Elusive Metropolis. Duke University Press. ISBN 978-0822381211.
Martin J. Murray (2008). "The city in fragments: kaleidoscopic Johannesburg after apartheid". In Gyan Prakash and Kevin Michael Kruse (ed.). Spaces of the Modern City: Imaginaries, Politics, and Everyday Life. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13343-0.

2010s

Abdou Maliq Simone (2012). "People as Infrastructure: Intersecting Fragments in Johannesburg". In Kerstin Pinther; et al. (eds.). Afropolis: City Media Art. Jacana Media. p. 38. ISBN 978-1-4314-0325-7.
Johannesburg and Pretoria. Rough Guides. 2012. ISBN 978-1-4093-1492-9.

External links

"Johannesburg Timeline 1800–1991". South African History Online.
"Registry: (Johannesburg)". Archivalplatform.org. Rondebosch. (Directory of South African archival and memory institutions and organisations)
"(Johannesburg)". Directory of Open Access Journals. UK. (Bibliography of open access articles)
"(Johannesburg)" – via Europeana. (Images, etc.)
"(Johannesburg)" – via Digital Public Library of America. (Images, etc.)
"(Johannesburg)". Internet Library Sub-Saharan Africa. Germany: Frankfurt University Library. (Bibliography)
"(Johannesburg)". Connecting-Africa. Leiden, Netherlands: African Studies Centre. (Bibliography)
"(Johannesburg)". AfricaBib.org. (Bibliography)
"Johannesburg, South Africa". BlackPast.org. US.

[webster1960-1] Webster's Geographical Dictionary, US: G. & C. Merriam Co., 1960, OL 5812502M

[1905bell-2] H.T. Montague Bell; C. Arthur Lane (1905). Guide to the Transvaal. Johannesburg Reception Committee.

[worldcat-3] "Johannesburg (South Africa) Newspapers". WorldCat. US: Online Computer Library Center. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

[FOOTNOTEBritannica1910-4] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l Britannica 1910.

[stock1999-5] "South Africa". International Encyclopedia of the Stock Market. Fitzroy Dearborn. 1999. p. 964. ISBN 978-1-884964-35-0.

[malan2005-6] Jaques Malan (2005). "Opera Houses in South Africa". In Christine Lucia (ed.). World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars Press. p. 126. ISBN 978-1-904303-36-7.

[kennedy1968-7] R.F. Kennedy (1968). "Johannesburg Public Library". Journal of Library History. 3.

[FOOTNOTERough_Guide2012-8] Rough Guide 2012.

[FOOTNOTESchmitz2004-9] Schmitz 2004.

[FOOTNOTEMurchú2007-10] Murchú 2007.

[Lucia2005-11] Christine Lucia, ed. (2005). World of South African Music: A Reader. Cambridge Scholars Press. ISBN 978-1-904303-36-7.

[joburg-12] "Lexicon – Empire Exhibition". Retrieved 5 December 2013.

[Switzer1997-13] Les Switzer, ed. (1997). South Africa's Alternative Press: Voices of Protest and Resistance, 1880–1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-55351-3.

[UN1955-14] "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1955. New York: Statistical Office of the United Nations.

[MMA-afo11-15] "Southern Africa, 1900 A.D.–present: Key Events". Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art. Retrieved 30 August 2015.

[16] Lionel Abrahams (1980). "Purple Renoster: An Adolescence". English in Africa. 7 (2): 32–49. JSTOR 40238472.

[swarthmore-17] "Global Nonviolent Action Database". Pennsylvania, US: Swarthmore College. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

[18] Nelson Mandela, Conversations with Myself (Random House Digital, 2010)

[19] Gideon Shimoni, Community and Conscience: The Jews in Apartheid South Africa (University Press of New England, 2003) p67

[KalleySchoeman1999-20] Jacqueline Audrey Kalley; et al. (1999). Southern African Political History: A Chronology of Key Political Events from Independence to Mid-1997. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-30247-3.

[21] United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Statistical Office (1976). "Population of capital city and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 1975. New York. pp. 253–279.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[22] "Demolition dreams: the world's 'worst' buildings", Financial Times, 31 October 2014

[FOOTNOTEKruger2001-23] Kruger 2001.

[afrapix-24] "Afrapix timeline 1978–1991". South African History Online. Retrieved 30 August 2015.

[FOOTNOTEBarchiesi2007-25] Barchiesi 2007.

[UN1995-26] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 and more inhabitants". 1995 Demographic Yearbook. New York: United Nations Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Statistics Division. 1997. pp. 262–321.

[ISN-27] "Organizations". International Relations and Security Network. Switzerland: Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

[Europa2003-28] "South Africa". Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Regional Surveys of the World. Europa Publications. 2003. ISBN 9781857431315. ISSN 0065-3896.

[29] "Introduction". Centre for Policy Studies. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

[Beck2013-30] Roger B. Beck (2013). "Timeline of Historical Events". History of South Africa. Greenwood Histories of Modern Nations (2nd ed.). ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-527-5.

[fpri-31] "Think Tank Directory". Philadelphia: Foreign Policy Research Institute. Archived from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

[32] "Population of capital cities and cities of 100,000 or more inhabitants". Demographic Yearbook 2011. United Nations Statistics Division. 2012.

[33] "Joburg.org.za". City of Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 12 December 1998 – via Wayback Machine.

[oberhofer2012-34] Michaela Alejandra Oberhofer (2012), "Fashioning African Cities: The Case of Johannesburg, Lagos and Douala", Streetnotes, 20 (20), ISSN 2159-2926 – via California Digital Library

[unhabitat2014-35] The State of African Cities 2014. United Nations Human Settlements Programme. 10 September 2015. ISBN 978-92-1-132598-0. Archived from the original on 10 September 2014.

[36] "Mayor". City of Johannesburg. Archived from the original on 12 April 2010.

[statssa-37] "Statistics by Place: City of Johannesburg". Statistics South Africa. Retrieved 30 September 2014.

[38] "Google Africa Blog". July 2008 – via Blogspot.

[39] "Company: Locations". Google Inc. Archived from the original on 15 August 2013.

[40] "South African mayors". City Mayors.com. London: City Mayors Foundation. Retrieved 2 May 2013.

[41] World Health Organization (2016), Global Urban Ambient Air Pollution Database, Geneva, archived from the original on 28 March 2014{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[42] South African students continue fees protest, BBC News, 26 October 2015

[43] "One dead, 41 injured in suspected gas explosion in South Africa". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 5 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.

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Timeline of Johannesburg

19th century

20th century

1900s–1950s

1960s–1990s

21st century

2000s

2010s

2020s

See also

References

Bibliography

Published in 20th century

Published in 21st century

External links

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