Timeline of Mongolian history

This is a timeline of Mongolian history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Mongolia and its predecessor states. To read about the background to these events, see History of Mongolia. See also the list of presidents of Mongolia.

Centuries: 17th · 18th · 19th · 20th · 21st

3rd century BC

Year	Date	Event
215		Qin armies evict Xiongnu nomadic tribes from their pastures on the Yellow River in the Ordos Loop. Xiongnu leader Touman forced to flee far into the Mongolian Plateau
209		Modu Chanyu found the Xiongnu Empire. These nomadic peoples would inhabit the eastern Asian Steppe from the 3rd century BCE to the late 1st century CE.
203		Xiongnu launch second war against the Yuezhi, seizing a large swath of Yuezhi territory (modern day Xinjiang).
200		At the Battle of Baideng, Emperor Gaozu of Han was ambushed reputedly by 300,000 elite Xiongnu cavalry, only narrowly escaping capture.

2nd century BC

Year	Date	Event
198		Modu Chanyu and the emperor Gaozu of China's Han dynasty sign a peace treaty, recognizing equality of the Xiongnu.
176		Modu Chanyu leads a Xiongnu invasion of the Gansu region and soundly defeats last remnants of the Yuezhi, killing the Yuezhi king in the process and asserting their presence in the Western Regions.
174		Death of Xiongnu leader Modu Chanyu.
133		The Battle of Mayi, an abortive ambush operation by Emperor Wu of Han (Han Wudi) against the invading Xiongnu forces, begins a decades-long Han dynasty offensive against the nomads
119		The Battle of Mobei, Han forces invade the northern regions of the Gobi Desert forcing the Xiongnu to flee into Siberia. After a series of further defeats, the Xiongnu are expelled from the Ordos Desert and Qilian Mountains.

1st century BC

Year	Date	Event
71		Various tribes invade the Xiongnu territory from all fronts; Wusun from the west, Dingling from the north, Wuhuan from the east, and Han forces from the south.
60		Xiongnu civil war as factions fight for power following the death of Xulüquanqu, the 12th Chanyu
53		The southern Xiongnu surrender and become tributaries to the Han after splitting into northern and southern dynasties.
36		At the Battle of Zhizhi General Chen Tang and Protector General Gan Yanshou, acting without explicit permission from the Han court, kill Northern Xiongnu leader Zhizhi Chanyu at his capital city (present-day Taraz, Kazakhstan)

1st century AD

Year	Date	Event
49		Tsi Yung, allied with the Wuhuan and Xianbei, attacked the northern Xiongnu kingdom. Xianbei move into Xiongnu territory.
93		The northern Xiongnu are dispersed by the Xianbei and the Chinese during the Battle of Ikh Bayan. The last Northern Chanyu is defeated and flees over to the north west with his subjects.

2nd century AD

Year	Date	Event
147		The Xianbei, who gain strength beginning from the 1st century CE, are consolidated into a state under Tanshihuai.
167		The Xianbei successfully repel an invasion of the Han dynasty.
180		The Xianbei conquer areas of northern China.

3rd century AD

Year	Date	Event
235		The last khagan of the Xianbei, Kebineng, is assassinated by Cao Wei, successor state of the Eastern Han (25–220). The Xianbei state disintegrates into a number of smaller independent domains (Murong, Tuoba, Khitan people, Shiwei, and Rouran Khaganate).

4th century AD

Year	Date	Event
330		A branch of the Xianbei, the Rouran (also known as Nirun) establish a powerful nomadic empire over modern day Mongolia, eastern Kazakhstan, part of Gansu, northern Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, parts of Northeast China and southern Siberia.

5th century AD

Year	Date	Event
402		Yujiulü Shelun assumes the title of Khagan, landmarking the establishment of the state of the Rouran Khaganate.

6th century AD

Year	Date	Event
555		The Göktürks join the Western Wei, successor state of the Northern Wei, to defeat the Rouran.
570		The Chinese Northern Qi and Northern Zhou dynasties begin paying tribute to the Göktürks.
584		The Göktürks Empire, which stretches west to Crimea, is partitioned into Eastern and Western Turkic Khaganates. Eastern Turk Göktürks recognize Sui dynasty Suzerainty.

7th century AD

Year	Date	Event
615		Turkic Khaganate revolts against Emperor of Sui and besiege the command seats at present-day Daixian in Shanxi
630	27 March	A Tang army under the command of Li Jing defeats the Eastern Turkic Khaganate under the command of Illig Qaghan at the Battle of Yinshan
648		A reunited China—under the Tang dynasty (618–906) destroys the Eastern Türk north of the Gobi and establishes the Anbei Protectorate in the Mongolian Steppes. Uyghurs khagan are installed as Anbei protector.
682		Ilterish Qaghan (682–91) founds the Second Turkic Khaganate by uniting the tribes and subjugating the nine Turkic tribes of the Toquz Oghuz (which included the Uyghurs) and joining with the Sir tribes, Basmyls and Karluks to the west. He would later defeat Chinese armies and raid China.
691		Ilterish Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate dies and is succeeded by his brother Qapaghan Qaghan.
696		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Khitans to the east and raids the Tang dynasty.

8th century AD

Year	Date	Event
711		Qapaghan Qaghan of the Second Turkic Khaganate defeats the Turgesh
742		The Basmyl, Uyghurs, and Karluks revolt against the Second Turkic Khaganate
745		The Uyghurs kill the last khagan of the Göktürks, Kulunbeg, and sent his head to the Tang.
756		Uyghur Bayanchur Khan aids Emperor Suzong of the Tang dynasty against the An Lushan rebellion. Approximately 4,000 Uyghur horsemen assisted Tang armies in retaking Chang'an and Luoyang in 757.
758		Uyghurs destroy several northern Yenisei Kyrgyz trading outposts before slaughtering a Kyrgyz army and executing their Khan

9th century AD

Year	Date	Event
840		The Tang dynasty surreptitiously encouraged the Yenisei Kirghiz and the Karluks to attack the Uyghurs and the Uyghur Khaganate fell under an invasion of the Yenisei Kirghiz

10th century AD

Year	Date	Event
907		Ambagyan founds the Khitan Liao dynasty which covered a significant portion of what is now Mongolia including the basins of the three rivers Kherlen, Tuul and Orkhon.
925		The Khitan ruled eastern Mongolia, most of Manchuria, and much of China north of the Yellow River.
944		Emperor Taizong launches an invasion of the Jin.
947		Khitan chieftains had established themselves as emperors of northern China. The Khitan state is renamed the Liao dynasty
951	7 October	Emperor Shizong of Liao is murdered by a relative and is succeeded by Yelü Jing, son of Emperor Taizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Muzong of Liao^[1]
960	February	Zhao Kuangyin declares himself Emperor Taizu of Song, replacing Later Zhou^[2]
964		Liao dynasty assists Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty^[3]
969	12 March	Emperor Muzong of Liao is murdered by his attendants and is succeeded by Yelü Xian, son of Emperor Shizong of Liao, who becomes Emperor Jingzong of Liao^[3]
979		Liao dynasty attempts to assist Northern Han in repelling Song dynasty but is defeated at the Battle of Gaoliang River
980	13 October	Emperor Jingzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Longxu succeeds him as Emperor Shengzong of Liao; Empress Xiao Yanyan becomes regent^[4]
983		The Liao dynasty reverts to calling itself the Khitans^[5]
993		First conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo and acquire nominal tributary status over Goryeo^[6]

11th century AD

Year	Date	Event
1004		Emperor Shengzong of Liao conducts a full-scale invasion of the Song dynasty which ends in stalemate and the Chanyuan Treaty, an agreement to an annual payment of silk and silver from the Song to the Khitans^[7]
1009		Empress Xiao Yanyan dies^[8]
1010		Second conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Mokjong of Goryeo is murdered by Kang Cho and the Khitans send an expedition to punish him; Kang Cho is killed^[8]
1018		Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans invade Goryeo but are defeated^[9]
1019		Third conflict in the Goryeo–Khitan War: Khitans prepares another army to attack Goryeo^[9]
1031	25 June	Emperor Shengzong of Liao dies and his son Yelü Zongzhen succeeds him as Emperor Xingzong of Liao; Empress Dowager Xiao Noujin becomes regent^[10]
1055	28 August	Emperor Xingzong of Liao dies and is succeeded by his son Yelü Hongji, who becomes Emperor Daozong of Liao^[11]All officials are required to wear Chinese court dress^[12]
1066		Khitans revert to calling their state the Liao dynasty^[5]
1082		Unusually heavy snowfall kills 70 percent of livestock and horses^[13]
1093		Mogusi of the Zubu and the Dilie tribes of western Heilongjiang raid the Liao dynasty

12th century AD

Year	Date	Event
1101	12 February	Emperor Daozong of Liao dies and his grandson Yelü Yanxi succeeds him as Emperor Tianzuo of Liao^[14]
1117		Emperor Taizu of Jin defeats the Khitan army of the Liao dynasty^[15]
1122		Emperor Tianzuo of Liao flees the Southern Capital and his uncle Yelü Chun is declared emperor of Northern Liao, however he dies three months later and the title is passed down to Yelü Ding, the son in hiding with his father the emperor also in hiding; real power goes to Empress Dowager Xiao Puxiannu^[16]
1129		Yelü Dashi annexes two Jin tribes^[17]
1130		Yelü Dashi leaves the Orkhon River with 20,000 followers and travels to the Kingdom of Qocho where the ruler welcomes him^[18]
1131	summer	Yelü Dashi attacks the Karakhanids at Kashgar but is repelled^[19]
1141	9 September	Battle of Qatwan: Yelü Dashi annihilates the army of Ahmad Sanjar of the Seljuk Empire and vassalizes the Khwarazmian dynasty^[20]
1143		Yelü Dashi dies and his wife Xiao Tabuyan succeeds him as regent^[21]
1151		Yelü Yilie, son of Yelü Dashi, becomes gurkhan of the Qara Khitai^[22]
c. 1162		Temüjin (the future Genghis Khan) is born in the Khentii mountains of today's Mongolia.
1186	7 November	Ögedei Khan, third son of Temüjin (Genghis Khan) is born.
1189		Temüjin becomes Khan of the Khamag Mongol.

13th century

Year	Date	Event
1205		Temüjin unites all nomadic tribes who settled around at Baikal Lake to China's Great Wall.
1206		Temüjin given the title Genghis Khan (Chinggis Khaan), first Khagan (Great Khan) of the Mongol Empire.
1215	23 September	Kublai Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, is born.
1227	18 August	Genghis Khan, 1st Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies in Western Xia during the fall of Yinchuan aged c. 65.
1229	13 September	Ögedei Khan, third son of Genghis Khan, becomes second Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
1241	11 December	Ögedei Khan, second Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 55.
1243		Zhenjin, second son of Kublai Khan and later founder of the Yuan dynasty, is born.
1246	24 August	Güyük Khan, eldest son of Ögedei Khan and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes third Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
1248	20 April	Güyük Khan, third Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 42.
1251	1 July	Möngke Khan, eldest son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire.
1259	11 August	Möngke Khan, fourth Khagan of the Mongol Empire, dies aged 50.
1260	5 May	Kublai Khan, son of Tolui and grandson of Genghis Khan, becomes fifth Khagan of the Mongol Empire. However, the Toluid Civil War begins as various members of the Tolui family line fight for the title of Khagan resulting in the division of the Mongol Empire.
1268		The Kaidu–Kublai war breaks out, which lasts until 1301 and deepens the fragmentation of the Mongol Empire. All later Khagans of the Mongol Empire were nominal due to the empire's division.
1269		Birth of the 'Phags-pa script, designed by Drogön Chögyal Phagpa for Kublai Khan.
1271		Kublai Khan officially proclaims the founding of the Yuan dynasty with himself as first emperor. Khanbaliq (modern Beijing) named the dynasty's capital.
1273		Zhenjin designated Crown Prince by Kublai Khan.
1294	18 February	Death of Kublai Khan (aged 78). By this time the Mongol Empire had already fractured into four khanates: the Yuan dynasty based in China, the Golden Horde based in Russia, the Chagatai Khanate based in Central Asia, and the Ilkhanate based in Iran, although the Yuan emperors held the nominal title of Khagan.
1294	10 May	Temür Khan, son of Crown Prince Zhenjin and grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes sixth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and second emperor of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty.
1295		Enthronement of Ilkhan Ghazan. Islamization of the Ilkhanate.

14th century

Year	Date	Event
1304		A peace among the Mongol khanates establishes the nominal supremacy of the Yuan dynasty over the three western khanates (the Golden Horde, the Chagatai Khanate and the Ilkhanate). However, the peace itself was short-lived and the war soon resumed.
1307	21 June	With the death of Temür Khan (aged 41), Külüg Khan, first son of Darmabala and Dagi of the Khunggirad clan, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes seventh Khagan of the Mongol Empire and third Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1311	7 April	Külüg Khan dies (aged 29). Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan, second son of Darmabala and Dagi of the Khunggirat, and a great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes eighth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fourth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1313		Enthronement of Öz Beg Khan. Islamization of the Golden Horde.
1315		Revival of the imperial examination system within the Yuan dynasty under Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan.
1320	19 April	Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan dies (aged 34), Gegeen Khan, eldest son of Ayurbarwada Buyantu Khan and Radnashiri, becomes ninth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and fifth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1323	4 October	Death of Gegeen Khan (aged 20). Yesün Temür, son of Gammala, grandson of Zhenjin and great-grandson of Kublai Khan, becomes tenth Khagan of the Mongol Empire and sixth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1328	October	With the death of Yesün Temür (aged 34), Ragibagh Khan, eldest son of Yesün Temür, becomes 11th Khagan of the Mongol Empire at the age of 7-8 and designated seventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty before being deposed in a coup before his succession.
1328	16 October	Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, second son of Khayishan, becomes 12th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eighth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. The War of the Two Capitals begins. His forces defeated, Ragibagh Khan disappears or dies at the age of 7–8, possibly murdered.
1329	27 February	Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür abdicates and his elder brother Khutughtu Khan Kusala becomes 13th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and ninth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty. However, he dies on August 30 at age 28, four days after a banquet with brother Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür, presumed to have been poisoned. Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür regaines the throne on September 8.
1332	23 October	With the death of Jayaatu Khan Tugh Temür (aged 28), Rinchinbal Khan, second son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala, becomes 14th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and tenth Emperor of the Yuan dynasty at the age of six.
1333	19 July	Rinchinbal Khan dies nine months later (aged 6), Toghon Temür, (1320–1370) eldest son of Khutughtu Khan Kusala and older brother of Rinchinbal, becomes 15th Khagan of the Mongol Empire and eleventh Emperor of the Yuan dynasty.
1335		Disintegration of the Ilkhanate after the death of Ilkhan Abu Sa'id.
1368	14 September	Toghon Temür flees Beijing for Shangdu in advance of approaching Ming dynasty forces. Yuan dynasty falls. The remnants of the Yuan known as the Northern Yuan dynasty continue in Mongolia.
1370		Biligtü Khan Ayushiridara (1340–1378), son of Toghon Temür, is declared Khan of Mongolia at Karakorum. Timur (Tamerlane) gains control of the western Chagatai Khanate.
1378		Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür (1342–1388) succeeds his brother Ayuushridar as Khan of Mongolia.
1380		The Golden Horde is defeated at the Battle of Kulikovo. Karakorum is destroyed by Chinese troops.
1388		Uskhal Khan Tögüs Temür is murdered by an ally of the Oirats, thus launching the Oirat-Mongol wars in Northern Yuan dynasty. Jorightu Khan Yesüder (1358–1391) becomes Khan of a fractured and diminished Mongol Khanate.
1394		Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan (1361–1399) overthrew Engke Khan from the House of Ariq Böke succeeds as Khan of the Mongols.
1395		Timur invades The Golden Horde and sacks Saray and Astrakhan.
1399		Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khagan is defeated by the Four Oirats and killed by their leaders, Ugetchi Khashikha and Batula.

15th century

Year	Date	Event
1405		Timur dies of illness at Farab (present day Kazakhstan) while preparing for war against Ming China.
1408		Öljei Temür Khan (1379–1412) succeeds his father Elbeg Nigülesügchi Khan and older brother Gün Temür Khan as Khan of the Yuan dynasty.
1415		Oirat nobles place Oyiradai (died 1425) on the throne of Khagan of the Mongol Khan of the Northern Yuan dynasty following the death of Delbeg Khan
1425		Adai Khan (1390–1438) assumes throne of Northern Yuan dynasty, unifies both the central and eastern Mongol territories but then suffers major defeats by Oirats in 1430 and 1434.
1433		Oirats crown Toghtoa Bukha (Taisun Khan) as Khagan of the Northern Yuan. He later proclaims himself of Khagan of the Great Yuan enraging the Ming dynasty.
1449		Esen Taishi (Taisun Khan's military commander and later successor as Khan) captures the Zhentong Emperor of the Ming dynasty at the Battle of Tumu Fortress and lays siege to Beijing, but is pushed back.
1473		The Ming begin construction of the Great Wall at the southern edge of the Ordos Desert to contain resurgent Mongol tribes.
1480		Madukhai Khatun, widow of the previous Chinggisid khan, marries Batu-Möngke Dayan Khan who defeats the Oirats, beginning a Chinggisid revival in Mongolia. The Great Horde's attempt to invade Muscovy failed. Their leader Akhmat Khan dies.

16th century

Year	Date	Event
1510		Dayan Khan defeats the Ordos and Tümed Mongols at the Battle of Dalan Terigün (Inner Mongolia), reunifying the Six Tümens of the Mongols.
1513		Dayan Khan launches successive invasions of China that continue through 1526 and include an unsuccessful assault on Beijing in 1517
1542		Following his brother's death in 1542, Altan Khan (grandson of Dayan Khan) becomes the de facto leader of the whole of the "Right Wing" (western Inner Mongolia and Ordos) and is given the title, "Tüsheet Sechen Khan."
1550		Altan Khan launches large scale incursions into Ming territory, surrounds Beijing.
1551		Altan Khan and the Ming strike accords on peace and border trade.
1571		Altan Khan founds the city of Guihua or Köke Khota (Hohhot, meaning "The Blue City"), now the capital of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.
1577		Altan Khan meets Sodnam Gyatso in northeast Tibet and bestows on him the Mongolian title "Dalai Lama". The Mongols’ “Second Conversion” to Buddhism begins
1585		Abtai Sain Khan of the Tüsheet Khanate and nephew of Altan Khan founds Erdene Zuu Monastery, the first Buddhist monastery in Mongolia, adjacent to the ancient Mongol capital of Karakorum

17th century

Year	Date	Event
1601		Yonten Gyatso, great-grandson of Altan Khan, becomes the 4th Dalai Lama in Lhasa, Tibet.
1604		Ligdan Khan becomes ruler of the northern Yuan.
1619		Several Mongol tribes defect to the Qing due to Ligdan Khan's oppressive rule.
1632		Ligdan Khan flees to Tibet to evade the Manchus and conquer the Gelug.
1634		Ligdan Khan dies at Qinghai Lake.
1640		Zanabazar, four-year-old son of the Tüsheet Khan of the Khalkha, is recognized as the first Jebtsundamba Khutughtu.
1642		Establishment of the Khoshut Khanate in the Tibetan Plateau by Güshi Khan.
1661		Irkutsk fort founded.
1671		Galdan Boshigt becomes leader of the western Dzungar Khanate.
1685		Galdan Khan founds the town of Khovd.
1687		Outbreak of the decades-long Dzungar–Qing War between the Dzungar Khanate and Khalkha-Mongols / Qing dynasty.
1688		The Dzungars invade Khalkha and force Khalkha nobility to flee to Inner Mongolia.
1691		Khalkha nobles pledge fealty to the Kangxi Emperor of the Qing dynasty.
1696		The Qing dynasty seizes de facto control of Khalkha by defeating the Dzungars in the Battle of Jao Modo.

18th century

Year	Date	Event
1705		The Khoshut Lha-bzang Khan deposes the Sixth Dalai Lama in Tibet and kills the regent Sangs-rgyas rGya-mtsho.
1709		Khalkha jirum (Khalkha regulations) replaces the Mongol-Oirat Code among the Khalkha Mongols.
1717		Acting on an appeal by the Tibetan monasteries, the Dzungar army occupies Lhasa and kills The Khoshut Lha-bzang Khan.
1718		The Qing armies establish a garrison and military farm near modern Khovd city in western Mongolia.
1720		Qing dynasty's Kangxi Emperor drives Dzungar forces from Tibet.
1723		Death of Zanabazar. Upper Mongols under rule of the prince Lubsan Danzan revolt against the Qing but are defeated.
1727		Kyakhta Treaty defines Russo-Qing frontier and divides the Buriats under Russia from the Khalkha Mongols under the Qing.
1752		Dawaachi and Amursanaa overthrow the Dzungar ruler in Xinjiang; Dawaachi becomes new Khong Tayiji (ruler).
1755		The Qing armies occupy Dzungaria in Xinjiang.
1756		Chingünjav and Amursana lead failed rebellions which ended in the destruction of the Dzungars by the Qing dynasty.
1758		Third Jebtsundamba Khutuktu identified in Tibet (first outside of Mongolia)
1779		Nom-un Yekhe Khüriye, the great monastery of the Jebtsundamba Khutuktus, finally settles at the present location of Ulaanbaatar in Mongolia.
1789		Qing law replaces the native code, Khalkha jirum.

19th century

Year	Date	Event
1809		The 5th Jebtsundamba Khutuktu orders construction of Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree.
1811		First tsam religious dances performed in Ikh Khuree
1822		Russian statesman Mikhail Speransky reforms administration of the Buriats and other Indigenous peoples of Siberia.
1833		Opening of the Russian-Mongol school in Kyakhta
1836		The Jebtsundamba Khutuktu relocates from east Khüriye (now central Ulaanbaatar)to Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery to avoid Chinese merchants.
1838		Completion of Gandantegchinlen (Gandan) Monastery in Ikh Khuree
1846		The Buriat Cossack Dorzhi Banzarov becomes first person of Mongol ancestry to earn a European Ph.D. at University of Kazan in Russia.
1861		Russian Consul takes up residence in Ikh Khuree
1869		Agvaanl Uvsanchoijinyam Danzan Vanchüg is born in Lithang, Kham. He will later be formally installed as the Bogd Khan of the new Mongolian state
1880		Anti-Manchu mutiny by Uliastai garrison
1891		Chinese rebels of the Jindandao (Way of the Golden Pill) sect launch massive pogroms against Mongols in southeastern Inner Mongolia.
1892		Agreement to build a telegraph line from Russia to China via Ikh Khuree. Construction of Trans-Siberian Railway begins.

20th century

Year	Date	Event
1907		The Qing government implemented sinification policies.
1911	1 December	Outer Mongolia declared independence from the Qing dynasty under the Bogd Khan.
1911	29 December	The Bogdo Khanate of Mongolia was proclaimed and Bogd Khan enthroned.
1912	3 November	The Russian Empire recognized Mongolian independence and the rule of Bogd Khan.
1913	11 November	Mongolia and Tibet concluded treaty on mutual recognition and mutual assistance.
1915		Russia, China and Mongolia signed a treaty at Kyakhta under which China was recognized as sovereign over an autonomous Mongolia.
1919		Outer Mongolia was occupied by the Republic of China.
1921		The Russian Red Army, with the support of Damdin Sükhbaatar, defeated the forces of Roman Ungern von Sternberg.
	February	Ungern drove Chinese troops out of Niislel Khuree.
	March	All remaining Chinese troops were defeated by Ungern and driven from Mongolia, allowing the reassertion of Mongolian independence under Bogd Khan.
	18 March	Communist guerrillas headed by Damdin Sükhbaatar, with the assistance of Red Army troops, defeated the Chinese garrison in the Mongolian settlement Maimachen near Kyakhta.
1924	26 November	After the death of the Bogd Khan, the Mongolian People's Republic was declared in Outer Mongolia.
1928		Collectivization began.
1932		The failure of collectivization led to widespread uprisings and a temporary thaw.
1936		Prince Demchugdongrub formed the Mongol Military Government, a non-Communist state independent from China, in Inner Mongolia.
1937		The Mongol Military Government was renamed the Mongol United Autonomous Government.
1937		Stalinist purges in Mongolia: A Stalinist terror began which would lead to the deaths of more than thirty thousand people in the Mongolian People's Republic.
1939		Stalinist purges in Mongolia: The terror ended.
	May	Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: Large scale fighting took place between Japanese and joint Soviet-Mongolian forces along Khalkhyn Gol on the border between Mongolia and Manchuria.
	16 September	Battle of Khalkhyn Gol: The battle ended in a Japanese defeat. A truce was negotiated between Japan and the Soviet Union.
1941		The Mongol United Autonomous Government was renamed the Mongolian Autonomous Federation, or Mengjiang.
1945	August	The Republic of China requested Soviet help in the war against Japan, and offered recognition of the independence of Outer Mongolia in exchange according to the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
	August	The Mongolian People's Republic declared war on Japan, one day after the Soviet Union, and began to liberate Southern Mongolia from the China and the Japan.
	October	A plebiscite yielded a 100% pro-independence vote.
1946	January	The Chinese government recognized the independence of Mongolian People's Republic.
1949	6 October	The newly established People's Republic of China recognized Mongolia and agreed to establish diplomatic relations.
1950		Herds were successfully collectivized.
1952		The Republic of China (ROC) on Taiwan renounced the Sino-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Alliance.
1955		The ROC blocked the accession of the Mongolian People's Republic's entry to the United Nations.
1961		The Mongolian People's Republic entered the United Nations.
1961		The Trans-Mongolian Railway was finished.
1962		Mongolia became a member of the Comecon.
1962		Sino-Soviet split: The Communist Party leadership sided with the Soviet Union in a falling-out with China.
1965		Yumjaagiin Tsedenbal purged the intelligentsia.
1969		Sino-Soviet split: The Soviet Union stationed a large army on Mongolian territory in response to threats of Chinese aggression.
1981	March	Jügderdemidiin Gürragchaa became the first Mongolian in space.
1984	August	Tsedenbal resigned.
1987	27 January	Mongolia established diplomatic relations with the United States.
1989	July	The first Mongolian member of the Baháʼí Faith entered the country.
1989	December	The first popular reform demonstrations took place; the Mongolian Democratic Association was organized.
1990	January	Large-scale pro-democracy demonstrations were held in sub-zero weather.
	2 March	Mongolia and the Soviet Union announced that all Soviet troops would be withdrawn from Mongolia by 1992.
	May	The constitution was amended to provide for a multi-party system and new elections.
	29 July	The first democratic elections were held. The Communist Party, now the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), won.
	3 September	The first democratically elected People's Great Hural took office.
1992	13 January	A new constitution went into effect.
	8 April	A new election law was passed.
	28 June	An election was held for the first unicameral legislature, the State Great Hural. The MPRP won.
1993	6 June	The first direct presidential election took place. Opposition candidate Punsalmaagiin Ochirbat, a former MPRP member, won.
1996	30 June	The first non-Communist government was elected.
1998		Sanjaasürengiin Zorig, Minister of Infrastructure and one of the leaders of the 1990 protests, was murdered.
2000	2 July	The MPRP was elected; a new government was formed by Prime Minister Nambaryn Enkhbayar.

21st century

Year	Date	Event
2003		Mongolian troops begin taking part in peace keeping operations in Afghanistan, Iraq and Sudan.
2004		An election resulted in a draw. A coalition was formed between the MPRP and other parties which was headed by Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj.
2006	January	The governing coalition was dissolved by the MPRP.
2006	25 January	A new coalition between the MPRP and smaller parties and defectors was formed under Miyeegombyn Enkhbold.
2007	October	The governing coalition was led by the MPRP and replaced by a coalition headed by Sanjaagiin Bayar.
2009	June	Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj from Democratic Party was selected President of Mongolia.
2009	October	Sanjaagiin Bayar resigned from Primer Ministership due to declining health conditions and was replaced with Sükhbaataryn Batbold.
2012	August	After the 2012 Mongolian legislative election, a coalition headed by Norovyn Altankhuyag from Democratic party was formed.
2013	June	Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj from Democratic Party, was re-elected in the 2013 Mongolian presidential election.

References

^ Twitchett 1994, p. 81.
^ Xiong 2009, p. cxviii.
^ ^a ^b Twitchett 1994, p. 84.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 87.
^ ^a ^b Xiong 2009, p. 311.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 103.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 109-110.
^ ^a ^b Twitchett 1994, p. 111.
^ ^a ^b Twitchett 1994, p. 112.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 114.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 124.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 126.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 133.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 139.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 144.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 147.
^ Biran 2005, p. 32.
^ Twitchett 1994, p. 151.
^ Biran 2005, p. 37.
^ Biran 2005, p. 44.
^ Biran 2005, p. 48.
^ Biran 2005, p. 50.

Bibliography

Biran, Michal (2005). The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History: Between China and the Islamic World. Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521842263.
Twitchett, Denis (1994). The Cambridge History of China, Volume 6, Alien Regime and Border States, 907-1368. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0521243319.
Xiong, Victor Cunrui (2009). Historical Dictionary of Medieval China. United States of America: Scarecrow Press, Inc. ISBN 978-0810860537.

External links

John Stewart Bowman "Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture"
Jill Lawless, Wild East: Travels in the New Mongolia (ECW Press, Toronto, 2000). ISBN 9781459645783
Morris Rossabi, Modern Mongolia: From Khans to Commissars to Capitalists (University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 2005). ISBN 9780520938625

[FOOTNOTETwitchett199481-1] Twitchett 1994, p. 81.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009cxviii-2] Xiong 2009, p. cxviii.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett199484-3] Twitchett 1994, p. 84.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett199487-4] Twitchett 1994, p. 87.

[FOOTNOTEXiong2009311-5] Xiong 2009, p. 311.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994103-6] Twitchett 1994, p. 103.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994109-110-7] Twitchett 1994, p. 109-110.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994111-8] Twitchett 1994, p. 111.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994112-9] Twitchett 1994, p. 112.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994114-10] Twitchett 1994, p. 114.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994124-11] Twitchett 1994, p. 124.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994126-12] Twitchett 1994, p. 126.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994133-13] Twitchett 1994, p. 133.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994139-14] Twitchett 1994, p. 139.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994144-15] Twitchett 1994, p. 144.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994147-16] Twitchett 1994, p. 147.

[FOOTNOTEBiran200532-17] Biran 2005, p. 32.

[FOOTNOTETwitchett1994151-18] Twitchett 1994, p. 151.

[FOOTNOTEBiran200537-19] Biran 2005, p. 37.

[FOOTNOTEBiran200544-20] Biran 2005, p. 44.

[FOOTNOTEBiran200548-21] Biran 2005, p. 48.

[FOOTNOTEBiran200550-22] Biran 2005, p. 50.

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