Timeline of South Dakota

This timeline of South Dakota is a list of events in the history of South Dakota by year.

First people

Paleo-Indians settle the Americas.^[1]
List of archaeological periods (North America)
Before 11000 BCE: Clovis culture
Before 8000 BCE: Folsom tradition
Circa 5000 BCE: Plains Archaic period begins with drier climate.
Beginning 35th century BCE: Mound Builders begin living in eastern South Dakota, encompassing the Archaic, Woodland, and Mississippian cultures:
- 11th century BCE: The Woodland period begins in eastern South Dakota: the period between hunter-gatherers and agriculture that includes innovation in pottery, textiles, and tools. Climate improves to its modern state. Trade with farther cultures is common.
- 11th century: Agriculture begins with the Mississippian culture.
- 1325: More than 450 people were massacred at a Crow Creek village.
- 15th century: Arikara and other Plains Village people arrive and live along the Missouri River valley.^[1]

16th century

In the pre-colonial time before the Europeans arrived, there were hunter-gatherer peoples west of the Missouri River, Woodland culture along the eastern lakes, and Plains Villages and Oneota cultures all in what is now South Dakota. The western cultures are now known as the Crow Nation and Cheyenne. The Plains Villagers are now known as Mandans, Arikaras, and Hidatsas. The easternmost tribes are now known as Omahas, Poncas, and Dakotas.^[1]

17th century

Sioux people arrive.

1670-1707

South Dakota land is part of the English territory of Rupert's Land.

1683

French explorer and fur trader Pierre-Charles Le Sueur probably visited Sioux Falls to buy furs which he shipped by flatboat to the mouth of the Mississippi River.

1699-1764

South Dakota land is part of the French colony of La Louisiane.

18th century

1700

Le Sueur's traders from Fort L'Huillier (Mankato, Minnesota) traded on Big Sioux River at Flandreau and Sioux Falls.

1743

Verendrye brothers visited western part of South Dakota and claimed soil for French king. Planted lead plate inscribed with arms of France near Pierre.

1745

De Lusigan visited Big Stone Lake to call in unlicensed traders.

1750

Teton Sioux at about this date, having driven Omahas from Big Sioux and James river valleys, reached Missouri River and engaged Arikara (Rees) in forty years' war.

1762

The Treaty of Fontainebleau cedes the French colony of La Louisiane, including South Dakota land, to Spain.

1764-1803

South Dakota land is part of the Spanish (though predominantly Francophone) district of Alta Luisiana.

1775

Oglala Tetons discover Black Hills and soon afterward drive Kiowas from that region.

1780

Yankton and Yanktonais Sioux, about this date, having been driven from western Iowa by Ottos, came up and settled in James River valley.

1785

Pierre Dorion, afterward guide to Lewis and Clark, married a Yankton woman and settled in trade at mouth of James River.

1790

Pierre Garreau settled with Rees at mouth of Grand River.

1792

Sioux finally conquer Rees and drive them from their strong position in neighborhood of Pierre. The Rees retreat up river and settle with relatives at mouth of Grand River.

1796

Loisel, or L'Oiselle, builds post on Cedar Island, between Pierre and Big Bend. First recorded post in South Dakota.

1797

Trudeau builds "Pawnee House" on east side of the Missouri, opposite Fort Randall, in Charles Mix County.

19th century

1800

Third Treaty of San Ildefonso led to the return of the Louisiana Territory to France.

1803

French district of Haute-Louisiane.
Unorganized U.S. territory created by the Louisiana Purchase.

1804

1805

Pierre Dorion conducts party of Sioux chiefs to St. Louis.
Territory of Louisiana, 1805–1812

1806

Lewis and Clark return from Pacific passing through South Dakota.

1807

Manuel Lisa undertakes trade with Indians at head of Missouri. Sergeant Nathaniel Pryor attempts to conduct Big White, a Mandan chief who visited Washington with Lewis and Clark, to his home and is attacked and driven back by Rees, assisted by Minneconjou Teton Sioux under Black Buffalo. Four whites killed, nine wounded.

1808

St. Louis Missouri Fur Company organized for trade on Upper Missouri. Established post in Loisel house on Cedar Island.

1809

Manuel Lisa, for St Louis Missouri Fur Company, safely conducts Big White to his home in North Dakota. Finds Rees friendly.

1810

Loisel post burned with large stock of furs.

1811

Astorian party go up Missouri to Grand River where they buy horses of Rees and go thence up Grand River toward Pacific. First recorded exploration of northern Black Hills region.
Manuel Lisa finds Sioux excited over "Prophet craze" and believes it due to hostile English influence. Reports condition to General Clark, Indian agent.

1812

Red Thunder, Flathead Yanktonais chief from Elm River, Brown County, with son, Waneta, and twenty-two Sissetons enlist to serve English in war against Americans.
Territory of Missouri, 1812–1821.

1813

Manuel Lisa made subagent for Missouri River Sioux and keeps them friendly to American interests.

1815

Teton Sioux sign treaty of friendship at Portage des Sioux. Black Buffalo dies there July 14. Given military funeral.

1816

Pawnee House burns.

1817

Fur trade revives. Joseph La Framboise builds Fort Teton at site of Fort Pierre. First continuous settlement.

1818

Anglo-American Convention.

1822

La Framboise builds trading post at Great Bend of Big Sioux (Flandreau).
Fort Tecumseh built at site of Fort Pierre by Columbia Fur Company.
Fort Recovery built upon American Island at Chamberlain by Missouri Fur Company. (It is possible this post was built ten years earlier to compensate loss of Loisel post, and was headquarters of Manuel Lisa during War of 1812-1815.)

1823

General Ashley, lieutenant governor of Missouri, en route to Yellowstone, with cargo of goods and one hundred men, attacked by Rees at Grand River and thirteen men killed and ten severely wounded.
Colonel Henry Leavenworth, with 220 men, marches from Fort Atkinson, near Omaha, to punish Rees for attack on Atkinson. At Yankton, July 3, Sergeant Samuel Stackpole and six men drowned by overturning of boat. Leavenworth is joined by Joshua Pilcher, manager of Missouri Fur Company, with forty volunteers at Fort Recovery. General Ashley and eighty men join party at Cheyenne River. Seven hundred and fifty Sioux Indians volunteer for the campaign. August 9 Ree towns reached and besieged. Rees punished and beg for terms. First general military movement in Dakota.

1825

General Henry Atkinson and Benjamin O'Fallon sent up Missouri with an escort of 476 men to make treaties for trade and intercourse with Indian tribes. Very successful. Destroy English influence with Indians. First Fourth of July celebration in Dakota.
Wamdesapa, a Wakpekuta chief, kills his brother Tasagi and is driven from his tribe. Settles on Vermilion River in South Dakota.

1828

American Fur Company absorbs Columbia Fur Company and becomes dominant in Dakota trade.

1831

Pierre Chouteau, Jr., navigates first steamboat, the Yellowstone, on upper Missouri, reaching Fort Tecumseh. Revolutionizes fur trade methods.

1832

Fort Pierre built to succeed Fort Tecumseh.
George Catlin, famous painter of Indian pictures, visits Fort Pierre and paints many likenesses.
Frederick Le Beau, a trader, kills Francois Querrel, an employee, at mouth of Cherry Creek, on Cheyenne River. Le Beau arrested by order of William Laidlaw, burgeois of Fort Pierre, and sent to St. Louis in chains.

1837

Great smallpox epidemic on Missouri River. All tribes suffer severely. Mandans practically destroyed.

1838

Dr. Joseph N. Nicollet, accompanied by John C. Frémont, visits the coteau region of eastern South Dakota, mapping and naming the lakes.

1839

Nicollet and Fremont again visit South Dakota, coming up the river to Fort Pierre, thence passing over to James River, and finally to the Minnesota.
Father Pierre John De Smet visits the renegade band of Wakpekuta Sioux under Wamdesapa, to try to effect a peace between them and the Potawatomies of central Iowa.

1840

Dr. Stephen R. Riggs, celebrated missionary from Minnesota River, visits Fort Pierre and preaches first Christian sermon in Dakota.

1842

Audubon, the naturalist, visited the section upon a professional trip and observed and noted most of the birds and animals.
Father Alexander Ravoux visits Fort Pierre and baptizes many Indians.

1845

Father Ravoux visits Fort Vermilion.

1847

Mrs. Joseph La Barge comes to Fort Pierre, with her husband, Captain La Barge of the steamboat Martha. First white woman to visit South Dakota. The Martha attacked by Yankton Indians at Crow Creek.

1849

Inkpaduta, son of the renegade Wamdesapa, massacres his cousin Wamundiyakapi and seventeen other Wakpekutas.

1851

Father De Smet visits the Teton Sioux.
Santee Sioux relinquish title to all land east of Big Sioux River by treaty of Traverse des Sioux. This was the first Euro-American settlement of the land to become South Dakota.^[2]
Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1851.

1855

Government buys Fort Pierre. General William S. Harney, after battle of Ash Hollow, in Nebraska, brings army of twelve hundred men to Pierre. Lieutenant Gouverneur K. Warren, afterward famous in Civil War, examines and makes topographical survey of much of South Dakota.

1856

Fort Randall established by General William S. Harney.^[3]

1857

Settlement begun at Sioux Falls, Flandreau, and Medary. "The Noble Road" built across the state from Lake Benton to Crow Creek.
Fort Randall completed and occupied.
Inkpaduta, the renegade, massacres forty-two settlers at Spirit Lake, Iowa, and retreats into South Dakota with three white women captives.

1858

Yankton Sioux make treaty relinquishing title to lands between Big Sioux and Missouri. Yankton Indian Reservation established.^[4] This was the second treaty with the Sioux within seven years to open land to Euro-American settlement, and the land became known as the Yankton Triangle.^[2]
Mrs. Goodwin, first white woman settler, arrives at Sioux Falls.
Settlement at Medary destroyed by Smutty Bear, Yankton Sioux.
Settlers at Sioux Falls build and fortify Fort Sod.
Provisional government organized. Legislature elected and convened. Alpheus G. Fuller sent as delegate to Congress. Henry Masters, governor.

1859

Yankton treaty ratified. July 10 Indians surrender lands. Yankton, Vermilion, and Bon Homme founded.
Dakota Democrat newspaper established by Samuel J. Albright. Governor Masters dies. New legislature elected at Sioux Falls. Jefferson P. Kidder elected delegate to Congress. Wilmot W. Brookings provisional governor.

1860

First church society organized at Vermilion by Presbyterians.
First school opened at Vermilion.
First schoolhouse built at Bon Homme.
Non-Native population was approximately 1100 people, mostly in trading posts or military garrisons along the rivers.^[2]

1861

Dakota Territory erected by Congress March 2. Dr. William Jayne appointed governor. Establishes temporary capital at Yankton. Calls election for legislature and delegate to Congress. John B.S. Todd elected delegate.
Dakota in the American Civil War

1862

First territorial legislature, the "Pony Congress", meets March 17. They chartered the Missouri and Niobrara Valley Railroad Company, a planned but never completed railway.^[2]
Company A, Dakota cavalry, organized at Yankton.
South Dakota State Historical Society founded May 7, 1862.
Great Indian Outbreak in Minnesota, August 18. The Amidons massacred at Sioux Falls. Settlers flee in wild panic. Stockade at Yankton. All men called to arms.
Crow Creek Reservation established.
The Homestead Act of 1862 provides ownership of South Dakota land to people who farm it for several years.

1863

Governor Jayne goes to Congress. Newton Edmunds appointed governor. Company B, Dakota cavalry, organized at Elkpoint.

1864

Standing Rock Indian Reservation established.

1865

War of Outbreak ended by treaty at Fort Pierre. Montana road ordered built.

1866

Red Cloud war begins.
Andrew J. Faulk succeeds Newton Edmunds.
Great affliction of grasshoppers. Crops eaten up.

1868

Red Cloud war ends. Great Sioux reservation created by treaty.
Treaty of Fort Laramie of 1868

1869

Faulk succeeded by John A. Burbank. "Wild and woolly period." Great factional Moody-Brookings fight begins.^[5]

1870

Population of Dakota Territory below the 46th parallel north (the modern extent of South Dakota) is 11,776 and growing.^[2]

1872

First railroad in South Dakota; Dakota Southern built from Sioux City to Yankton.

1873

A land-grant railroad from New Ulm, Minnesota, to Lake Kampeska near Watertown is finished. Named the Winona & St. Peter Railroad, this subsidiary of the Chicago and North Western built about 34.5 miles (55.5 km) of track in Dakota Territory. But lack of population meant that trains only ran to Gary on the Minnesota-Dakota border until population increase after 1878.^[2]
Gen. Edwin S. McCook, secretary of Dakota Territory, shot and killed by Peter P. Wintermute, result of factional political fight.

1874

Burbank succeeded by John L. Pennington.
Gold discovered in Black Hills. General Custer's expedition to the Black Hills.
Second invasion of grasshoppers.

1875

Black Hills treaty commission fails. Rush of miners to Custer.

1876

Gold discovered in Deadwood Gulch. Stampede from Custer. Miners establish law and order. The Homestake deposit is discovered in Lead; it becomes the largest and deepest gold mine in North America.
Great Sioux war. Battles of Rosebud and Little Big Horn. Custer's army destroyed.
Black Hills War, 1876–1877
Black Hills relinquished by Indians. All agency Sioux dismounted and disarmed.

1877

Great Dakota boom begins.

1878

William A. Howard succeeds Pennington.

1879

Great boom waxes strong. Railroad building begins.

1880

Chicago and Northwestern Railroad builds to Pierre; the Milwaukee reaches Chamberlain.
Great October blizzard: subject of Laura Ingalls Wilder's The Long Winter.
Governor Howard dies and is succeeded by Nehemiah G. Ordway.

1881

Awful floods on Big Sioux and Missouri.
Spotted Tail, noted Brule Sioux, killed by jealous warrior.
Yankton College established by Dr. Joseph Ward.
Springfield Normal organized and supported with local donations rather than tax monies^[6]

1882

Capital removed from Yankton to Bismarck.
State University established.
Turtle Mountain Indian Reservation established.

1883

Division and admission movement earnestly prosecuted to save school lands. First Sioux Falls constitutional convention.
Presbyterian University opened at Pierre. Removed to Huron as Huron College, 1899.
Sioux Falls College founded.
Agricultural College founded at Brookings.
Madison Normal School founded.

1884

Ordway succeeded by Gilbert A. Pierce.
Redfield College founded.
All Saints School for Young Ladies founded at Sioux Falls.

1885

Second Sioux Falls constitutional convention. State officers and United States senators elected. Huron temporary capital.
Spearfish Normal organized.
Dakota Wesleyan University established at Mitchell.

1887

Pierce succeeded by Louis K. Church.
School of Mines founded at Rapid City.

1889

Enabling Act of the United States Congress provides for division and admission of South and North Dakota on November 2.
Arthur C. Mellette succeeds Church.
Third Sioux Falls constitutional convention.
Lutheran Normal School founded at Sioux Falls.
Augustana College founded at Canton.
Pine Ridge, Cheyenne River, Lower Brule, and Rosebud (Upper Brule) Indian Reservations created from Great Sioux Reservation. Lake Traverse (Sisseton) Reservation established.

1890

View of canyon at Wounded Knee, dead horses and Lakota bodies are visible.

Opening of portion of Great Sioux reservation between White and Cheyenne rivers.
Messiah war. Sitting Bull killed. Battle of Wounded Knee.
Pine Ridge Campaign, 1890–1891
Second year of alarming drought. Many settlers destitute.

1891

Good conditions restored.

1895

Walter W. Taylor, state treasurer, defaults for $367,000, and absconds. Returned and is convicted.
Period of great depression and hard times.

1896

The tide turns. Beginning of long period of prosperity.

1897

Springfield Normal presented to the state to be a public educational institution^[6]

1898

Spanish War. First South Dakota Infantry sent to Philippines. Distinguished service there.

1899

First South Dakota Infantry returns from Philippines crowned with glory. President McKinley welcomes the regiment home.

20th century

1901

Northern Normal and Industrial School opens at Aberdeen.

1903

Wind Cave National Park is established on January 9.

1904

Opening of portion of Rosebud land brings unprecedented rush of homesteaders. One hundred and six thousand persons apply for right to enter lands.
Mitchell contests with Pierre for state capital. Pierre for third time successful.

1905

Construction begins on the South Dakota State Capitol building in Pierre.

1924

The Meridian Highway Bridge connects Yankton with Nebraska and is the first permanent structure crossing the Missouri River.

1927

Gutzon and Lincoln Borglum begin work on Mount Rushmore National Memorial, completing the sculpture in 1941.

1933

An extremely strong dust storm strips topsoil.

1934

Shelterbelts of trees are established in East River to reduce erosion from dust storms.

1935

Flandreau Indian Reservation established per the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934.

1936

Following a severely cold winter, a severe summer heat wave hits South Dakota.

1938

Gladys Pyle becomes the first woman to serve as United States Senator from South Dakota.
Motorcycle enthusiasts convene at the first Sturgis Motorcycle Rally.

1946

Work begins on the Fort Randall Dam.

1948

Work begins on the Oahe Dam.
Korczak Ziolkowski begins sculpting Crazy Horse Memorial.

1952

Work begins on the Gavins Point Dam.

Late 1950s

Interstate 90 is dedicated along the South Dakota-Minnesota border.^[7]

1959

Work begins on the Big Bend Dam.

1961

Interstate 29 extends into South Dakota from Iowa. The interstate highway is connected to Fargo during the 1960s.

1972

Rapid Creek floods, killing 238 people in Rapid City.^[8]

1973

Between February 27 and May 8, 200 Oglala Lakota and followers of the American Indian Movement occupy Wounded Knee on the Pine Ridge Indian Reservation.

1978

Badlands National Park is established on November 10.

1980

Significant abandonment of unprofitable rail lines in the state occurs.^[9]

1981

Citibank moves its credit card operations from New York City to Sioux Falls, leading to significant expansion of the financial industry in the state.^[10]

1988