Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Trans-Tasman

Trans-Tasman
Map of the Tasman Sea
Trans-Tasman region including South East Australia to the West and New Zealand to the East
LocationWestern Pacific Ocean
Coordinates40°S 160°E / 40°S 160°E / -40; 160
Basin countriesAustralia, New Zealand
IslandsLord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, Australia, Tasmania, New Zealand
BenchesLord Howe Rise
SettlementsNewcastle, Sydney, Wollongong, Auckland, Wellington, Hobart, New Plymouth, Whanganui

Trans-Tasman is an adjective used primarily to signify the relationship between Australia and New Zealand. The term refers to the Tasman Sea, which lies between the two countries. For example, trans-Tasman commerce refers to commerce between these two countries.

Australia and New Zealand highlighted in green, in the southern hemisphere of the Earth

Trans-Tasman events

  • 18 February 1876 – The first trans-Tasman submarine communications cable is completed, allowing telegraph communications with the rest of the world.[1]
  • 3 February 1908 – first trans-Tasman radio transmission (via HMS Powerful in Tasman Sea).[2]
  • 10 January 1928 – Moncrieff and Hood vanish without trace during the first trans-Tasman flight attempt.[3]
  • 10 September 1928 – Sir Charles Kingsford Smith and his three-man crew complete the first successful trans-Tasman flight.[4]
  • 7 January 1931 – Guy Menzies flies the first solo non-stop trans-Tasman flight (from Australia to New Zealand) in 11 hours and 45 minutes, crash-landing on New Zealand's west coast.
  • 30 April 1940 – Tasman Empire Airways Limited (TEAL) begins commercial trans-Tasman flights between Auckland and Sydney using Short S.30 flying boats.
  • 11 April 1965 – Qantas begins commercial trans-Tasman jet service, between Christchurch and Sydney using Boeing 707 aircraft.[5]
  • 1969 – Anders Svedlund attempted a crossing from New Zealand to Australia; however, he was over-turned five days after leaving from Auckland's Manukau Harbour and returned to New Zealand.[6]
  • 1977 – Colin Quincey, an England-born New Zealander, made the first successful human-powered trans-Tasman crossing. He took 63 days 7 hours to row his Yorkshire Dory row-boat from Hokianga, New Zealand to Marcus Beach on the Sunshine Coast of Australia.[7]
  • 24 February 2000 – Dick Smith crossed the Tasman Sea in a hot air balloon. The flight was from Kaitaia on the northern tip of New Zealand to Ten Mile Beach in northern New South Wales, Australia. 2167 km were covered in a 55-hour and 12-minute flight.[8]
  • 30 December 2007 – Four Australians, led by Steven Gates, departed from Hokianga, New Zealand on 29 November. They rowed to and arrived in Sydney Harbour on 30 December at 8:15 am, having taken 31 days to make the crossing.[9]
  • 13 January 2008 – crossing of the Tasman by kayak completed by Justin Jones and James Castrission; expedition named Crossing the Ditch.
  • March 2010 – Shaun Quincey completed the solo row from Australia to New Zealand in March 2010. Shaun is the son of Colin Quincey, who completed the reverse journey in 1977.
  • July 2018 – Scott Donaldson completes the first kayak solo row from Coffs Harbour, Australia to New Plymouth, New Zealand.[10]

Trans-Tasman relations

Trans-Tasman relations refers to the historical, cultural, political, economic, and social relations between countries within the Trans-Tasman region, namely Australia and New Zealand. The two nations share joint histories and similar cultures, such that there are significant numbers of both populations who embody a transnational identity.[11][12][13][14]

Union community

There is a shift in the largest union communities Australian Council of Trade Unions and New Zealand Federation of Labour towards a global solidarity. This shift can be seen through the cultural recognition of a Trans-Tasman world of work.[15]

Arts and culture

Cultural relations in the Trans-Tasman support a cooperative relationship with the sharing of art between Australian and New Zealand galleries. However, the two become competitors when seeking to secure international blockbuster exhibitions and audiences.[13]

Food standards

The harmonization of trans-Tasman food standards led to lower compliance costs for industry, fewer regulatory barriers, and more consumer choice.

Economic relations

The New Zealand and Australian economies are deeply enmeshed as both nation's economic traffic receive flow from a single economic market.[16] Prime Minister Fraser from Australia and Prime Minister Muldoon from New Zealand committed[when?] themselves to a liberalisation of the economy for goods from both countries and proposed tax reductions. Since then, future prime ministers have reflected this trade liberalisation.[17] The Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement signed in 1983 has been used to guide trade between Australia and New Zealand.[18]

The two nations have an economic power imbalance however, as Australia plays a more important role in the New Zealand economy than New Zealand does for Australia. Australia in comparison will conduct more trade with North and East Asia. As such their bilateral relationship can be uneven and relies on the consulting and weighing of concerns.[19]

Memorandum of Understanding 1992

In 1996, Australia and New Zealand agreed to create a single market for air transport that was distinct from the previous agreements which were more restrictive. Some notable changes that affect Trans-Tasman travel include allowing Australia and New Zealand to operate in each other's domestic markets.[20]

This was followed by an endorsement of the open skies agreement under the International Civil Aviation Organization in 2007 which further allowed Australia and New Zealand's international flights to operate in each other's domains beyond to third countries without restriction.[20]

Defence and security

The two countries defence forces are complementary, and co-operate closely on the international scale, and in maintaining Trans-Tasman security. The equipment is often shared to defend the borders of the nations in the south pacific given the common security purpose of the nations.[16]

Trans-Tasman crossing

The modes of transport for crossing the Trans-Tasman Sea include by sea and by flight.

By sea

The Trans-Tasman crossing can be undertaken by sailing ships, passenger liners and smaller vessels.[21] There are a range of cruise ships including those from companies Princess Cruises, Royal Caribbean Group, Holland America, Silversea and Oceania Cruises. Private vessels are also allowed to cross this Sea.[22]

By flight

Flights across the Tasman have been made by a range of aircraft including winged aircraft, airships, and balloons.[11] Flight are available with airlines Qantas, Air New Zealand, Jetstar and Virgin Australia.[20]

Air New Zealand Trans-Tasman Flight Routes

The aviation market in the Trans-Tasman region has experienced growth since the introduction of low-cost carriers, specifically Jetstar. Low fares are an important factor for the patronage of flights, alongside check in procedures and airport features. Air transport can significantly affect the economy of the Trans-Tasman through its impact on the tourism, logistics and high value-added manufacturing sectors.[23][20]

Trans-Tasman migration

There has been significant migration between New Zealand and Australia since the 20th century.[13] Economic and social history between the two countries during early colonial time was influenced by the sealing and whaling industry which saw Trans-Tasman migration.[21] In the 21st century the movement is enabled by the Trans-Tasman travel arrangement which governs the regulatory frameworks and supports high international mobility across the Tasman.[24] There has been a cyclical movement between the two countries, but a strong net movement towards Australia since the late 1960s. Many migrants between the countries have reported a sense of transnationalism where they are able to feel at home in both Australia and New Zealand.[25]

This migration is attributable to economic development driven by globalisation, technological change, business cycles, demographic dynamics, and perceptions. Migration specifically from New Zealand to Australia can be attributable to dissatisfaction and desire for change or a sense of newness. However, 15% of people have stated their migration to Australia was because of temporary travel, and then a decision to stay.[25]

However, there are differences in culture, strategic outlook and governance between the nations that contribute to the distinct differences of the two nations and play a role in migration. Evident differences include topography and geography, both of which influence culture, seasonality, and trade. Australia's population size and proximity to Asia contribute to its greater presence in international trade whilst New Zealand's landscape and natural surroundings have contributed to the nation's political and governance decisions.[16]

Trans-Tasman travel bubble

Map of Australia, New Zealand, Cook & Pacific islands

Trans-Tasman bubble refers to the proposed quarantine free travel bubble for the Trans-Tasman region during the COVID-19 pandemic. It is also known as the COVID-safe travel zone.[12] The travel bubble allows entry across the other country's borders. During 2020, there were also plans to extend Australia and NZ's planned COVID-safe travel zone to Pacific island countries to mediate the effects of the pandemic on the economy of the Pacific island countries.[12]

In June 2021, the marine industry has also raised the potential for a sea bubble for superyachts and cruises to travel across the Tasman.[26]

There has been historically a legal connection between the case law of the two countries.[13] As such the Trans-Tasman Proceedings Act 2010 was created to streamline the process of managing both civil and criminal proceedings with elements spanning across Australia and New Zealand.[14] This act has provisions regarding service of Australian documents in New Zealand, the granting of interim relief for civil proceedings commencing in the other country, the service of subpoenas, remote appearances, and enforcement of judgments in the other country. This Act concerns largely administrative law and governs the procedural practice across these two countries.[27] Problem solving courts within this region are evolving to better capture Trans-Tasman relations.[28]

Trans-Tasman sports

Sports is popular across both Australia and New Zealand, and both countries participate together in a range of sporting competitions. The nations share an interest in sports law and the governing rules of leagues for sports they compete together on, and those which they compete in separately. Legislators across the nations have taken to addressing legal concerns cooperatively and independently.[16] An instance of influence across the Trans-Tasman for sports law is New Zealand's adoption of anti-doping regulations similar to Australia.[16]

History

Sporting contacts between Australia and New Zealand began shortly before the federation of the Australian colonies in 1901. These contacts embodied a shared sporting culture influenced by Trans-Tasman migration, the induction of Trans-Tasman governing bodies and the sharing of sportsmen for competing in international competitions.[17]

The role of sport has influenced the relationship between the two nations, and history has seen poor sportsmanship have a dampening effect in the Trans-Tasman space. An instance is the 1981 cricket series between Australia and New Zealand where the under-arm bowling incident struck controversy between the nations.[17]

Sport holds a particular importance for New Zealand, and is described by academics as one of their greatest soft powers in the context of politics and diplomatic relations.[29] It has a considerable influence across the Trans-Tasman for its function at the intersection of culture, tourism, economics and health.[29]

Sporting competitions

Australia-New Zealand Sports rivalries exist across a range of sports, most prominently cricket, rugby league, netball and rugby union. The Bledisloe Cup is a Rugby Union competition which has particular notoriety for sparking Trans-Tasman rivalry. Other major sporting trophies between the countries include the Trans-Tasman Trophy in test cricket, the Chappell–Hadlee Trophy in One Day International cricket, the ANZAC Test in rugby league and the Constellation Cup in netball. The two nationals also share a strong soccer rivalry and formerly played for the Trans-Tasman Cup.

See also

References

  1. ^ "Completion of the cable". Nelson Evening Mail. 19 February 1876. p. 2. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  2. ^ "Australasian telecommunications: beginnings". Caslon Analytics. 2005. Retrieved 18 March 2008.
  3. ^ Rudge, C.J., 2001, 'Missing! Aircraft missing in New Zealand 1928 – 2000', Adventure Air, Lyttelton, New Zealand, ISBN 0-473-08119-9
  4. ^ Bowling, Kerri (16 August 2003). "Aviator's family plot restored". Wairarapa Times-Age. Archived from the original on 21 October 2008. Retrieved 17 April 2009.
  5. ^ "CHRISTCHURCH-SYDNEY JET SERVICE – Thousands Watch Qantas Boeing". The Press. 12 April 1965. p. 1.
  6. ^ Quincey, C. (1977). Tasman Trespasser, page 202. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton.
  7. ^ Quincey, C. (1977). Tasman Trespasser, page 190. Auckland: Hodder & Stoughton.
  8. ^ Potts, A. (2016). Remember When Dick Smith landed his balloon on a Gold Coast beach after crossing the Tasman. https://www.goldcoastbulletin.com.au/lifestyle/gold-coast-130/remember-when-dick-smith-landed-his-balloon-on-a-gold-coast-beach-after-crossing-the-tasman/news-story/57bb3d5ca56ba6f993c465099290a6e5.
  9. ^ "Australian rowers cross Tasman Sea". Radio New Zealand. 30 December 2007.
  10. ^ "Paddling into history: Kiwi Scott Donaldson becomes first solo kayaker to cross Tasman Sea". NZ Herald. 2 July 2018. ISSN 1170-0777. Retrieved 4 July 2018.
  11. ^ a b Findlay, Christopher (1996). "The Trans-Tasman Single Aviation Market". Journal of Transport Economics and Policy. 30 (3): 329–334. JSTOR 20053710.
  12. ^ a b c Köllner, Patrick (2020). Australia and New Zealand Face Up to China in the South Pacific (Report). JSTOR resrep27057.
  13. ^ a b c d Lynch, Brian (2009). "THE TRANS-TASMAN WORLD: towards a closer understanding". New Zealand International Review. 34 (2): 25–27. JSTOR 45235895.
  14. ^ a b Markey, Ray; Taylor, Kerry (2008). "Trans-Tasman Labour History: Introduction". Labour History (95): 1–2. doi:10.2307/27516306. JSTOR 27516306.
  15. ^ Harford, Shelley (2008). "A Trans-Tasman Union Community: Growing Global Solidarity". Labour History (95): 133–149. doi:10.2307/27516313. JSTOR 27516313.
  16. ^ a b c d e James, Colin (2009). "The Trans-Tasman Tie". New Zealand International Review. 34 (2): 8–10. JSTOR 45235889.
  17. ^ a b c Thakur, Ramesh; Gold, Hyam (1982). "Tightening The Tasman Knot". New Zealand International Review. 7 (2): 25–27. JSTOR 45233223.
  18. ^ "Australia-New Zealand Closer Economic Relations Trade Agreement".
  19. ^ Woodfield, Ted (1994). "A trans-Tasman community?". New Zealand International Review. 19 (4): 18–21. JSTOR 45234348.
  20. ^ a b c d Wang, Kun; Tsui, Wai Hong Kan; Li, Lan-Bing; Lei, Zheng; Fu, Xiaowen (July 2020). "Entry pattern of low-cost carriers in New Zealand – The impact of domestic and trans-Tasman market factors". Transport Policy. 93: 36–45. doi:10.1016/j.tranpol.2020.04.020. hdl:10397/88953. S2CID 218954585.
  21. ^ a b Prickett, Nigel (2008). "Trans-Tasman stories: Australian Aborigines in New Zealand sealing and shore whaling". In Clark, Geoffrey; Leach, Foss; O'Connor, Sue (eds.). Islands of Inquiry. Vol. 29. ANU Press. pp. 351–366. ISBN 978-1-921313-89-9. JSTOR j.ctt24h8gp.24.
  22. ^ Heard, Mike (7 September 2007). "Trans-Tasman flurry". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  23. ^ Ryan, Chris; Birks, Sarah (10 January 2005). "Passengers and Low Cost Flights". Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing. 19 (1): 15–27. doi:10.1300/J073v19n01_02. S2CID 153336693.
  24. ^ Miller, Paul W. (1999). "Immigration Policy and Immigrant Quality: The Australian Points System". The American Economic Review. 89 (2): 192–197. doi:10.1257/aer.89.2.192. JSTOR 117105.
  25. ^ a b Green, Alison E.; Power, Mary R.; Jang, Deannah M. (April 2008). "Trans-Tasman migration: New Zealanders' explanations for their move". New Zealand Geographer. 64 (1): 34–45. doi:10.1111/j.1745-7939.2008.00125.x. hdl:10072/26381.
  26. ^ "Marine industry wants trans-Tasman sea bubble for superyachts before more businesses fail". Newshub. Archived from the original on 20 June 2021. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  27. ^ "Civil trials bench book". Trove. Retrieved 7 June 2024.
  28. ^ Richardson, Elizabeth; Thom, Katey; McKenna, Brian (2013). "The Evolution of Problem-Solving Courts in Australia and New Zealand: A Trans-Tasman Comparative Perspective". Problem Solving Courts. pp. 185–210. doi:10.1007/978-1-4614-7403-6_11. ISBN 978-1-4614-7402-9.
  29. ^ a b Jackson, Steve; Gilbert, Mark; McLay, Jim (2016). "Sports diplomacy: New Zealand's hardest soft power?". New Zealand International Review. 41 (2): 2–5. JSTOR 48551885.

Read other articles:

For the district formerly known as Bloomingdale, see Manhattan Valley. The United Methodist Church in Bloomingdale Bloomingdale is a hamlet located in the town of St. Armand, Essex County, in the State of New York, United States. The United States Postal Service has assigned Bloomingdale the ZIP Code 12913. History Bloomingdale was incorporated as a village in 1852 and became the center of a thriving lumbering business soon after. Although the industry went into a decline in the 20th century, Bl…

Queen of the Central Palace Min Htwe မင်းထွေးQueen of the Central PalaceTenurec. 5 May [O.S. 25 April] 1583 – 19 December [O.S. 9 December] 1599PredecessorYaza Dewi of PeguSuccessorYaza Dewi of AvaBornin or after 1553[note 1]Toungoo (Taungoo)Diedin or after 1611Ava (Inwa)SpouseNanda (1583–1600) Minye Kyawswa of Toungoo (1602–1612)IssuenoneFatherMinkhaung II of ToungooMotherLaygyun MibayaReligionTheravada Buddhism Min Htwe (Burmese…

Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (mai 2013). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références ». En pratique : Quelles sources sont attendues ? Comment …

The Right HonourableNadhim ZahawiMPPotret resmi, 2022 Ketua Partai KonservatifMenteri Tanpa PortofolioMasa jabatan25 Oktober 2022 – 29 Januari 2023Perdana MenteriRishi SunakPendahuluJake BerryPenggantiGreg HandsKanselir Kadipaten LancasterMasa jabatan6 September 2022 – 25 Oktober 2022Perdana MenteriLiz TrussPendahuluKit MalthousePenggantiOliver DowdenMenteri Hubungan Antar PemerintahMasa jabatan6 September 2022 – 25 Oktober 2022Perdana MenteriLiz TrussPendahuluMi…

Missouri State Senate elections, 2010 ← 2008 November 2, 2010 2012 → 17 seats from even-numbered districts in the Missouri Senate   Majority party Minority party   Leader Charles W. Shields Victor Callahan Party Republican Democratic Leader's seat 34th-St. Joseph 11th-Independence Seats before 23 11 Seats after 26 8 Seat change 3 3 Popular vote 585,705 311,264 Percentage 62.36% 33.14% Pro Tem before election Charles W. Shields Republican P…

This article includes a list of references, related reading, or external links, but its sources remain unclear because it lacks inline citations. Please help improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (March 2013) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) Torta del CasarCountry of originSpainRegion, townCasar de Caceres, CaceresRegionExtremaduraSource of milkSheepPasteurisedNoTextureSemi-hardAging time60 days minimumCertificationprotected-origin status 2003Named after…

SagaraPeta lokasi SagaraKoordinat4°42′2.000″LS,119°27′18.000″BTNegaraIndonesiaGugus kepulauanSpermondeProvinsiSulawesi SelatanKabupatenPangkajene dan KepulauanLuas570.364,1991890 m² Nomor 47 menunjukkan lokasi Pulau Sagara Sagara adalah nama sebuah pulau kecil berpenghuni yang berada di gugusan Kepulauan Spermonde, perairan Selat Makassar dan secara administratif masuk pada wilayah Desa Mattiro Bombang, Kecamatan Liukang Tupabbiring Utara, Kabupaten Pangkajene dan Kepulauan, Sula…

Institut Serum dan Vaksin di Al-A'amiriya, Iraq, yang di citrakan oleh satelit penginta AS pada November 2002 Satelit Pengintai (secara resmi disebut satelit pemantau) adalah sebuah satelit pemantau Bumi atau satelit komunikasi yang digelar untuk keperluan militer maupun intelijen. Biasanya merupakan teleskop bintang yang diarahkan ke Bumi dan bukan ke arah bintang. Generasi awal dari satelit ini ialah Corona[1] [2] dan Zenit yang mekanismenya yaitu, mereka mengambil foto dari an…

Artikel ini memerlukan pemutakhiran informasi. Harap perbarui artikel dengan menambahkan informasi terbaru yang tersedia. Artikel ini perlu dikembangkan dari artikel terkait di Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. (Maret 2023) klik [tampil] untuk melihat petunjuk sebelum menerjemahkan. Lihat versi terjemahan mesin dari artikel bahasa Inggris. Terjemahan mesin Google adalah titik awal yang berguna untuk terjemahan, tapi penerjemah harus merevisi kesalahan yang diperlukan dan meyakinkan bahwa hasil terj…

Public university in Fort Myers, Florida, U.S. Florida Gulf Coast UniversityMottoTruth, Knowledge, WisdomTypePublic universityEstablishedMay 3, 1991; 32 years ago (1991-05-03)[1]Parent institutionState University System of FloridaAccreditationSACSAcademic affiliationSpace-grantEndowment$129.3 million (2022)ChairmanBlake GablePresidentAysegul TimurProvostMark RiegerAcademic staff526[2]Administrative staff875[2]Students15,373 (2020)[2]Undergraduate…

Negeri SembilanNegara BagianNegeri Sembilan Darul Khususنڬري سمبيلن دار الخصوص BenderaLambang kebesaranHimne daerah: Berkatlah Yang DiPertuan Besar Negeri Sembilan   Negeri Sembilan di    MalaysiaIbukotaSerembanKota RajaSeri MenantiPemerintahan • JenisMonarki pemilihan • Yang di-Pertuan Besar Negeri SembilanTuanku Muhriz • Menteri BesarAminuddin Harun (PH-PKR)Luas[1] • Total6.686 km2 (2,581 s…

Indian film actress (1926 - 2004) VeenaBornTajour Sultana(1926-07-04)4 July 1926Quetta, Baluchistan Agency, British India (now in Pakistan)Died14 November 2004(2004-11-14) (aged 78)Mumbai, Maharashtra, IndiaNationalityIndianOccupationActressYears active1939 – 1983 Veena (4 July 1926 – 14 November 2004), also known as Veena Kumari, real name Tajour Sultana, was an Indian actress. Early life and background Veena was born as Tajour Sultana on 4 July 1926 in Quetta, Baluchistan…

Monaco di Baviera, Staatliche Antikensammlungen 2620. Kachrylion (in greco antico: Καχρυλίων?, Kachrylíōn; Attica, VI secolo a. C. – Attica, VI secolo a. C.) è stato un ceramista greco antico, attivo ad Atene alla fine del VI secolo a.C. Indice 1 Biografia 2 Opere 3 Note 4 Bibliografia 5 Voci correlate 6 Altri progetti 7 Collegamenti esterni Biografia La fama di Kachrylion è dovuta principalmente per la sua firma su una ventina di tazze (Kỳlikes) con la formula epóiesen (=fece)…

† Стеллерова корова Муляж стеллеровой коровы в Лондонском музее естествознания Научная классификация Домен:ЭукариотыЦарство:ЖивотныеПодцарство:ЭуметазоиБез ранга:Двусторонне-симметричныеБез ранга:ВторичноротыеТип:ХордовыеПодтип:ПозвоночныеИнфратип:Челюстноро…

2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会波兰代表團波兰国旗IOC編碼POLNOC波蘭奧林匹克委員會網站olimpijski.pl(英文)(波兰文)2020年夏季奥林匹克运动会(東京)2021年7月23日至8月8日(受2019冠状病毒病疫情影响推迟,但仍保留原定名称)運動員206參賽項目24个大项旗手开幕式:帕维尔·科热尼奥夫斯基(游泳)和马娅·沃什乔夫斯卡(自行车)[1]闭幕式:卡罗利娜·纳亚(皮划艇)[2…

1974 studio album by Joe CockerI Can Stand a Little RainStudio album by Joe CockerReleasedAugust 7, 1974Recorded1973−1974 in Los AngelesGenreRockLength34:29LabelA&MProducerJim PriceJoe Cocker chronology Joe Cocker(1972) I Can Stand a Little Rain(1974) Jamaica Say You Will(1975) Singles from I Can Stand a Little Rain Put Out the LightReleased: June 1974 I Can Stand a Little RainReleased: October 1974 You Are So BeautifulReleased: November 1974 Professional ratingsReview scoresSource…

1956 United States Senate election in Washington ← 1950 November 6, 1956 1962 →   Nominee Warren Magnuson Arthur B. Langlie Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 685,565 436,652 Percentage 61.09% 38.91% County resultsMagnuson:      50–60%      60–70%      70–80% U.S. senator before election Warren Magnuson Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Warren Magnuson Democratic Elections in Wash…

This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2014) (Learn how and when to remove this message) Natural history museum in Pacific Grove, CaliforniaPacific Grove Museum of Natural HistoryExterior of the museumEstabl…

Arquata Scriviacomune Arquata Scrivia – Veduta LocalizzazioneStato Italia Regione Piemonte Provincia Alessandria AmministrazioneSindacoAlberto Basso (lista civica Viviamo Arquata) dal 6-6-2016 (2º mandato dal 4-10-2021) TerritorioCoordinate44°41′33″N 8°52′54″E44°41′33″N, 8°52′54″E (Arquata Scrivia) Altitudine248 m s.l.m. Superficie29,24 km² Abitanti6 273[2] (31-1-2024) Densità214,53 ab./km² FrazioniRigoroso,…

Sabuk hijau (bahasa Inggris: green belt), adalah ruang terbuka hijau yang memiliki tujuan utama untuk membatasi perkembangan suatu penggunaan lahan atau membatasi aktivitas satu dengan aktivitas lainnya agar tidak saling mengganggu. Sejarah Perjanjian Lama mencantumkan perencanaan sabuk hijau di sekitar kota-kota suku Lewi di Tanah Israel[1] Sumber http://www.penataanruang.com/ruang-terbuka-hijau.html Referensi ^ Bilangan 35:1–5

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya