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Turks in Russia

Turks in Russia
Total population
109,883 (2010 census)
Regions with significant populations
Languages
Religion
Predominantly Sunni Islam
Minority Alevism, Other religions and Irreligion

Turks in Russia (Turkish: Rusya'daki Türkler, Russian: Турки в России), also referred to as Turkish Russians or Russian Turks, refers to people of full or partial ethnic Turkish origin who have either immigrated to Russia or who were born in the Russian state. The community is largely made up of several migration waves, including: descendants of Ottoman-Turkish captives during the Russo-Turkish wars; the Turkish Meskhetian community; and the more recent Turkish immigrants from the Republic of Turkey.[1]

History

After being found aged 4 in Ottoman Bulgaria, Ayşe was adopted by Russian soldiers during the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) and Christened under the name Maria Kexholmskaia [ru].[2]

Ottoman migration

The First All-Union Census of the Soviet Union in 1926 recorded 8,570 Ottoman Turks living in the Soviet Union. The Ottoman Turks are no longer listed separately in the census, as it is presumed that those who were living in Russia in the 1920s have subsequently either been assimilated into Russian society or have left the country.[3]

Meskhetian Turks migration

During World War II, the Soviet Union was preparing to launch a pressure campaign against Turkey. Vyacheslav Molotov, who was at the time the Minister of Foreign Affairs, made a request of the Turkish Ambassador in Moscow that Turkey surrender three Anatolian provinces (Kars, Ardahan and Artvin).[11] Thus, war against Turkey seemed possible, and Joseph Stalin wanted to commit a genocide to the strategic Turkish population situated in Meskheti, near the Turkish-Georgian border, since during the Russo-Turkish Wars the Turks of the region had been loyal to the Ottoman Empire and were therefore likely to be hostile to Soviet intentions.[11][12] In 1944, the Meskhetian Turks were forcefully deported from Meskheti, Georgia and accused of smuggling, banditry and espionage in collaboration with their kin across the Turkish border.[13]

Soviet authorities issued an official ruling that 17,000 Meskhetian Turks, virtually the entire Turkish population in the Ferghana Valley, be transported to Russia. Another 70,000 Meskhetian Turks from other parts of Uzbekistan soon followed the first wave of migrants and settled mainly in Azerbaijan and Russia.

In the late 1970s, the Stavropol and Krasnodar authorities visited various regions of Uzbekistan to invite and recruit Meskhetian Turks to work in agriculture enterprises in southern Russia.[4] In 1985, Moscow issued a proposal inviting more Meskhetian Turks to move to villages in southern Russia that had been abandoned by ethnic Russians who were moving to the cities. However, the Meskhetian Turks response was that they would only leave Uzbekistan if the move were to be to their homeland.[5] Then, in 1989, ethnic Uzbeks began a series of actions against the Turks; they became the victims of riots in the Ferghana valley which led to over a hundred deaths. Within days, Decision 503 was announced "inviting" the Turks to occupy the empty farms in southern Russia that they had resisted moving to for years and around 17,000 Meskhetian Turks were evacuated to Russia.[6][7] Meskhetian Turks maintain that Moscow had planned the Uzbek riots.[7] By the early 1990s, the 70,000 Meskhetian Turks who were still resident in Uzbekistan left for Azerbaijan, Russia and Ukraine due to fears of continued violence.[6]

Mainland Turkish migration

During the 2000s, Russia witnessed increasing numbers of immigrants from Turkey; the number of Turkish labour migrants grew, on average, by 30–50% per annum.[8] By 2008, over 130,000 Turkish citizens were working in Russia; most Turkish immigrants are those who married Russians in Turkey and then came to reside in the homeland of their spouse.[8]

Demographics

According to the 2010 Russian Census, 105,058 people declared themselves as "Turks" and 4,825 stated that they were "Meskhetian Turks"; hence, the census showed that there was a total of 109,883 Turks living in the country.[9]

Turks in Russia according to the Russian Census
Russian census Turks
1939[10] 2,936
1959[11] 1,377
1970[12] 1,568
1979[13] 3,561
1989[14] 9,890
2002[15] 95,672[a]
2010[9] 109,883[b]

Discrimination

Meskhetian Turks in Russia, especially those in Krasnodar, have faced hostility from the local population. The Meskhetian Turks of Krasnodar have suffered significant human rights violations, including the deprivation of their citizenship. They have been deprived of civil, political and social rights and are prohibited from owning property and employment.[16] Since 2004, many are now leaving the Krasnodar region for the United States as refugees.[17]

Noble families

Notable people

This list includes people of full and partial Turkish origin.

Ivan Aksakov
Vasily Ekimov
Vasily Kapnist
Alexey Verstovsky
Vasily Zhukovsky

See also

References

  1. ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 155.
  2. ^ a b The story of Marie Kexholmskaia, a Turkish Child Adopted by Russian Soldiers, The Salt Lake Herald, 11 July 1890, retrieved 23 May 2021, During the Russian-Turkish war a private in the Kexholm regiment when in Bulgaria found a little Turkish girl about four years old... The child, who was suffering for want of food, soon recovered and told her protectors that her name was Aisha. When the regiment returned to Warsaw the officers resolved to take best care of the girl. They imposed upon themselves an income tax of 1 per cent. Aish, who meanwhile had been christened under the name Lexholmskaia...
  3. ^ Akiner 1983, 381.
  4. ^ Ryazantsev 2009, 168.
  5. ^ Goltz 2009, 124.
  6. ^ a b Ryazantsev 2009, 167.
  7. ^ a b Goltz 2009, 125.
  8. ^ a b Ryazantsev 2009, 159.
  9. ^ a b Демоскоп Weekly. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 г. Национальный состав населения Российской Федерации". Retrieved 2012-01-30.
  10. ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1939 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  11. ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1959 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  12. ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1970 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  13. ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1979 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  14. ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года. Национальный состав населения по республикам СССР". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  15. ^ Демоскоп Weekly. "Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года". Retrieved 2011-06-04.
  16. ^ Barton, Heffernan & Armstrong 2002, 9.
  17. ^ Coşkun 2009, 5.
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  19. ^ a b c d e Рубрика "Аксаковы. История разбитых судеб": "Глава I", Aksakoff, retrieved 11 April 2021, От брака с Ольгой Семеновной Заплатиной (1 марта 1793 г. – 2 мая 1878 г.), дочерью генерал-майора Семена Григорьевича Заплатина и пленной турчанки Игель-Сюм, Сергей Тимофеевич Аксаков имел четырех сыновей – Константина, Григория, Ивана, Михаила и семь дочерей – Веру (1819–1864 гг.), Ольгу (1821–1861 гг.), Надежду (1829–1869 гг.), Анну (1829–1829 гг.), Любовь (1830–1867 гг.), Марию (1831–1906 гг.), Софью (1835–1885 гг.).
  20. ^ Поколенная роспись: поколение XXV, Aksakoff, retrieved 11 April 2021, Дочь генерал-майора Семена Григорьевича Заплатина и пленной турчанки Игель-Сюм (Руммель В.В., Голубцов В.В. Т. I. С. 29).
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  22. ^ "Bulgaristan Göçmeni Bir Türk'ün Kızı - Alina Boz", Bizim Gazete, 2018, retrieved 11 April 2021, 14 Haziran 1998 tarihinde Rusya, Moskova'da dünyaya gelen Alina Boz'un annesi Rus Olga Boz, babası Bulgaristan göçmeni Türk'dür.
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  24. ^ "Роза в черных кудрях". История любви Михаила и Елены Щепкиных, The Armenian Museum of Moscow and Culture of Nations, 2017, retrieved 11 April 2021, В 1812 году Елена Дмитриевна стала женой провинциального крепостного актера Михаила Щепкина. Она — турчанка по происхождению и русская по духу — стала своему мужу верным другом, поддержкой и опорой, хранительницей очага...Однажды, когда Елена Дмитриевна уже была замужем, до нее дошли слухи, что семья турецкого паши, приехавшая в Санкт-Петербург, разыскивает дочь, пропавшую у них при взятии Анапы. Как пишет невестка Щепкиных в своих воспоминаниях, Елена Дмитриевна была уверена, что разыскивают именно ее: о своем происхождении ей все было известно. Люди, у которых ей довелось побывать в воспитанницах, не делали из этого секрета и довольно подробно обо всем рассказывали. Но Елена Щепкина не пожелала что-либо менять в своей жизни. Посланцы турецкого паши уехали ни с чем.
  25. ^ Vladimir, Butromeev (1997), Иллюстрированная энциклопедическая библиотека: Искусство России, Алкиона, ISBN 9785270016166, ЕКИМОВ ( Василий Петрович , он же Якимов ) — литейный мастер Академии художеств , турецкого происхождения ( 1758— 1837 )...
  26. ^ RUSYA VATANDAŞI AHISKALI TÜRK NİYAZ İLYASOV AVRUPA ŞAMPİYONU OLDU, Ahıskaspor Kulübü, 2018
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  29. ^ Averkov, Stanislav (2021), Современные страсти по древним сокровищам, LitRes, ISBN 9785457752559
  30. ^ Караманов Алемдар Сабитович, muzcentrum, archived from the original on 2011-11-20, retrieved 6 May 2021
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  36. ^ Aleksandrova, Vera (1963), A History of Soviet Literature, Greenwood publishing, p. 260, ISBN 978-0837161143, The Paustovsky family stems from Zaporozhye Cossacks , with an admixture of Turkish and Polish blood.
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  38. ^ Петр Иванович Полетика: 15.08.1778 - 26.01.1849, RusDiplomats, retrieved 11 April 2021, Сын надворного советника Ивана Андреевича Полетики (ок. 1726-1783), врача при карантинной заставе, и турчанки Фатимы, захваченной русскими в плен при взятии Очакова.
  39. ^ T., Korzhenyants, Алексей Николаевич Верстовский, Belcanto, retrieved 11 March 2021, Верстовский родился в имении Селиверстово Тамбовской губернии. Отец композитора был внебрачным сыном генерала А. Селиверстова и пленной турчанки, и потому фамилия его — Верстовский — образована от части родовой фамилии, а сам он был приписан к дворянскому сословию как выходец из «польского шляхетства».
  40. ^ Род Селиверстовых - Верстовских, Tambov State Technical University, 2015, retrieved 11 March 2021, Дед знаменитого композитора, Алексей Михайлович, был генерал-майором во времена Екатерины II. Под Измаилом он взял в плен красавицу турчанку, в которую влюбился.
  41. ^ Shirlee, Emmons; Lewis, Wilbur Watkins (2006), Researching the Song: A Lexicon, Oxford University Press, ISBN 9780199882304, Zhukovsky, Vasily (1783-1852): Russian poet, the natural son of a wealthy landowner father and a captive Turkish girl.
  42. ^ Robert, Chandler; Mashinski, Irina; Dralyuk, Boris (2015), The Penguin Book of Russian Poetry, Penguin Books, ISBN 9780141972268, Vasily Zhukovsky (1783-1852). The son of a small landowner and his Turkish housekeeper...

Notes

^ a: The 2002 census recorded 92,415 Turks and 3,257 Meskhetian Turks.
^ b: The 2010 census recorded 105,058 Turks and 4,825 Meskhetian Turks.

Bibliography

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Emergency blanket redirects here. For the Peruvian rock band, see Emergency Blanket (band). A space blanket Aluminized plastic sheet used to protect against heat in space A space blanket (also known as a Mylar blanket, emergency blanket, first aid blanket, safety blanket, thermal blanket, weather blanket, heat sheet, foil blanket, or shock blanket) is an especially low-weight, low-bulk blanket made of heat-reflective thin plastic sheeting. They are used on the exterior surfaces of spacecraft for…

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2012 Burmese Film Thwar Lu Soe Dar Myo Taw Tat TalFilm PosterBurmeseသွားလူဆိုးဒါမျိုးတော့တတ်တယ် Directed byNyi Nyi Htun LwinScreenplay byLwin Min EantBased onMu Di Tar Pan Oo Maung Ma Khu Naeby Hnin Wai NyeinStarring Kyaw Ye Aung Pyay Ti Oo Nay Min Soe Myat Thuzar Eaindra Kyaw Zin Pearl Win CinematographyThan Nyunt (Pan Thar)Edited byAung ThwinHtun Htun OoMusic byKhin Maung GyiProductioncompanyDawei Film ProductionRelease date July 6,…

For the TV anime adaptation, see Blue Dragon (TV series).For sea slug, see Glaucus atlanticus. 2006 video gameBlue DragonDeveloper(s)MistwalkerArtoonPublisher(s)Microsoft Game StudiosDirector(s)Takuya MatsumotoProgrammer(s)Shinji IsekiArtist(s)Akira ToriyamaYoshihito TakahashiWriter(s)Hironobu SakaguchiAtsuhiro TomiokaComposer(s)Nobuo UematsuSeriesBlue DragonPlatform(s)Xbox 360ReleaseJP: December 7, 2006EU: August 24, 2007NA: August 28, 2007AU: August 30, 2007Genre(s)Role-playing video gameMode(…

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