Uncoupler

An uncoupler or uncoupling agent is a molecule that disrupts oxidative phosphorylation in prokaryotes and mitochondria or photophosphorylation in chloroplasts and cyanobacteria by dissociating the reactions of ATP synthesis from the electron transport chain. The result is that the cell or mitochondrion expends energy to generate a proton-motive force, but the proton-motive force is dissipated before the ATP synthase can recapture this energy and use it to make ATP. Because the intracellular supply of protons is replenished, uncouplers actually stimulate cellular metabolism and oxygen consumption (despite their inhibitory effects on oxidative phosphorylation) and increase the energy cost of generating ATP. Uncouplers are capable of transporting protons through mitochondrial and lipid membranes.

Description

Classical uncouplers have five properties:^[1]

the complete release of respiratory control
the substitution of all coupled processes (ATP synthesis, transhydrogenation, reverse electron flow, active transport of cations, etc.) by a cyclic proton transport mediated by the uncoupler
the elimination of all protonic and cationic gradients generated across the mitochondrial or prokaryotic membrane
no discrimination in these actions between one coupling site and another
no discrimination between coupled processes driven by electron transfer and coupled processes driven by ATP hydrolysis

Pseudo-uncouplers show one or more of these properties, but not all, and thus must be combined with one or more other pseudo-uncouplers to achieve full uncoupling.^[1]

Classical uncouplers

The following compounds are known to be classical uncouplers:^[1]^[2]

2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP)
2,5-dinitrophenol
1799 (α,α′-bis(hexafluoracetonyl)acetone)
BAM15, N⁵,N⁶-bis(2-fluorophenyl)-[1,2,5]oxadiazolo[3,4-b]pyrazine-5,6-diamine
2-tert-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (Dinoterb)
6-sec-butyl-2,4-dinitrophenol (Dinoseb)
C₄R1 (a short-chain alkyl derivative of rhodamine 19)
Carbonyl cyanide phenylhydrazone (CCP)
Carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (CCCP)
Carbonyl cyanide-p-trifluoromethoxyphenyl hydrazone (FCCP)
CDE (4β-cinnamoyloxy,1β,3α-dihydroxyeudesm-7,8-ene) (produced by Verbesina)
Chlorfenapyr (after N-dealkylation by P450, an insecticide in IRAC group 13)
CZ5
Desaspidin
Dicoumarol
Dinitro-ortho-cresol (DNOC)
Ellipticine
Endosidin 9 (ES9)
Flufenamic acid
Niclosamide ethanolamine (NEN)
Ppc-1 (a secondary metabolite produced by Polysphondylium pseudocandidum)
Pentachlorophenol (PCP)^{[Note 1]}
Perfluorotriethylcarbinol
S-13 (5-chloro-3-t-butyl-2′-chloro-4′-nitrosalicylanilide)
TTFB (4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-trifluoromethylbenzimidazole)
Malonoben (tyrphostin A9, SF-6847, AG17)
(+)-usnic acid
XCT-790
mitoFluo (10-[2-(3-hydroxy-6-oxo-xanthen-9-yl)benzoyl]oxydecyl-triphenyl-phosphonium bromide)
Triclosan (Trichloro-2'-hydroxydiphenyl ether)
Pyrrolomycin C (produced by Genus Streptomyces)
Salicylic acid (if taken in extreme excess)^[3]