WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children

The WHO Model List of Essential Medicines for Children (aka Essential Medicines List for Children^[1] or EMLc^[1]), published by the World Health Organization (WHO), contains the medications considered to be most effective and safe in children up to twelve years of age to meet the most important needs in a health system.^[2]^[3]

The list is divided into core items and complementary items.^[4] The core items are deemed to be the most cost-effective options for key health problems and are usable with little additional health care resources.^[4] The complementary items either require additional infrastructure such as specially trained health care providers or diagnostic equipment or have a lower cost–benefit ratio.^[4]

The first list for children was created in 2007, and the list is in its 9th edition as of 2023^[update].^[4]^[5]^[6]^[7]

Note: An α indicates a medicine is on the complementary list.^[4]

Anaesthetics, preoperative medicines and medical gases

General anaesthetics and oxygen

Inhalational medicines

Injectable medicines

Ketamine
Propofol^{[note 1]}

Local anaesthetics

Preoperative medication and sedation for short-term procedures

Medical gases

Oxygen^{[note 2]}

Medicines for pain and palliative care

Non-opioids and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines (NSAIMs)

Ibuprofen^{[note 3]}
Paracetamol^{[note 4]} (acetaminophen)

Opioid analgesics

Morphine^{[note 5]}
Methadone^α^{[note 6]}

Medicines for other symptoms common in palliative care

Antiallergics and medicines used in anaphylaxis

Antidotes and other substances used in poisonings

Non-specific

Charcoal, activated

Specific

Anticonvulsants/antiepileptics

Carbamazepine
Diazepam
Lamotrigine^{[note 11]}
Lorazepam^{[note 12]}
Midazolam^{[note 13]}
Phenobarbital
Phenytoin^{[note 14]}
Valproic acid (sodium valproate)^{[note 15]}
Ethosuximide^α
Valproic acid (sodium valproate)^α^{[note 15]}

Anti-infective medicines

Anthelminthics

Intestinal anthelminthics

A hexagon joined to a polygon with two attachments to this double ringed structure — A skeletal model of the chemical structure of albendazole

Antifilarials

Antischistosomals and other antinematode medicines

Cysticidal medicines

Antibacterials

Access group antibiotics

Amikacin
Amoxicillin
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)
Ampicillin
Benzathine benzylpenicillin
Benzylpenicillin
Cefalexin
Cefazolin^{[note 17]}
Chloramphenicol^{[note 18]}
Clindamycin
Cloxacillin^{[note 19]}^{[note 20]}
Doxycycline^{[note 21]}
Gentamicin
Metronidazole
Nitrofurantoin
Phenoxymethylpenicillin (penicillin V)
Procaine benzylpenicillin^{[note 22]}
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)
Trimethoprim

Watch group antibiotics

Azithromycin
Cefixime
Cefotaxime^{[note 23]}
Ceftriaxone^{[note 24]}^{[note 25]}
Cefuroxime
Ciprofloxacin
Clarithromycin^{[note 26]}
Piperacillin/tazobactam (piperacillin + tazobactam)
Vancomycin
Ceftazidime^α
Meropenem^α^{[note 27]}
Vancomycin^α

Reserve group antibiotics

Reserve antibiotics are last-resort antibiotics. The EML antibiotic book was published in 2022.^[8]^[9]^[10]

Ceftazidime/avibactam (ceftazidime + avibactam)^α
Colistin^α
Fosfomycin^α
Linezolid^α
Polymyxin B^α

Antileprosy medicines

Antituberculosis medicines

Ethambutol
Isoniazid
Isoniazid/pyrazinamide/rifampicin (isoniazid + pyrazinamide + rifampicin)
Isoniazid/rifampicin (isoniazid + rifampicin)
Isoniazid/rifapentine (isoniazid + rifapentine)
Pyrazinamide
Rifampicin
Rifapentine
Amikacin^α
Amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid)^α^{[note 28]}
Bedaquiline^α
Clofazimine^α
Cycloserine^α^{[note 29]}
Delamanid^α
Ethionamide^α^{[note 30]}
Levofloxacin^α
Linezolid^α
Meropenem^α
Moxifloxacin^α
P-aminosalicylic acid^α
Streptomycin^α

Antifungal medicines

Antiviral medicines

Antiherpes medicines

Aciclovir

Antiretrovirals

Nucleoside/nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Nevirapine

Protease inhibitors

Darunavir
Lopinavir/ritonavir (lopinavir + ritonavir)
Ritonavir

Integrase inhibitors

Fixed-dose combinations of antiretroviral medicines

Abacavir/lamivudine (abacavir + lamivudine)
Lamivudine/zidovudine (lamivudine + zidovudine)

Medicines for prevention of HIV-related opportunistic infections

Isoniazid/pyridoxine/sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (isoniazid + pyridoxine + sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim)

Other antivirals

Antihepatitis medicines

Medicines for hepatitis B

Nucleoside/Nucleotide reverse transcriptase inhibitors

Entecavir

Medicines for hepatitis C

Pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations

Daclatasvir^{[note 38]}
Daclatasvir/sofosbuvir (daclatasvir + sofosbuvir)
Glecaprevir/pibrentasvir (glecaprevir + pibrentasvir)
Sofosbuvir^{[note 39]}
Sofosbuvir/velpatasvir (sofosbuvir + velpatasvir)

Non-pangenotypic direct-acting antiviral combinations

No listings in this section.

Other antivirals for hepatitis C

No listings in this section.

Antiprotozoal medicines

Antiamoebic and antigiardiasis medicines

Antileishmaniasis medicines

Antimalarial medicines

For curative treatment

Amodiaquine^{[note 41]}
Artemether^{[note 42]}
Artemether/lumefantrine (artemether + lumefantrine)^{[note 43]}
Artesunate^{[note 44]}
Artesunate/amodiaquine (artesunate + amodiaquine)^{[note 45]}
Artesunate/mefloquine (artesunate + mefloquine)
Artesunate/pyronaridine tetraphosphate (artesunate + pyronaridine tetraphosphate)
Chloroquine^{[note 46]}
Dihydroartemisinin/piperaquine phosphate (dihydroartemisinin + piperaquine phosphate)
Doxycycline^{[note 47]}
Mefloquine^{[note 48]}
Primaquine^{[note 49]}
Quinine^{[note 50]}
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)^{[note 51]}

For chemoprevention

Amodiaquine + sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (Co-packaged)
Chloroquine^{[note 52]}
Doxycycline
Mefloquine
Proguanil^{[note 53]}
Sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine (sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine)

Antipneumocystosis and antitoxoplasmosis medicines

Antitrypanosomal medicines

African trypanosomiasis

Fexinidazole^{[note 54]}

1st stage

Pentamidine^{[note 55]}
Suramin sodium^{[note 56]}

2nd stage

American trypanosomiasis

Medicines for ectoparasitic infections

Ivermectin

Antimigraine medicines

For treatment of acute attack

For prophylaxis

Propranolol

Immunomodulators and Antineoplastics

Immunomodulators for non-malignant disease

Antineoplastic and supportive medicines

Cytotoxic medicines

Targeted therapies

Immunomodulators

Filgrastim^α^{[note 60]}

Hormones and antihormones

Supportive medicines

Medicines affecting the blood

Antianaemia medicines

Medicines affecting coagulation

Other medicines for haemoglobinopathies

Blood products of human origin and plasma substitutes

Blood and blood components

A straw coloured liquid inside a clear plastic bag — Bag containing one unit of fresh frozen plasma

Plasma-derived medicines

Human immunoglobulins

Blood coagulation factors

Plasma substitutes

Dextran 70^{[note 66]}

Cardiovascular medicines

Antianginal medicines

No listings in this section.

Antiarrhythmic medicines

No listings in this section.

Antihypertensive medicines

Enalapril^{[note 67]}

Medicines used in heart failure

Antithrombotic medicines

No listings in this section.

Lipid-lowering agents

No listings in this section.

Dermatological medicines (topical)

Antifungal medicines

Anti-infective medicines

Anti-inflammatory and antipruritic medicines

Medicines affecting skin differentiation and proliferation

Scabicides and pediculicides

Diagnostic agents

Ophthalmic medicines

Radiocontrast media

Barium sulfate^α

Disinfectants and antiseptics

Antiseptics

Disinfectants

Diuretics

Gastrointestinal medicines

Pancreatic enzymes^α

Antiulcer medicines

Omeprazole^{[note 78]}
Ranitidine^{[note 79]}

Antiemetic medicines

Anti-inflammatory medicines

No listings in this section.

Laxatives

No listings in this section.

Medicines for endocrine disorders

Adrenal hormones and synthetic substitutes

Androgens

No listings in this section.

Estrogens

No listings in this section.

Progestogens

No listings in this section.

Medicines for diabetes

Insulins

Oral hypoglycaemic agents

Metformin^α

Medicines for hypoglycaemia

Thyroid hormones and antithyroid medicines

Immunologicals

Diagnostic agents

Tuberculin, purified protein derivative (PPD)

Sera and immunoglobulins

Anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibodies^{[note 60]}
Antivenom immunoglobulin^{[note 84]}
Diphtheria antitoxin
Equine rabies immunoglobulin

Vaccines

Recommendations for all

Recommendations for certain regions

Recommendations for some high-risk populations

Recommendations for immunization programmes with certain characteristics

Muscle relaxants (peripherally-acting) and cholinesterase inhibitors

Ophthalmological preparations

Anti-infective agents

Anti-inflammatory agents

Prednisolone

Local anaesthetics

Tetracaine^{[note 92]}

Miotics and antiglaucoma medicines

No listings in this section.

Mydriatics

Atropine^{[note 93]}
Epinephrine (adrenaline)^α

Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) preparations

No listings in this section.

Medicines for reproductive health and perinatal care

Contraceptives

No listings in this section.

Ovulation inducers

No listings in this section.

Uterotonics

No listings in this section.

Antioxytocics (tocolytics)

No listings in this section.

Other medicines administered to the mother

No listings in this section.

Medicines administered to the neonate

Peritoneal dialysis solution

Intraperitoneal dialysis solution (of appropriate composition)^α

Medicines for mental and behavioural disorders

Medicines used in psychotic disorders

Medicines used in mood disorders

Medicines used in depressive disorders

Fluoxetine^α

Medicines used in bipolar disorders

No listings in this section.

Medicines for anxiety disorders

No listings in this section.

Medicines used for obsessive compulsive disorders

No listings in this section.

Medicines for disorders due to psychoactive substance use

No listings in this section.

Medicines acting on the respiratory tract

Antiasthmatic medicines

Budesonide^{[note 96]}
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Salbutamol (albuterol)^{[note 97]}

Solutions correcting water, electrolyte and acid-base disturbances

Oral

Parenteral

Miscellaneous

Water for injection

Vitamins and minerals

Ear, nose and throat medicines

Medicines for diseases of joints

Medicines used to treat gout

No listings in this section.

Disease-modifying agents used in rheumatoid disorders

Juvenile joint diseases

Aspirin^α^{[note 100]}

Dental preparations

Notes

^ Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.
^ No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.
^ Not in children less than three months.
^ Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.
^ Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone.
^ For the management of cancer pain.
^ ^a ^b Alternatives limited to dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron
^ Alternatives limited to cetirizine and fexofenadine
^ There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications.
^ Alternatives limited to prednisone
^ For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.
^ Alternatives limited to diazepam and midazolam
^ For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.
^ The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.
^ ^a ^b Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.
^ Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.
^ > 1 month.
^ Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)
^ cloxacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.
^ Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.
^ Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.
^ Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.
^ Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.
^ > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.
^ Erythromycin may be an alternative.
^ Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred
^ For use only in combination with meropenem.
^ Terizidone may be an alternative
^ Prothionamide may be used as an alternative.
^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, acute invasive aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients.
^ For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.
^ Alternatives limited to anidulafungin and caspofungin
^ for use in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines
^ For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers only.
^ Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients
^ For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).
^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir
^ Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir
^ Alternatives limited to tinidazole
^ To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
^ For use in the management of severe malaria.
^ Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.
^ To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.
^ Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.
^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
^ For use only in combination with quinine.
^ To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
^ Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.
^ For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.
^ Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.
^ For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.
^ For use only in combination with chloroquine.
^ For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
^ To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.
^ To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
^ Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.
^ etanercept and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f including quality-assured biosimilars
^ including quality-assured biosimilars
^ Alternatives limited to prednisone
^ Alternatives limited to epoetin alfa, beta and theta, darbepoetin alfa, and their quality-assured biosimilars.
^ Alternatives are limited to nadroparin, dalteparin, and their quality-assured biosimilars.
^ Alternatives are limited to the oral form of deferasirox.
^ Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))
^ Alternatives limited to calcitriol and tacalcitol
^ Alternatives limited to podophyllotoxin
^ Alternatives limited to precipitated sulfur topical ointment
^ Alternatives limited to atropine and cyclopentolate
^ Alternatives limited to propanol
^ Alternatives limited to iodine
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)
^ Alternatives limited to chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations
^ In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts
^ Alternatives limited to insulin detemir, insulin degludec, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars
^ Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability.
^ For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available
^ Exact type to be defined locally.
^ ^a ^b ^c Recommended for certain regions
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Recommended for some high-risk populations
^ ^a ^b ^c Recommended for immunisation programmes with certain characteristics
^ Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.
^ Alternatives limited to amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)
^ Alternatives limited to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline
^ Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations
^ Alternatives limited to homatropine hydrobromide or cyclopentolate hydrochloride.
^ Alternatives limited to indometacin
^ Alternatives limited to prostaglandin E2
^ Alternatives limited to beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone
^ Alternatives limited to terbutaline
^ Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.
^ Alternatives limited to ofloxacin
^ For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease

References

^ ^a ^b "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2021.
^ "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
^ World Health Organization (2021). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021 (including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/351172. ISBN 9789240041141. WHO technical report series;1035. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325772. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.07. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
^ World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 8th list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345534. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.03.
^ World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex B: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 9th list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371091. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.03.
^ "The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.
^ The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. ISBN 978-92-4-006238-2. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.
^ The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book - Infographics. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2022.02. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

External links

eEML - Electronic Essential Medicines List

[Thiopental-8] Thiopental may be used as an alternative depending on local availability and cost.

[9] No more than 30% oxygen should be used to initiate resuscitation of neonates less than or equal to 32 weeks of gestation.

[10] Not in children less than three months.

[11] Not recommended for anti‐inflammatory use due to lack of proven benefit to that effect.

[12] Alternatives limited to hydromorphone and oxycodone.

[13] For the management of cancer pain.

[ondansetron-14] Alternatives limited to dolasetron, granisetron, palonosetron, and tropisetron

[15] Alternatives limited to cetirizine and fexofenadine

[16] There may be a role for sedating antihistamines for limited indications.

[17] Alternatives limited to prednisone

[18] For use as adjunctive therapy for treatment-resistant partial or generalized seizures.

[19] Alternatives limited to diazepam and midazolam

[20] For buccal administration when solution for oromucosal administration is not available.

[21] The presence of both 25 mg/5 mL and 30 mg/5 mL strengths on the same market would cause confusion in prescribing and dispensing and should be avoided.

[sodium_valproate-22] Avoid use in pregnancy and in women and girls of child-bearing potential, unless alternative treatments are ineffective or not tolerated because of the high risk of birth defects and developmental disorders in children exposed to valproate in the womb.

[23] Oxamniquine is listed for use when praziquantel treatment fails.

[24] > 1 month.

[25] Only for the presumptive treatment of epidemic meningitis in children older than two years and in adults.

[26] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (J01CF Beta-lactamase resistant penicillins)

[27] xacillin, dicloxacillin and flucloxacillin are preferred for oral administration due to better bioavailability.

[28] Use in children <8 years only for life-threatening infections when no alternative exists.

[29] Procaine benzylpenicillin is not recommended as first-line treatment for neonatal sepsis except in settings with high neonatal mortality, when given by trained health workers in cases where hospital care is not achievable.

[30] Third-generation cephalosporin of choice for use in hospitalized neonates.

[31] Do not administer with calcium and avoid in infants with hyperbilirubinemia.

[32] > 41 weeks corrected gestational age.

[33] Erythromycin may be an alternative.

[34] Imipenem/cilastatin is an alternative for complicated intraabdominal infections and high-risk febrile neutropenia only, except for acute bacterial meningitis in neonates, where meropenem is preferred

[38] For use only in combination with meropenem.

[39] Terizidone may be an alternative

[40] Prothionamide may be used as an alternative.

[41] For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis, acute invasive aspergillosis, histoplasmosis, sporotrichosis, paracoccidiodomycosis, mycoses caused by T. marneffei and chromoblastomycosis; and prophylaxis of histoplasmosis and infections caused by T. marneffei in AIDS patients.

[42] For treatment of chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and acute invasive aspergillosis.

[43] Alternatives limited to anidulafungin and caspofungin

[44] r use in second-line regimens in accordance with WHO treatment guidelines

[45] For the treatment of viral haemorrhagic fevers only.

[46] Severe illness due to confirmed or suspected influenza virus infection in critically ill hospitalized patients

[47] For the treatment of cytomegalovirus retinitis (CMVr).

[48] Pangenotypic when used in combination with sofosbuvir

[49] Pangenotypic when used in combination with daclatasvir

[50] Alternatives limited to tinidazole

[51] To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.

[52] For use in the management of severe malaria.

[53] Not recommended in the first trimester of pregnancy or in children below 5 kg.

[54] To be used in combination with either amodiaquine, mefloquine or sulfadoxine + pyrimethamine.

[55] Other combinations that deliver the target doses required such as 153 mg or 200 mg (as hydrochloride) with 50 mg artesunate can be alternatives.

[56] For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.

[57] For use only in combination with quinine.

[58] To be used in combination with artesunate 50 mg.

[59] Only for use to achieve radical cure of Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale infections, given for 14 days.

[60] For use only in the management of severe malaria, and should be used in combination with doxycycline.

[61] Only in combination with artesunate 50 mg.

[62] For use only for the treatment of Plasmodium vivax infection.

[63] For use only in combination with chloroquine.

[64] For the treatment of 1st and 2nd stage of human African trypanosomiasis due to Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.

[65] To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.

[66] To be used for the treatment of the initial phase of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense infection.

[67] To be used for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection

[68] Only to be used in combination with eflornithine, for the treatment of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection.

[69] tanercept and infliximab are alternatives, including quality-assured biosimilars

[biosimilars-70] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f including quality-assured biosimilars

[71] uding quality-assured biosimilars

[72] Alternatives limited to prednisone

[73] Alternatives limited to epoetin alfa, beta and theta, darbepoetin alfa, and their quality-assured biosimilars.

[74] Alternatives are limited to nadroparin, dalteparin, and their quality-assured biosimilars.

[75] Alternatives are limited to the oral form of deferasirox.

[76] Polygeline, injectable solution, 3.5% is considered as equivalent.

[77] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (C09AA ACE inhibitors, plain)

[78] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D01AC Imidazole and triazole derivatives) excluding combinations

[79] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D07AC Corticosteroids, potent (group III))

[80] Alternatives limited to calcitriol and tacalcitol

[81] Alternatives limited to podophyllotoxin

[82] Alternatives limited to precipitated sulfur topical ointment

[83] Alternatives limited to atropine and cyclopentolate

[84] Alternatives limited to propanol

[85] Alternatives limited to iodine

[86] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (D08AE Phenol and derivatives)

[87] Alternatives limited to chlorothiazide and chlorthalidone

[88] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BC Proton pump inhibitors) excluding combinations

[89] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (A02BA H2-receptor antagonists) excluding combinations

[90] In acute diarrhoea zinc sulfate should be used as an adjunct to oral rehydration salts

[91] Alternatives limited to insulin detemir, insulin degludec, and insulin glargine, including quality-assured biosimilars

[92] Carbimazole is an alternative depending on local availability.

[93] For use when alternative first-line treatment is not appropriate or available

[94] Exact type to be defined locally.

[regional-95] Recommended for certain regions

[highrisk-96] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Recommended for some high-risk populations

[certaincharacteristics-97] Recommended for immunisation programmes with certain characteristics

[98] Infections due to Chlamydia trachomatis or Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

[99] Alternatives limited to amikacin, kanamycin, netilmicin, and tobramycin

[100] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01AE Fluoroquinolones)

[101] Alternatives limited to chlortetracycline and oxytetracycline

[102] Alternatives limited to 4th level ATC chemical subgroup (S01HA Local anaesthetics) excluding cocaine and combinations

[103] Alternatives limited to homatropine hydrobromide or cyclopentolate hydrochloride.

[104] Alternatives limited to indometacin

[105] Alternatives limited to prostaglandin E2

[106] Alternatives limited to beclometasone, ciclesonide, flunisolide, fluticasone, and mometasone

[107] Alternatives limited to terbutaline

[108] Ergocalciferol can be used as an alternative.

[109] Alternatives limited to ofloxacin

[110] For use for rheumatic fever, juvenile arthritis, Kawasaki disease

[EMLc-1] "WHO Model Lists of Essential Medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 7 November 2020. Retrieved 15 April 2021.

[WHO2017Def-2] "Essential medicines". World Health Organization. Archived from the original on 2 October 2008. Retrieved 20 January 2017.

[selection-3] World Health Organization (2021). The selection and use of essential medicines: report of the WHO Expert Committee on Selection and Use of Essential Medicines, 2021 (including the 22nd WHO model list of essential medicines and the 8th WHO model list of essential medicines for children). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/351172. ISBN 9789240041141. WHO technical report series;1035. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.

[WHO_2019_child-4] World Health Organization (2019). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 7th list 2019. Geneva. hdl:10665/325772. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.07. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[5] World Health Organization (2019). Executive summary: the selection and use of essential medicines 2019: report of the 22nd WHO Expert Committee on the selection and use of essential medicines. Geneva. hdl:10665/325773. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.05. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

[WHOEMLc8th-6] World Health Organization (2021). World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 8th list (2021). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/345534. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2021.03.

[WHOEMLc9th-7] World Health Organization (2023). The selection and use of essential medicines 2023: web annex B: World Health Organization model list of essential medicines for children: 9th list (2023). Geneva: World Health Organization. hdl:10665/371091. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2023.03.

[35] "The WHO Essential Medicines List Antibiotic Book". World Health Organization (WHO). 24 November 2021. Archived from the original on 11 November 2022. Retrieved 6 October 2022.

[36] The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. ISBN 978-92-4-006238-2. Archived from the original on 13 August 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[37] The WHO AWaRe (Access, Watch, Reserve) antibiotic book - Infographics. Geneva: World Health Organization (WHO). 2022. WHO/MHP/HPS/EML/2022.02. Archived from the original on 29 January 2023. Retrieved 29 January 2023.

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[6]

[7]

[note 1]

[note 2]

[note 3]

[note 4]

[note 5]

[note 6]

[note 7]

[note 8]

[note 9]

[note 10]

[note 11]

[note 12]

[note 13]

[note 14]

[note 15]

[note 16]

[note 17]

[note 18]

[note 19]

[note 20]

[note 21]

[note 22]

[note 23]

[note 24]

[note 25]

[note 26]

[note 27]

[8]

[9]

[10]

[note 28]

[note 29]

[note 30]

[note 31]

[note 32]

[note 33]

[note 34]

[note 35]

[note 36]

[note 37]

[note 38]

[note 39]

[note 40]

[note 41]

[note 42]

[note 43]

[note 44]

[note 45]

[note 46]

[note 47]

[note 48]

[note 49]

[note 50]

[note 51]

[note 52]

[note 53]

[note 54]

[note 55]

[note 56]

[note 57]

[note 58]

[note 59]

[note 60]

[note 61]

[note 62]

[note 63]

[note 64]

[note 65]

[note 66]

[note 67]

[note 68]

[note 69]

[note 70]

[note 71]

[note 72]

[note 73]

[note 74]

[note 75]

[note 76]

[note 77]

[note 78]

[note 79]

[note 80]

[note 81]

[note 82]

[note 83]

[note 84]

[note 85]

[note 86]

[note 87]

[note 88]

[note 89]

[note 90]