Webb's First Deep Field

Webb's First Deep Field is the first operational image taken by the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). The deep-field photograph, which covers a tiny area of sky visible from the Southern Hemisphere, is centered on SMACS 0723, a galaxy cluster in the constellation of Volans. Thousands of galaxies are visible in the image, some as old as 13 billion years.^[1] It is the highest-resolution image of the early universe ever taken. Captured by the telescope's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam), the image was revealed to the public by NASA on 11 July 2022.

Background

The James Webb Space Telescope is a space telescope operated by NASA and designed primarily to conduct infrared astronomy. Launched in December 2021, the spacecraft has been in a halo orbit around the second Sun–Earth Lagrange point (L₂), about 1.5 million kilometers (900,000 mi) from Earth, since January 2022. At L₂, the gravitational pull of the Sun combines with the gravitational pull of the Earth to produce an orbital period that matches Earth's, and the Earth and Sun remain co-aligned (as seen from that point) as the Earth and the spacecraft orbit the Sun together.^[2]

Webb's First Deep Field was taken by the telescope's Near-Infrared Camera (NIRCam) and is a composite produced from images at different wavelengths, totalling 12.5 hours of exposure time.^[3]^[4]

SMACS 0723 is a galaxy cluster visible from Earth's Southern Hemisphere,^[5] and has often been examined by Hubble and other telescopes in search of the deep past.^[2]

Scientific results

The image shows the galaxy cluster SMACS 0723 as it appeared 4.6 billion years ago,^[4] covering an area of sky with an angular size approximately equal to a grain of sand held at arm's length.^[3] Many of the objects in the image have undergone notable redshift due to the expansion of space over the extreme distance traveled by the light radiating from them.^[6] The redshifts of nearly 200 of these objects have been measured to date,^[7] with the highest redshift measured at 8.498.^[8]

The combined mass of the galaxy cluster acts as a gravitational lens, magnifying and distorting the images of much more distant galaxies behind it. Webb's NIRCam brought the distant galaxies into sharp focus, revealing tiny, faint structures that had never been seen before, including star clusters and diffuse features.^[3]

Diffraction spikes in the photo

The Webb telescope's mirror is composed of 18 individual mirrors, each having a hexagonal rim, rather than the round rim typically used in telescopes.

The six bright and two fainter spikes around the point sources of light in the photo are an artifact created by the physical limitations of the telescope. The six bright spikes are a result of diffraction from the mirror's edges. The mirror is composed of 18 individual units, each having the shape of a regular hexagon. The hexagonal rim of the units that make up the telescope's large mirror give rise to the six spikes.^[9] Telescopes with circular mirrors/lenses don't have such spikes (in lieu of spikes, diffraction from circular rims creates a pattern of concentric rings called Airy discs).

The two additional spikes are a result of diffraction from the struts holding the telescope's secondary mirror in front of the main mirror. As shown in the figure on the right, diffraction from the three struts creates six spikes, but four of these are designed to co-align with the spikes created from the diffraction caused by the rim. This leaves the two faint horizontal spikes visible in the photo.^[10]

Significance

Deepest image of the Universe

On 11 July 2022, JWST delivered the deepest sharp infrared image of the universe to date.^[11] Webb's First Deep Field is the first full false-color image from the JWST,^[12] and the highest-resolution infrared view of the universe yet captured.^[11] The image reveals thousands of galaxies in a tiny sliver of the universe, with Webb's sharp near-infrared view bringing out faint structures in extremely distant galaxies, offering the most detailed view of the early universe to date. Thousands of galaxies, which include the faintest objects ever observed in the infrared, have appeared in Webb's view for the first time.^[13]^[3]

It was first revealed to the public during an event on 11 July 2022 by U.S. President Joe Biden.^[2]

Comparison with the Hubble Space Telescope

The following images are a comparison with the image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope and the image taken by Webb of the same galaxy cluster.

Deep Field – Galaxy cluster SMACS J0723.3-7327.^[14]^[15]^[16]^[17]^[18]^[19]

Left: image taken by the Hubble Space Telescope in 2017
Right: same image taken by the James Webb Space Telescope in 2022^[20]

References

^ "Webb's First Deep Field (NIRSpec MSA Emission Spectra)". WebbTelescope.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c Overbye, Dennis; Chang, Kenneth; Tankersley, Jim (11 July 2022). "Biden and NASA Share First Webb Space Telescope Image". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ ^a ^b "Webb's first deep field". European Space Agency. 11 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ "SRELICS". IRAS. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ Isaacs-Thomas, Isabella (11 July 2022). "Here's the deepest, clearest infrared image of the universe ever produced". PBS. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ Noirot, Gaël; Desprez, Guillaume; Asada, Yoshihisa; Sawicki, Marcin; Estrada-Carpenter, Vicente; Martis, Nicholas; Sarrouh, Ghassan; Strait, Victoria; Abraham, Roberto; Bradač, Maruša; Brammer, Gabriel; Iyer, Kartheik; MacFarland, Shannon; Matharu, Jasleen; Mowla, Lamiya (2023). "The first large catalogue of spectroscopic redshifts in Webb's First Deep Field, SMACS J0723.3−7327". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 525 (2): 1867–1884. arXiv:2212.07366. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1019.
^ Carnall, A. C.; Begley, R.; McLeod, D. J.; Hamadouche, M. L.; Donnan, C. T.; McLure, R. J.; Dunlop, J. S.; Milvang-Jensen, B.; Bondestam, C. L.; Cullen, F.; Jewell, S. M.; Pollock, C. L. (9 November 2022). "A first look at the SMACS0723 JWST ERO: spectroscopic redshifts, stellar masses and star-formation histories". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 518 (1): L45 – L50. arXiv:2207.08778. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac136. ISSN 1745-3925.
^ Williams, Matt (19 March 2022). "Wondering About the 6 Rays Coming out of JWST's Test Image? Here's why They Happen". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^ "Webb's Diffraction Spikes". Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.
^ ^a ^b Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.
^ Strickland, Ashley (11 July 2022). "President Biden reveals the James Webb Space Telescope's stunning first image". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ Chow, Denise (11 July 2022). "The Webb telescope's first full-color photo is here – and it's stunning". NBC News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.
^ Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ Overbye, Dennis; Chang, Kenneth; Tankersley, Jim (11 July 2022). "Biden and NASA Share First Webb Space Telescope Image – From the White House on Monday, humanity got its first glimpse of what the observatory in space has been seeing: a cluster of early galaxies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.
^ Pacucci, Fabio (15 July 2022). "How Taking Pictures of 'Nothing' Changed Astronomy - Deep-field images of "empty" regions of the sky from Webb and other space telescopes are revealing more of the universe than we ever thought possible". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ Deliso, Meredith; Longo, Meredith; Rothenberg, Nicolas (14 July 2022). "Hubble vs. James Webb telescope images: See the difference". ABC News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.
^ Kooser, Amanda (13 July 2012). "Hubble and James Webb Space Telescope Images Compared: See the Difference - The James Webb Space Telescope builds on Hubble's legacy with stunning new views of the cosmos". CNET. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.
^ Atkinson, Nancy (2 May 2022). "Now, We can Finally Compare Webb to Other Infrared Observatories". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.
^ Chow, Denise; Wu, Jiachuan (12 July 2022). "Photos: How pictures from the Webb telescope compare to Hubble's - NASA's $10 billion telescope peers deeper into space than ever, revealing previously undetectable details in the cosmos". NBC News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

[1] "Webb's First Deep Field (NIRSpec MSA Emission Spectra)". WebbTelescope.org. Archived from the original on 7 March 2023. Retrieved 14 July 2022.

[:2-2] Overbye, Dennis; Chang, Kenneth; Tankersley, Jim (11 July 2022). "Biden and NASA Share First Webb Space Telescope Image". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[:0-3] Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[:1-4] "Webb's first deep field". European Space Agency. 11 July 2022. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[5] "SRELICS". IRAS. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[6] Isaacs-Thomas, Isabella (11 July 2022). "Here's the deepest, clearest infrared image of the universe ever produced". PBS. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[7] Noirot, Gaël; Desprez, Guillaume; Asada, Yoshihisa; Sawicki, Marcin; Estrada-Carpenter, Vicente; Martis, Nicholas; Sarrouh, Ghassan; Strait, Victoria; Abraham, Roberto; Bradač, Maruša; Brammer, Gabriel; Iyer, Kartheik; MacFarland, Shannon; Matharu, Jasleen; Mowla, Lamiya (2023). "The first large catalogue of spectroscopic redshifts in Webb's First Deep Field, SMACS J0723.3−7327". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society. 525 (2): 1867–1884. arXiv:2212.07366. doi:10.1093/mnras/stad1019.

[8] Carnall, A. C.; Begley, R.; McLeod, D. J.; Hamadouche, M. L.; Donnan, C. T.; McLure, R. J.; Dunlop, J. S.; Milvang-Jensen, B.; Bondestam, C. L.; Cullen, F.; Jewell, S. M.; Pollock, C. L. (9 November 2022). "A first look at the SMACS0723 JWST ERO: spectroscopic redshifts, stellar masses and star-formation histories". Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society: Letters. 518 (1): L45 – L50. arXiv:2207.08778. doi:10.1093/mnrasl/slac136. ISSN 1745-3925.

[9] Williams, Matt (19 March 2022). "Wondering About the 6 Rays Coming out of JWST's Test Image? Here's why They Happen". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.

[10] "Webb's Diffraction Spikes". Archived from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 September 2024.

[:5-11] Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 11 July 2022. Retrieved 17 July 2023.

[12] Strickland, Ashley (11 July 2022). "President Biden reveals the James Webb Space Telescope's stunning first image". CNN. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[13] Chow, Denise (11 July 2022). "The Webb telescope's first full-color photo is here – and it's stunning". NBC News. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2022.

[NASA-20220711-14] Garner, Rob (11 July 2022). "NASA's Webb Delivers Deepest Infrared Image of Universe Yet". NASA. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[NYT-20220711-15] Overbye, Dennis; Chang, Kenneth; Tankersley, Jim (11 July 2022). "Biden and NASA Share First Webb Space Telescope Image – From the White House on Monday, humanity got its first glimpse of what the observatory in space has been seeing: a cluster of early galaxies". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 12 July 2022. Retrieved 12 July 2022.

[SA-202207-16] Pacucci, Fabio (15 July 2022). "How Taking Pictures of 'Nothing' Changed Astronomy - Deep-field images of "empty" regions of the sky from Webb and other space telescopes are revealing more of the universe than we ever thought possible". Scientific American. Archived from the original on 16 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

[ABC-20220714-17] Deliso, Meredith; Longo, Meredith; Rothenberg, Nicolas (14 July 2022). "Hubble vs. James Webb telescope images: See the difference". ABC News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 15 July 2022.

[CNET-20120713-18] Kooser, Amanda (13 July 2012). "Hubble and James Webb Space Telescope Images Compared: See the Difference - The James Webb Space Telescope builds on Hubble's legacy with stunning new views of the cosmos". CNET. Archived from the original on 17 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

[UT-20220502-19] Atkinson, Nancy (2 May 2022). "Now, We can Finally Compare Webb to Other Infrared Observatories". Universe Today. Archived from the original on 10 May 2022. Retrieved 12 May 2022.

[NBC-20220712-20] Chow, Denise; Wu, Jiachuan (12 July 2022). "Photos: How pictures from the Webb telescope compare to Hubble's - NASA's $10 billion telescope peers deeper into space than ever, revealing previously undetectable details in the cosmos". NBC News. Archived from the original on 15 July 2022. Retrieved 16 July 2022.

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Webb's First Deep Field

Background

Scientific results

Diffraction spikes in the photo

Significance

Deepest image of the Universe

Comparison with the Hubble Space Telescope

See also

References

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