Édith Giovanna Gassion (19 December 1915 – 10 October 1963), known as Édith Piaf (French pronunciation:[editpjaf]), was a French entertainer best known for performing songs in the cabaret and modern chanson genres. She is widely regarded as France's greatest popular singer and one of the most celebrated performers of the 20th century.[1][2]
Having begun her career touring with her father at age fourteen, her fame increased during the German occupation of France and in 1945, Piaf's signature song, "La Vie en rose" ('life in pink') was published. She became France's most popular entertainer in the late 1940s, also touring Europe, South America and the United States, where her popularity led to eight appearances on The Ed Sullivan Show.
Piaf continued to perform, including several series of concerts at the Paris Olympia music hall, until a few months before her death in 1963 at age 47. Her last song, "L'Homme de Berlin", was recorded with her husband in April 1963. Since her death, several documentaries and films have been produced about Piaf's life as a touchstone of French culture.
Early life
Piaf as a child
Despite numerous biographies, much of Piaf's life is unknown.[3] Her birth certificate indicates she was born in Paris on 19 December 1915, at the Hôpital Tenon hospital.[4]
Her birth name was Édith Giovanna Gassion.[5] The name "Édith" was inspired by British nurse Edith Cavell, who was executed 2 months before Édith's birth for helping French soldiers escape from German captivity during World War I.[6] Twenty years later, Édith's stage surname Piaf was created by her first promoter, based on a French term for 'sparrow'.[1]
Édith's father Louis Alphonse Gassion (1881–1944) was an acrobatic street performer from Normandy with a theater background. Louis's father was Victor Alphonse Gassion (1850–1928) and his mother was Léontine Louise Descamps (1860–1937), who ran a brothel in Normandy and was known professionally as "Maman Tine".[7] Édith's mother, Annetta Giovanna Maillard (1895–1945) was a singer and circus performer born in Italy who performed under the stage name "Line Marsa".[8][9][10] Annetta's father was Auguste Eugène Maillard (1866–1912) of French descent and her grandmother was Emma (Aïcha) Saïd Ben Mohammed (1876–1930), an acrobat of Kabyle and Italian descent.[11][12] Annetta and Louis divorced on 4 June 1929.[13][14]
Piaf's mother abandoned her at birth, and she lived for a short time with her maternal grandmother, Emma (Aïcha), in Bethandy, Normandy. When her father enlisted with the French Army in 1916 to fight in World War I, he took her to his mother, who ran a brothel in Bernay, Normandy. There, prostitutes helped look after Piaf.[1] The bordello had two floors and seven rooms, and the prostitutes were not very numerous – "about ten poor girls", as she later described. In fact, five or six were permanent while a dozen others would join the brothel during market days and other busy days. The sub-mistress of the brothel was called "Madam Gaby" and Piaf considered her almost like family; later, she became godmother of Denise Gassion, Piaf's half-sister born in 1931.[15]
From the age of three to seven, Piaf was allegedly blind as a result of keratitis. According to one of her biographers, she recovered her sight after her grandmother's prostitutes pooled money to accompany her on a pilgrimage honouring Saint Thérèse of Lisieux. Piaf claimed this resulted in a miraculous healing.[16]
At age 14, Piaf was taken by her father to join him in his acrobatic street performances all over France, where she first began to sing in public.[17] The following year, Piaf met Simone "Mômone" Berteaut,[18] who became a companion for most of her life. Berteaut later falsely represented herself as Piaf's half-sister in a memoir.[19] Together they toured the streets singing and earning money for themselves. With the additional money Piaf earned as part of an acrobatic trio, she and Berteaut were able to rent their own place.[1] Piaf took a room at the Grand Hôtel de Clermont in Paris and worked with Berteaut as a street singer around Paris and its suburbs.[20]
Piaf met a young man named Louis Dupont in 1932 and lived with him for a time; she became pregnant and gave birth to a daughter, Marcelle "Cécelle" Dupont, on 11 February 1933, when Piaf was seventeen. After Piaf's relationship with Dupont ended, Marcelle, who had been living with her father, contracted meningitis and died in July 1935, aged two.[2]
In 1935, Piaf was discovered by nightclub owner Louis Leplée.[5][1][7] Leplée persuaded Piaf (then known by her birth name of Édith Gassion) to sing despite her extreme nervousness. This nervousness and her height of only 142 centimetres (4 ft 8 in),[4][21] inspired Leplée to give her the nickname La Môme Piaf,[5] which is Paris slang for "The Sparrow Kid". Leplée taught Piaf about stage presence and told her to wear a black dress, which became her trademark apparel.[1]
Prior to Piaf's opening night, Leplée ran an intense publicity campaign, resulting in the attendance of many celebrities.[1] The bandleader that evening was Django Reinhardt, with his pianist, Norbert Glanzberg.[2]: 35 Her nightclub gigs led to her first two records produced that same year,[21] with one of them penned by Marguerite Monnot, a collaborator throughout Piaf's life and one of her favourite composers.[1]
On 6 April 1936,[1] Leplée was murdered. Piaf was questioned and accused as an accessory, but acquitted.[5] Leplée had been killed by mobsters with previous ties to Piaf.[22] A barrage of negative media attention now threatened Piaf's career.[4][1] To rehabilitate her image, she recruited Raymond Asso, with whom she would become romantically involved. He changed her stage name to "Édith Piaf", barred undesirable acquaintances from seeing her, and commissioned Monnot to write songs that reflected or alluded to Piaf's previous life on the streets.[1]
1940–1944
Piaf in 1950
In 1940, Piaf co-starred in Jean Cocteau's one-act play Le Bel Indifférent.[1]
Piaf's career and fame gained momentum during the German occupation of France in World War II.[23] She began forming friendships with prominent people, such as actor and singer Maurice Chevalier and poet Jacques Bourgeat. Piaf also performed in various nightclubs and brothels, which flourished between 1940 and 1945.[24] Various top Paris brothels, including Le Chabanais, Le Sphinx, One Two Two,[25] La rue des Moulins, and Chez Marguerite, were reserved for German officers and collaborating Frenchmen.[26] Piaf was invited to take part in a concert tour to Berlin, sponsored by the German officials, together with artists such as Loulou Gasté, Raymond Souplex, Viviane Romance and Albert Préjean.[27] In 1942, she was able to afford a luxury flat in a house in the upmarket 16th arrondissement of Paris area.[28] She lived above the L'Étoile de Kléber, a famous nightclub and bordello close to the Paris Gestapo headquarters.[29]
Piaf was accused of collaborating with the German occupying forces and had to testify before a Épuration légale (post-war legal trial), as there were plans to ban her from appearing on radio transmissions.[2] However, her secretary Andrée Bigard, a member of the French Resistance, spoke in her favour after the Liberation.[29][30] According to Bigard, she performed several times at prisoner-of-war camps in Germany and was instrumental in helping a number of prisoners escape.[31] At the beginning of the war, Piaf had met Michel Emer, a Jewish musician famous for the song L'Accordéoniste. Piaf paid for Emer to travel into France before German occupation, where he lived in safety until the liberation.[31][32][33] Following the trial, Piaf was quickly back in the singing business and in December 1944, she performed for the Allied forces in Marseille, alongside singer/actor Yves Montand.[2]
Earlier in 1944, Piaf performed in the Moulin Rouge cabaret venue in Paris, where she worked with Montand and began an affair with him.[4][22]
In 1947, she wrote the lyrics to the song "What Can I Do?" for her lover Montand. Within a year, Montand became one of the most famous singers in France. She broke off their relationship when he had become almost as popular as she was.[1]
During this time, she was in great demand and very successful in Paris[5] as France's most popular entertainer.[21] After the war, she became known internationally,[5] touring Europe, the United States, and South America. In Paris, she gave Argentinian guitarist-singer Atahualpa Yupanqui – a central figure in the Argentine folk music tradition – the opportunity to share the scene, making his debut in July 1950. Piaf also helped launch the career of Charles Aznavour in the early 1950s, taking him on tour with her in France and the United States and recording some of his songs.[1] At first she met with little success with American audiences, who expected a gaudy spectacle and were disappointed by Piaf's simple presentation.[1] However, after a glowing review by influential New York critic Virgil Thomson in 1947,[35][1] her popularity in the U.S. grew to the point where she eventually appeared on The Ed Sullivan Show eight times, and at Carnegie Hall twice (in 1956 and 1957).[7]
1955–1963
Between January 1955 and October 1962, Piaf performed several series of concerts at the Paris Olympia music hall.[4] Excerpts from five of these concerts (1955, 1956, 1958, 1961, 1962) were issued on vinyl record (and later on CD), and have never been out of print. In the 1961 concerts, promised by Piaf in an effort to save the venue from bankruptcy, she first sang Non, je ne regrette rien.[4] In early 1963, Piaf recorded her last song before her death, titled L'Homme de Berlin.[36]
Personal life
Piaf with her second husband Théo Sarapo in 1962
During a tour of America in 1947, Piaf met boxer Marcel Cerdan and fell in love.[37] They had an affair, which made international headlines since Cerdan was the former middleweight world champion, and at the time was married with three children.[4] In October 1949, Cerdan boarded a flight from Paris to New York to meet Piaf. While on approach to land at Santa Maria in the Azores for a scheduled stopover, the aircraft crashed into a mountain, killing Cerdan and everyone else on board.[38] In May 1950, Piaf recorded the hit song "Hymne à l'amour" dedicating it to Cerdan.[39]
Piaf was injured in a car accident that occurred in 1951. Both Piaf and singer Charles Aznavour (her then-assistant) were passengers in the vehicle, with Piaf suffering a broken arm and two broken ribs. Her doctor prescribed the drug morphine as a treatment, which became a dependency alongside her alcohol problems.[1] Two more near-fatal car crashes exacerbated the situation.[7] In 1952, her then-husband forced Piaf into a detox clinic on three separate occasions.[1]
In 1952, Piaf married her first husband, singer Jacques Pills (real name René Ducos), with Marlene Dietrich performing the matron of honour duties. Piaf and Pills divorced in 1957.[40] In 1962, she wed Théo Sarapo (Theophanis Lamboukas), a singer, actor, and former hairdresser who was born in France of Greek descent.[1] Sarapo was 20 years younger than Piaf[41] and the two remained married until Piaf's death.[1]
In early 1963, soon after recording "L'Homme de Berlin" with her husband Théo Sarapo, Piaf slipped into a coma due to liver cancer.[42] She was taken to her villa in Plascassier on the French Riviera where she was nursed by Sarapo and her friend Simone Berteaut. Over the next few months she drifted in and out of consciousness, before dying at age 47 on 10 October 1963.[1]
Her last words were "Every damn thing you do in this life, you have to pay for."[43] It is said that Sarapo drove her body from Plascassier to Paris secretly, so that fans would think she had died in her hometown.[1][25]
Piaf's body is buried in Père Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, where her grave is among the most visited.[1]
Funeral and 2013 Requiem Mass
Shortly after her death, Piaf's funeral procession drew tens of thousands of mourners onto the streets of Paris,[1] and the ceremony at the cemetery was attended by more than 100,000 fans.[25][44] According to Piaf's colleague Charles Aznavour, Piaf's funeral procession was the only time since the end of World War II that the traffic in Paris had come to a complete stop.[25]
However, at the time, Piaf had been denied a Catholic Requiem Mass by Cardinal Maurice Feltin, since she had remarried after divorce in the Orthodox Church.[45] Fifty years later, the French Catholic Church recanted and gave Piaf a Requiem Mass in the St. Jean-Baptiste Church in Belleville, Paris (the parish into which she was born) on 10 October 2013.[46]
Legacy
French media have continually published magazines, books, plays, television specials and films about the star, often on the anniversary of her death.[2] In 1969, her longtime friend Simone "Mômone" Berteaut published a biography titled "Piaf."[18] This biography contained the false claim that Bertreaut was Piaf's half-sister.[47] In 1973, the Association of the Friends of Édith Piaf was formed, followed by the inauguration of the Place Édith Piaf in Belleville in 1981. Soviet astronomer Lyudmila Georgievna Karachkina named a small planet, 3772 Piaf, in her honor.[48]
A fan and author of two Piaf biographies operates the Musée Édith Piaf, a two-room museum in Paris.[25][49] The museum is located in the fan's apartment and has operated since 1977.[50]
A concert titled Piaf: A Centennial Celebration was held at The Town Hall in New York City on 19 December 2015, to commemorate the 100th anniversary of Piaf's birth. The events was hosted by Robert Osborne and produced by Daniel Nardicio and Andy Brattain. Performers included Little Annie, Gay Marshall, Amber Martin, Marilyn Maye, Meow Meow, Elaine Paige, Molly Pope, Vivian Reed, Kim David Smith, and Aaron Weinstein.[51][52]
Édith Piaf: Eternal Hymn (Éternelle, l'hymne à la môme, PAL, Region 2, import)
Piaf: Her Story, Her Songs (June 2006)
Piaf: La Môme (2007)
Édith Piaf: The Perfect Concert and Piaf: The Documentary (February 2009)
In 1978, a play titled Piaf (by English playwright Pam Gems) began a run of 165 performances in London and New York.
In 2023, Warner Music Group (WMG) announced a new biopic of Piaf that would be narrated by an artificial intelligence program that has been trained replicate Piaf's voice. The project has been conducted in partnership with the Piaf estate, which supplied the recordings used in the process.[54][55]
^Death certificate Year 1890, France, Montluçon (03), 1890, N°501, 2E 191 194
^Her grandmother, Emma Saïd Ben Mohamed, was born in Mogador, Morocco, in December 1876, " Emma Saïd ben Mohamed, d'origine kabyle et probablement connue au Maroc où renvoie son acte de naissance établi à Mogador, le 10 décembre 1876 ", Pierre Duclos and Georges Martin, Piaf, biographie, Éditions du Seuil, 1993, Paris, p. 41
^"Her mother, half-Italian, half-Berber", David Bret, Piaf: A Passionate Life, Robson Books, 1998, p. 2
^Piaf, un mythe français, Robert Belleret, Fayard, 2013.
Piaf, Édith; Dauvent, Louis-René (1958). Au bal de la chance (in French). Foreword by Jean Cocteau. Genève: Crét. ISBN1861052189 (English edition: The Wheel of Fortune: The Autobiography of Edith Piaf. Translated by Masoin de Virton, Andrée; Rootes, Nina. London: Peter Owen. 2004. ISBN9780720612288)
Bret, David (1993). Marlene Dietrich, My Friend: An Intimate Biography. London: Robson. ISBN0-86051-844-2 (approved biography, with a whole chapter dedicated to Dietrich's friendship with Piaf)
"The Sparrow – Edith Piaf", chapter in Singers & The Song (pp. 23–43), by Gene Lees, Oxford University Press, 1987, insightful critique of Piaf's biography and music.
Yates, Jim (2007). Oh! Père Lachaise: Oscar's wilde purgatory. Dublin: Édition d'Amèlie. ISBN978-0-9555836-0-5.
Find Me a New Way to Die: Édith Piaf's Untold Story by David Bret, Oberon Books, 2016.
Crosland, Margaret (1985). Piaf. New York, NY: Putnam. ISBN0-399-13088-8.
Gassion, Denise; Morcet, Robert (1988). Édith Piaf: secrète et publique. Saint-Vallery-sur-Somme: Ergo Pr. ISBN2-86957-001-5.
Edith Piaf: Her Songs & The Stories Behind Them Translated Into English: Volume One: The Polydor Years 1935-1945 by David Bret, Independently published, 2021.
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