アンチトロンビンは生理的な標的酵素であるトロンビン、第Xa因子、第IXa因子をそれぞれ速度定数(結合速度定数)7–11 x 103 M−1 s−1、2.5 x 103 M−1 s−1、1 x 10 M−1 s−1で不活性化する[5][24]。アンチトロンビンによるトロンビン不活性化の速度はヘパリンの存在下で1.5–4 x 107 M−1 s−1まで加速され、反応は2000倍から4000倍加速される[25][26][27][28]。ヘパリン存在下での第Xa因子の阻害の加速は500倍から1000倍であり、速度定数の最大値はトロンビン阻害の1/10である[25][28]。アンチトロンビンによる第IXa因子の阻害の速度はヘパリンと生理的レベルのカルシウムの存在下で約100万倍加速される[24]。
タイプIアンチトロンビン欠乏症は、血中のアンチトロンビン活性とアンチトロンビン濃度の双方の低下によって特徴づけられる。ヘパリンに対する親和性に基づいて、タイプI欠乏症はさらにIa、Ibの2つのサブグループに分類される。サブグループIaの患者のアンチトロンビンはヘパリンに対する親和性は正常であるが、サブグループIbでは親和性が低下している[45]。その後の機能的解析により、サブグループIbの症例ではヘパリンに対する親和性の低下だけでなく、反応部位、ヘパリン結合部位やアンチトロンビンの血中濃度に影響を与える複数の多面的な異常が存在することが発見された。国際血栓止血学会(International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis)の学術標準化委員会(Scientific and Standardization Committee)による改訂分類システムでは、サブグループIbの症例はタイプII PE(pleiotropic effect)に分類されている[46]。
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