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弗雷斯诺

弗雷斯诺
Fresno
弗雷斯诺市
弗雷斯诺旗幟
旗幟
弗雷斯诺官方圖章
圖章
在州內和縣內的位置
在州內和縣內的位置
弗雷斯诺在美国的位置
弗雷斯诺
弗雷斯诺
在美國的位置
坐标:36°46′54″N 119°47′32″W / 36.7817°N 119.7922°W / 36.7817; -119.7922
國家 美国
 加利福尼亚州
弗雷斯諾
地區聖華金谷
建立1872年
法人地位1885年10月12日[1]
政府
 • 类型市長-議會制政府
 • 市長Ashley Swearengin[2]
 • 市經理Bruce Rudd[3]
 • 市議會[4]Esmeralda Soria
Steve Brandau
Oliver Baines III
Paul Caprioglio
Sal Quintero
Lee Brand
Clint Olivier
面积[5]
 • 市112.308 平方英里(290.877 平方公里)
 • 陸地111.957 平方英里(289.967 平方公里)
 • 水域0.351 平方英里(0.91 平方公里)  0.31%
海拔[6]308 英尺(94 公尺)
人口2011年[7]
 • 市494,665人
 • 估计(2013)[7]509,924
 • 排名縣內第一
州內第五
國內第34
 • 密度4,405人/平方英里(1,701人/平方公里)
 • 都會區1,081,315
居民称谓Fresnan
时区太平洋時間UTC-8
 • 夏时制PDTUTC-7
郵編[8]93650, 93701–93712、93714–93718、93720–93730、93737、93740、93741、93744、93745、93747、93750、93755、93760、93761、93764、93765、93771–79、93786、93790–94、93844、93888
電話區號559
FIPS編碼06-27000[9]
GNIS特征ID2776062410546
網站www.fresno.gov

弗雷斯诺(英語:Fresno),美国华裔普遍简称佛市,是美国加利福尼亚州的第五大城市,弗雷斯诺县县治。弗雷斯诺位建于广阔的加州中央谷地之上[10],是弗雷斯诺都会区的文化和经济中心。

地理

根据美国人口普查局的资料,弗雷斯诺总面积为271.4平方千米,水域面积为1.1平方千平,占总面积0.42%。弗雷斯诺位于36°46′54″N 119°47′32″W / 36.78167°N 119.79222°W / 36.78167; -119.79222,接近加利福尼亚州的中心,与其他主要娱乐地区和城市中心距离都不远。该市位于约塞米蒂国家公园以南约100千米,是距离该公园最近的主要城市;此外,该市距金斯坎宁国家公园100千米;距红杉国家公园120千米。

弗雷斯诺作为加利福尼亚州41号99号公路的交汇点,是通往洛杉矶的主要门户,该市也是加州180号公路通往红杉和金斯坎宁国家公园的入口。

气候

弗雷斯诺属地中海气候,冬季温和,夏季炎热干旱。[11]该区夏季阳光充沛,7月日间日照时间平均占96%,为全年最高;12月则只占42%,为全年最低。全年的大部份时间空气沿中央谷地南移,故该区风向以西北为主,1月和2月则有较多东南风。[12]

根据1991至2020年在佛雷斯诺优胜美地国际机场的数据,日最低气温低于或等于0 °C(32 °F)的平均日数为11天;日最高气温达30 °C(86 °F)的日数年均有136天,40 °C(104 °F)以上的有14天。[13]最冷月(12月)均温8.6 °C(47.5 °F),极端最低气温−8 °C(17 °F)(1913年1月6日)。[13]最热月(7月)均温28.6 °C(83.5 °F),极端最高气温46 °C(115 °F)(1905年7月8日)。[13]年均降水量约279毫米(10.99英寸),年极端最少降水量为76毫米(3.01英寸)(2013年),最多为549毫米(21.61英寸)(1983年);12月至3月占全年大约70%的降水量。[13]无霜期平均有324天(1月24日至12月14日)。[13]

加州佛雷斯诺优胜美地国际机场/KFAT(1991–2020年正常值,1881年至今极端数据)
月份 1月 2月 3月 4月 5月 6月 7月 8月 9月 10月 11月 12月 全年
历史最高温 °C(°F) 26
(78)
29
(84)
33
(91)
38
(101)
43
(110)
44
(112)
46
(115)
45
(113)
46
(114)
39
(102)
32
(90)
25
(77)
46
(115)
平均最高温 °C(°F) 20.1
(68.1)
23.2
(73.7)
27.7
(81.9)
32.7
(90.8)
37.2
(99.0)
41.1
(105.9)
42.1
(107.7)
41.7
(107.1)
39.5
(103.1)
34.0
(93.2)
26.4
(79.6)
19.7
(67.4)
42.9
(109.2)
平均高温 °C(°F) 13.0
(55.4)
16.3
(61.3)
19.7
(67.5)
23.2
(73.7)
28.2
(82.7)
33.0
(91.4)
36.5
(97.7)
35.8
(96.5)
32.6
(90.7)
25.9
(78.7)
18.3
(64.9)
12.9
(55.3)
24.6
(76.3)
平均低温 °C(°F) 4.8
(40.6)
6.3
(43.3)
8.5
(47.3)
10.5
(50.9)
14.2
(57.6)
17.7
(63.9)
20.7
(69.3)
19.9
(67.9)
17.4
(63.4)
12.6
(54.6)
7.4
(45.4)
4.3
(39.8)
12.1
(53.7)
平均最低温 °C(°F) −0.8
(30.5)
0.8
(33.4)
2.9
(37.2)
4.7
(40.4)
8.7
(47.7)
11.6
(52.9)
15.6
(60.1)
15.4
(59.7)
12.1
(53.8)
7.0
(44.6)
1.5
(34.7)
−1.0
(30.2)
−1.8
(28.8)
历史最低温 °C(°F) −8
(17)
−4
(24)
−3
(26)
0
(32)
2
(36)
6
(42)
10
(50)
9
(49)
3
(37)
−3
(27)
−3
(26)
−8
(18)
−8
(17)
平均降水量 mm(英寸) 55
(2.16)
49
(1.93)
48
(1.90)
26
(1.04)
11
(0.42)
6.1
(0.24)
0.76
(0.03)
0.00
(0.00)
1.3
(0.05)
14
(0.56)
22
(0.87)
45
(1.79)
279
(10.99)
平均降水天数(≥ 0.01 in) 7.7 8.5 7.2 4.5 2.7 0.7 0.3 0.1 0.6 2.2 4.7 7.3 46.5
平均相對濕度(%) 84 77 70 57 48 43 40 44 49 58 74 83 61
月均日照時數 141.5 196.9 286.2 335.5 398.9 412.2 428.2 399.6 345.9 302.3 189.9 127.1 3,564.2
可照百分比 46 65 77 85 91 94 96 95 93 87 62 42 80
数据来源:NOAA(1981–2010年相对湿度;1961–1990年日照)[14][13][15][16]

佛雷斯诺国际交换站,1881年9月–1939年6月在市中心,1939年7月–1949年8月20日在佛雷斯諾錢德勒行政機場英语Fresno Chandler Executive Airport,1949年8月21日起在KFAT。[17]

教育

加州州立大学弗雷斯诺分校的第一座建筑。现在已是弗雷斯诺市立学院的一部份。并被列为国家史迹名录.[18]

弗雷斯诺也是加利福尼亚州一所著名的大学城市,拥有多所大学及大學院:

四年制大學

兩年制學院

職業導向學院

非認可學校

经济

弗雷斯诺是弗雷斯诺县和加州中央谷地的经济中心。该市周边地区的主要经济活动虽然仍为大规模农业生产,但市区和市郊地区近年已经历重大的经济转型。农业工种占弗雷斯诺县就业人口的比例从20年前起逐年下降,显示农业在该县的重要性正在减小。

现在,弗雷斯诺是中央谷地的教育、医疗、政府和专业服务中心,这些项目主导着该市的经济;而住宅和商业建筑的长期扩张使从事建造业的人口快速增长。该市的主要工业是食物处理,一些知名品牌如生产葡萄干的阳光少女Sun-Maid)、生产葵花籽戴维葵花籽David Sunflower Seeds)、卡夫食品等都有在该市设厂。此外,该市亦有机械制造、医疗设备制造等工业。

姐妹城市

弗雷斯诺有10个姐妹城市:

交通

航空

佛雷斯諾優勝美地國際機場 (Fresno Yosemite International Airport,FAT) ,舊稱「Fresno Air Terminal」,是佛雷斯諾的主要商用機場,每年估計有130萬旅客使用這機場來往各個國內和兩個國際目的地。

参考资料

  1. ^ California Cities by Incorporation Date. California Association of Local Agency Formation Commissions. [April 6, 2013]. (原始内容 (Word)存档于2013年10月17日). 
  2. ^ Mayor's Office. City of Fresno. [April 6, 2013]. (原始内容存档于2013-04-03). 
  3. ^ City Manager. City of Fresno. [January 4, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2014年1月4日). 
  4. ^ City Council. City of Fresno. [January 30, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015年1月25日). 
  5. ^ 2010 Census U.S. Gazetteer Files – Places – California. United States Census Bureau. 
  6. ^ Fresno. Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. 
  7. ^ 7.0 7.1 Fresno (city) QuickFacts. 美国人口调查局. [February 26, 2015]. (原始内容存档于2012年4月27日). 
  8. ^ ZIP Code(tm) Lookup. 美國郵政署. [November 23, 2014]. (原始内容存档于2018-12-24). 
  9. ^ American FactFinder. 美国人口调查局. [2008-01-31]. (原始内容存档于2013-09-11). 
  10. ^ E-1 Population Estimates for Cities, Counties and the State with Annual Percent Change — January 1, 2005 and 2006 (PDF). California Department of Finance. 1 May 2007 [2006-11-16]. (原始内容 (.PDF)存档于2006年9月23日). 
  11. ^ Fresno, California Climate Summary. RSS Feeds World Weather. [2007-03-06]. (原始内容存档于2006-10-20). 
  12. ^ Fresno, California Wind Direction Diagram. Causes of Haze Assessment. 2002年 [2007-03-06]. (原始内容存档于2006-09-12). 
  13. ^ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 NowData - NOAA Online Weather Data. 美国国家海洋和大气管理局. [2022-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2022-06-03). 
  14. ^ Summary of Monthly Normals 1991–2020 (pdf). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [2021-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-21). 
  15. ^ WMO Climate Normals for FRESNO/AIR TERMINAL CA 1961–1990. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. [2014-03-11]. (原始内容存档于2023-08-10). 
  16. ^ Local Climatological Data Annual Summary with Comparative Data for FRESNO, CALIFORNIA (KFAT) (PDF). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration: 3. [2022-06-12]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2022-06-12). 
  17. ^ Threadex. [2020-10-09]. (原始内容存档于2020-03-05). 
  18. ^ History页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆), SCCC Foundation: Old Administration Building, Accessed August 3, 2009.

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