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盾女

哥德匈人會戰英语Battle of the Goths and Huns後瀕死的盾女小赫爾薇爾英语Hervor,由挪威畫家彼得·尼古拉·阿波英语Peter Nicolai Arbo所繪。

盾女古諾斯語skjaldmær),又譯盾牌仙女[1]、神盾女孩[2],是一種在斯堪的纳维亚的民间传说和神话中出現的女战士。盾女經常在薩迦文學中登場,例如「丹麥人事跡[3]和「赫爾薇爾與霍里克一族的薩迦英语Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks[4]。她們的故事亦散見於其他日耳曼民族的記載,包括哥特人辛布里人馬科曼尼人[5]。北歐神话中的女武神形象可能起源於盾女的傳說[5]

歷史紀錄

維京時代女性參加戰事的記載甚為稀少,拜占庭歷史學家约翰·斯基里澤斯英语John Skylitzes在記載帝國與瓦良格人的衝突中提到了女性戰士:西元971年,基輔大公伊戈列維奇進攻保加利亞,與之對抗的拜占庭軍在攻下多洛斯特隆要塞英语Siege of Dorostolon後,驚訝的發現了瓦良格女戰士的屍骸[6]

文兰開拓者萊夫·埃里克松的姊姊弗蕾迪絲英语Freydís Eiríksdóttir也有在殖民地戰鬥的描述。在格陵蘭薩迦英语Saga of the Greenlanders中,弗蕾迪絲煽動丈夫洗劫了另一隻友方的拓墾隊,在她丈夫想要放過對方的五名女眷時,弗蕾迪絲抄起斧頭砍死了她們[7]。在紅鬍子艾瑞克的薩迦英语Saga of Erik the Red中,相比怯戰的男人們,懷孕的她赤裸著上身、用劍敲擊胸部,嚇退來犯的原住民斯卡靈人英语Skrælings[8]。不過,以上記載中並沒有直接關於弗蕾迪絲是盾女的敘述[9]

史詩傳說紀錄

北歐薩迦中曾提及名字的女姓戰士眾多,例如女武神布倫希爾德沃爾松格薩迦英语Vǫlsunga saga[10]、另一位同名女鬥士布倫希爾德(Bósa與Herrauðs的薩迦英语Bósa saga ok Herrauðs[11],海賊赫爾薇爾與她的同名孫女小赫爾薇爾(赫爾薇爾與霍里克一族的薩迦英语Hervarar saga ok Heiðreks[4][12],自立為王的瑞典公主松比約恩(霍爾夫·高特克森納爾的薩迦英语Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar[13][14]和丹麥公主赫蒂、盾女薇絲娜和薇伯格(丹麥人事跡[3]等人。

丹麥盾女

在丹麥人事蹟中,作者萨克索·格拉玛提库斯記載了數位北歐的盾女,如與追求者意外發生血戰的吉特英语Geats公主阿爾夫希爾德英语Alf and Alfhild(女海賊阿維爾達的原型)、挪威的斯狄克拉與魯希拉英语Rusla、流浪女戰士塞拉(Sela)等[3]

另外,萨克索在描寫8世紀左右的布拉維爾之戰英语Battle of Brávellir時,提及了三位丹麥軍的女性指揮官,他如此描述她們集結的場面:

赫爾薇爾祖孫

在赫爾薇爾薩迦中,作者記載了祖孫兩位女戰士的故事。少女時期的赫爾薇爾擁有一身武藝,曾因獲罪而身著男裝躲入樹林中、靠搶劫往來的旅人為生。之後她瞞著母親與外祖父出海,從父親的墳墓裡拿走了魔劍提爾鋒 ,靠著它的力量成為聲名遠播的海賊,並最終嫁給了約頓海姆的王子霍鋒德(Hofund)。然而在一次爭端中,魔劍的詛咒導致了她兒子赫德雷克英语Heidrek殺死了弟弟,在向丈夫求情未果後,赫爾薇爾只得暗中送赫德雷克離開國境[4]。赫德雷克的女兒小赫爾薇爾則成為了對抗匈人侵略的戰士,史詩描寫了她英勇作戰的行為,並最終記載她在戰場上重傷逝世[4][15]

布倫希爾德與古德倫

在沃爾松格薩迦中,布倫希爾德古德倫作為情敵曾多次產生衝突。布倫希爾德的舊愛西格魯德在受騙喝下魔藥後,忘了曾經的戀情轉而向古德倫求婚,布倫希爾德則決定嫁给古德倫的兄長龔特爾。然而一次意外使布倫希爾德意識到了真相,她嘲諷古德倫:「像妳這種貴婦,對所有用度都要求最奢華的。不過只要能順著妳說好聽話,要滿足妳這種人倒也輕而易舉。」[16]在古德倫回擊後,她又吟誦了一首比較兩任情人勇氣的韻文:

與同時期作品中的其他女性不同,布倫希爾德最終選擇直接的復仇,她殺了西格魯德、並燒死了他與古德倫的兒子們,最後她自盡以防自己的家族受到連累[16]

在薩迦史詩中,如同男性角色,婦女的身分既可以是光榮的和無情的,盾女們迥異於傳統女性的身分更加突出了這點,她們在這些故事中表現出了堅強的性格[15]。學者茱蒂絲·耶舍(Judith Jesch)和珍妮·喬奇(Jenny Jochens)認為,盾女在故事中要不得經歷嚴峻的考驗、要不就是回歸傳統的家居女性身分,反映出她們挑戰傳統的性別期待時潛藏的危險性。

歷史真實性

學界對於盾女是否真實存在仍有分歧。如尼爾·普萊斯英语Neil Price等人認為她們真實存在[17],而茱蒂絲·耶舍則對該說法表示否定,她表示目前仍未找到古諾斯人常規性訓練女戰士的確鑿證據[18][19]

在考古證據方面,1970年代,瑞典學者們在比爾卡發現一座源自約公元10世紀的戰士古墓。墓中除了墳墓主人的骨頭外,還出土了大量陪葬的武器和兩匹馬的骨骸,當時參與分析的安娜·謝爾斯特倫(Anna Kjellström)指出了墓主為女性的可能性[17]。2017年,DNA分析證實了該墓主確實是女性[20],此即比爾卡的維京女戰士英语Birka female Viking warrior,但包括茱蒂絲等學者則認為這樣的論斷言之過早[21]

另有學者在分析英格兰東部的北歐移民墓葬群後,發現其男女比例相近,與以往認知中諾斯女性墓葬人數遠大於男性的印象不同,顯示這些墓葬多為夫妻墳墓的可能性[22][23]。因此雖在這些墳墓中發現了陪葬用的武器,學者們認為這些不足以證明盾女存在[24]

流行文化

奇幻文學中,「魔戒」的伊歐玟打敗戒靈後、在談話中自稱盾女[25]、「海洋巨魔(The Sea of Trolls)三部曲」的索爾格里(Thorgil)是一位半獸人盾女角色[26]

2013年的加拿大連續劇《維京傳奇》中,劇中要角拉格納之妻拉葛莎,是傳說中的海賊盾女,該角色由凱薩琳溫妮克英语Katheryn Winnick飾演[27]

相關條目

參考文獻

  1. ^ 石琴娥. 北欧文学论- 从北欧中世纪文学瑰宝到“当代的易卜生”. 上海社会科学院出版社. 2015-06-01. ISBN 9787552008258. 
  2. ^ 保羅.賀爾曼; 張詩敏、許嫚紅 譯. 北歐文化學 初版. 商周文化. 2018-04-12. ISBN 9789864774326. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 Saxo Grammaticus. The Danish History, Books I-IX. Gutenberg EBook. Douglas B. Killings & David Widger. [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-01-28). 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Peter Tunstall. The Saga of Hervor & King Heidrek the Wise. The Complete Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda. [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-05-23). 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 The article Sköldmö页面存档备份,存于互联网档案馆) in Nordisk familjebok (1917).
  6. ^ Harrison, D. & Svensson, K. (2007). Vikingaliv. Fälth & Hässler, Värnamo. ISBN 978-91-27-35725-9. p. 71
  7. ^ Keneva Kunz, 譯. The sagas of Icelanders : a selection. Penguin Classics. 2000: 636–652 [2019-09-08]. ISBN 978-0141000039. (原始内容存档于2019-01-05). 
  8. ^ J. Sephton 譯. Liverpool Literary and Philosophical Society , 编. Eirik the Red's Saga. Liverpool: D. Marples & Melvill Chambers Co., Ltd. January 12th, 1880: 29–30 [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2015-07-12). 
  9. ^ Thorsson, Ö. (Ed.) The Sagas of the Icelanders. Penguin Books, 1997. Anyway a mention of a single woman picking up a sword once can not be considered evidence of actual trained female warriors.
  10. ^ William Morris. The Story of Sigurd the Volsung and the Fall of the Niblungs 8th impression. Longmans, Green and Co. 1904 [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-03-14). 
  11. ^ George L. Hardman 譯. The Saga of Bosi and Herraud. The Complete Fornaldarsögur Norðurlanda. [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-11). 
  12. ^ N. Kershaw. Stories and Ballads of the Far Past-Translated from the Norse (Icelandic and Faroese) with Introductions and Notes. London: Cambridge University Press. 1921: 79–143 [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2020-02-12). 
  13. ^ Z. Borovsky. Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar. Netútgáfan. [2019-09-08]. (原始内容存档于2017-07-05). 
  14. ^ J. Fridriksdottir. 'Hyggin ok forsjál'. Wisdom and Women's Counsel in Hrólfs saga Gautrekssonar. academia. [2019-09-08]. 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 Tolkien, Christopher. The Saga of King Heidrik the Wise (PDF). Thomas Nelson and Sons Ltd. [2013-04-22]. (原始内容存档于2019-08-22). 
  16. ^ 16.0 16.1 Jesse L. Byock 譯. The Saga of the Volsungs: The Norse Epic of Sigurd the Dragon Slayer. University of California Press. 1990. ISBN 0-520-23285-2. 
  17. ^ 17.0 17.1 歷史頻道. Secrets of the Vikings - Shield Maidens | HISTORY Canada. [2019-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-05-09) (英语). 
  18. ^ Jesch, Judith. Viking women, warriors, and valkyries. blog.britishmuseum.org. 2014-04-19 [2017-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2016-03-03). 
  19. ^ Anderson, Christina. A Female Viking Warrior? Tomb Study Yields Clues. nytimes.com. 2017-09-14 [2018-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-21). 
  20. ^ Hedenstierna-Jonson, Charlotte; Kjellström, Anna; Zachrisson, Torun; Krzewińska, Maja; Sobrado, Veronica; Price, Neil; Günther, Torsten; Jakobsson, Mattias; Götherström, Anders. A female Viking warrior confirmed by genomics. American Journal of Physical Anthropology. 2017, 164 (4): 853–860. PMC 5724682可免费查阅. PMID 28884802. doi:10.1002/ajpa.23308. 
  21. ^ Anderson, Christina. A Female Viking Warrior? Tomb Study Yields Clues. The New York Times. 2017-09-14 [2018-08-24]. (原始内容存档于2017-09-21). 
  22. ^ McLeod, Shane. Warriors and women: the sex ratio of Norse migrants to eastern England up to 900 AD. Early Medieval Europe. 2011, 19 (3): 332–353. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0254.2011.00323.x. 
  23. ^ Vergano, Dan. Invasion of the Viking women unearthed. USA Today. 2011-07-19 [2019-08-22]. (原始内容存档于2015-08-02). 
  24. ^ Foss, Arild S. Don't underestimate Viking women. sciencenordic.com. 2013-01-02 [2017-05-10]. (原始内容存档于2017-03-26). 
  25. ^ J·R·R·托爾金. The return of the king : being the third part of The lord of the rings 2nd. Houghton Mifflin Co. 1987. ISBN 0-395-08256-0. 
  26. ^ Thorgil. Sea of Trolls Wiki. [2019-09-07]. [失效連結]
  27. ^ 歷史頻道. 維京傳奇電視劇官網(英語). [2019-09-07]. (原始内容存档于2021-02-15). 

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Pour le philosophe du XIIIe siècle, voir Boèce de Dacie. BoèceBoèce et Philosophie, manuscrit du XIVe siècle.Naissance Vers 480RomeDécès 524PavieSépulture Basilique San Pietro in Ciel d'OroPrincipaux intérêts Logique, Religion, MusiqueŒuvres principales Consolation de PhilosophieInfluencé par Platon, Aristote, Cicéron, Porphyre, Saint AugustinA influencé La majeure partie de la philosophie médiévalePère Manlius Boethius (en)Conjoint Elpis (en)Enfants Symmachus (en)Boet…

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