大蒙古國成立後不久,獲得了西藏的承認,雙方在庫倫簽訂《蒙藏條約》。外蒙古獨立後不久便與俄羅斯簽訂《俄蒙协约(蒙古語:Монгол-Оросын 1912 оны гэрээ)》,蒙古給予俄羅斯人在外蒙古的排他性商業地位,以換取俄羅斯對蒙古的支持並承認自治。蒙古一直試圖謀求俄羅斯帝國的支持,但俄羅斯僅僅希望保留自己在外蒙古的特權地位,對外蒙古的獨立持模棱兩可的態度。此外,俄羅斯曾根據《日俄密約》將內蒙古劃入日本勢力範圍,並希望維持其在中國的特權,因此也不支持外蒙古攻取內蒙古,最終使博克多汗統一蒙古的夢想破滅。[19]
與此同時,蘇俄也積極幫助外蒙古恢復獨立,希望將蒙古改造成一個社會主義國家。[34]在共產國際的支持下,蒙古的共產主義者在3月1日舉行會議,建立蒙古人民黨,[35]後又建立由道格索姆·鲍道領導的臨時政府。蒙古人民黨在蘇聯紅軍以及遠東共和國(蘇聯的衛星國)的協助下迅速崛起,著手驅逐中國軍隊以及外蒙古境內的俄國白軍。白軍節節潰敗,恩琴建議博克多汗與妻子敦都克拉穆一起轉移到烏里雅蘇臺城,但遭到了拒絕,[36]博克多汗繼續留在了庫倫。7月6日,蘇赫巴托率領蒙古人民黨的軍隊攻佔庫倫。9日,博克多汗收到了蒙古人民黨送來的信件,內容稱除了保留其宗教領袖頭銜之外,他的其他權力將會受到評估和改革。[37]翌日,蒙古人民黨中央委員會通過決議,仍舊擁戴博克多汗為君主,並實施君主立憲制。博克多汗成為了沒有任何實權的傀儡君主,實質上的領袖是共產主義者道格索姆·鲍道。新生的共產蒙古,與蘇俄簽訂了一系列友好條約,取代了之前與俄羅斯帝國簽訂的條約。11月5日,蒙古代表團訪問蘇俄首都莫斯科,獲得列寧的接見。在两国当年签署的《俄蒙友好条约(蒙古語:Монгол-Оросын 1921 оны гэрээ)》中,蘇俄承認大蒙古國是外蒙古的唯一合法政府,但為了避免與中國對抗,沒有明確承認外蒙古的獨立。[38]
^ 18.018.1Urgunge Onon, Mongolian Heroes of the 20th Century, New York 1976, p. 105-142 (translation of Kh. Choibalsan, A brief history of Ardyn Khatanbaatar Magsarjav, Ulaanbaatar 1942)
^Jou Kuntien, Bienjiang chengtse [Frontier policy], (Taipei, 1962), pp. 42-43.
^Thomas E. Ewing, "Russia, China, and the Origins of the Mongolian People's Republic, 1911-1921: A Reappraisal", in The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Jul., 1980), p. 406ff
^A. Kallinikov, U istokov mongol'skoi revolyutsii [Sources of the Mongolian revolution], Khozyaistvo Mongolii, pt. 1, p. 74.
^Chen Chungzu, Wai menggu jinshi shi [A modern history of Mongolia], (Shanghai, 1926), bien 3, p. 11.
^Thomas E. Ewing chronicled the history of these two groups in The Origin of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party: 1920, Mongolian Studies (Bloomington, Ind., 1978-79), pp. 79-105.
^ Sanders, Alan J. K. (1996). Historical dictionary of Mongolia. Asian historical dictionaries, No. 19. Lanham, MD: Scarecrow. ISBN 978-0-8108-3077-6
^Baabar, B. (1999). From world power to Soviet satellite: History of Mongolia. Cambridge: University of Cambridge. OCLC318985384
^
Knyazev, N.N. 2004. The Legendary Baron. - In: Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004, ISBN 5-87317-175-0 p. 67-69
^Tornovsky, M.G. Events in Mongolia-Khalkha in 1920-1921. - In: Legendarnyi Baron: Neizvestnye Stranitsy Grazhdanskoi Voiny. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004, ISBN 5-87317-175-0 p. 231-233
^Facsimile of the original and translations of the Bogd Khan edict see in: Kuzmin, S.L. (compiler) Baron Ungern v Dokumentakh i Memuarakh. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, 2004, ISBN 5-87317-164-5, p.90-92; Kuzmin, S.L. 2011. The History of Baron Ungern. An Experience of Reconstruction. Moscow: KMK Sci. Press, ISBN 978-5-87317-692-2, p. 433-436
^Baabar. History of Mongolia. Cambridge: Monsudar Publishing. 1999: 206. ISBN 9992900385.
^Istoricheskskii opyt bratskogo sodruzhestva KPSS i MNRP v bor'be za sotsializm [The historical experience of the solidarity of the CPSS and the MPRP in the struggle for socialism], (Moscow, 1971), p. 217.
^Mongolyn ardyn khuv'sgalt namyn negdügeer ikh khural [First congress of the Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party], (Ulan Bator, 1971).
^Князев Н. Н. Легендарный барон // Легендарный барон: неизвестные страницы гражданской войны. М.: КМК, 2004 ISBN 5-87317-175-0 с. 107
^Ц. Насанбалжир. Революционные мероприятия народного правительства Монголии в 1921—1924 годах. — М., 1960. — сс. 11-13
^ Baabar, B., History of Mongolia, 1999, ISBN 999-0-038-5. p. 233
^C.R. Bawden, The Modern History of Mongolia, London 1968, ISBN 0-297-76201-X p. 276-282
^Urgunge Onon, Mongolian Heroes of the 20th Century, New York 1976, p. 143-192 (mainly a translation of L. Bat-Ochir and D. Dashjamts, The Life of Sükhbaatar, Ulaanbaatar 1965)
^Batsaikhan, O. Bogdo Jebtsundamba Khutuktu, the last King of Mongolia. Ulaanbaatar: Admon Publ., 2008, ISBN 978-99929-0-464-0.
^Kuzmin, S.L. and Oyuunchimeg, J. The Great Khan of Mongolia, the 8th Bogd Gegeen. - Aziya i Afrika Segodnya (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2009, no. 1, pp. 59-64.
^Ferdinand Ossedowski, Beasts, Men and Gods (New York, E.P. Dutton & Co., 1922), 293.
^Kuzmin, S.L., Rejt, L.J. Notes by F.A. Ossendowski as a source on the history of Mongolia. – Oriens (Moscow, Russian Acad. Sci. Publ.), 2008, no. 5, pp. 97-110.