学校开始种族融合后,教师和学生都发现黑人学生和白人学生在手语表达上存在不同。据高立德大学美国手语和聋人研究教授卡罗琳·麦卡斯基尔(Carolyn McCaskill)回忆,黑白分校结束后,她在理解白人校长和老师的手语方言上存在困难:“上学时,我不懂老师在比划什么,她也不明白我在比划什么,因为我们用的手语不一样。”[12]卡尔·柯南伯格(Carl Croneberg)在为1965年版《美国手语词典》(Dictionary of American Sign Language)撰写附录时提及美国白人手语和黑人手语的不同,成为首位公开探讨两种方言间差异的研究人员,此后他也一直投身在美国黑人手语的研究工作中。[13][14]
^Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian (编). 美国黑人手语. Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. 2016.
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Lewis, John. 1998. Ebonics in American Sign Language: stylistic variation in African American signers. Deaf Studies V: Towards 2000: Unity and Diversity ed. by C. Carroll. Washington, D.C.: College for Continuing Education, Gallaudet University.
Lewis, John; Carrie Palmer, and Leandra Williams. 1995. Existence of and attitudes towards Black variations of sign language. Communication Forum 4. 17–48
Lucas, Ceil; Robert Bayley; Carolyn McCaskill, and Joseph Hill. 2015. The intersection of African American English and Black American Sign Language. International Journal of Bilingualism 19. 156–168
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Lucas, Ceil; Robert Bayley, and Clayton Valli. 2001. Sociolinguistic Variation in American Sign Language. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
Lucas, Ceil, and Carolyn McCaskill. 2014. American Sign Language. The New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture ed. by Michael Montgomery, and Ellen Johnson, 40–42. 5; Chapel Hill, NC: UNC Press.
McCaskill, Carolyn. Black ASL. 2014 [2016-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2015-09-18). Video. In ASL with English captions
McCaskill, Carolyn; Ceil Lucas; Robert Bayley, and Joseph Hill. 2011. The Hidden Treasure of Black Asl: Its History and Structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press.
Metzger, Melanie, and Susan Mather. 2004. Constructed Dialogue and Constructed Action in Conversational Narratives in ASL. cited in Lucas, et al. 2002
Stokoe, William; Dorothy Casterline, and Carl Croneberg. 1965. Appendix D: sign language and dialects. A Dictionary of American Sign Language. Linstok.
Vicars, William. ASL University. Lifeprint. [2016-02-21]. (原始内容存档于2016-02-11).