天囷增廿一

**天囷增廿一（HR 1099）**
	以紅圈標示天囷增廿一（HR 1099）的位置。
观测数据; 曆元 J2000 分點 J2000
星座	金牛座
	A
赤經	03h 36m 47.291s
赤緯	00° 35′ 15.94″
視星等 (V)	5.91
	B
赤經	03h 36m 46.844s
赤緯	00° 35′ 15.93″
視星等 (V)	8.79
特性
光谱分类	K2:Vnk (K1 IV + G5 V + K3 V)
变星类型	RS CVn
天体测定
A
徑向速度 (Rv)	−21.24+6.62; − km/s
自行 (μ)	赤经：−32.894 mas/yr ; 赤纬：−161.772 mas/yr
视差 (π)	33.7528 ± 0.0866 mas
距离	96.6 ± 0.2 ly ; (29.63 ± 0.08 pc)
绝对星等 (MV)	3.6
B
徑向速度 (Rv)	−15.34±0.18 km/s
自行 (μ)	赤经：−34.359 mas/yr ; 赤纬：−138.137 mas/yr
视差 (π)	33.8664 ± 0.0226 mas
距离	96.3 ± 0.2 ly ; (29.53 ± 0.02 pc)
绝对星等 (MV)	6.5
	軌道
繞行週期 (P)	2.83774 d
半長軸 (a)	10.3 R☉
偏心率 (e)	0.00 (assumed)
倾斜角 (i)	38°
近心点曆元 (T)	2,442,767.4 HJD
近心點幅角 (ω); (secondary)	0.00 (assumed)°
半振幅 (K1); (primary)	52.6 km/s
半振幅 (K2); (secondary)	64.1 km/s
詳細資料
成員 Aa
質量	1.0 M☉
半徑	3.7 R☉
表面重力 (log g)	3.30
溫度	4,750 K
金属量 [Fe/H]	−0.16 dex
自轉速度 (v sin i)	39 km/s
成員 Ab
質量	0.8 M☉
半徑	1.1 R☉
表面重力 (log g)	4.26
溫度	5,500 K
成員 B
質量	0.78 M☉
半徑	0.78 R☉
表面重力 (log g)	4.55
亮度	0.30 L☉
溫度	4,829 K
金属量 [Fe/H]	+0.10 dex
自轉速度 (v sin i)	4.1 km/s
年齡	2.2 Gyr
其他命名
	STF 422、V711 Tau、BD+00°616、GC 4311、HD 22468、HIP 16846、HR 1099、SAO 111291、PPM 146726、ADS 2644、WDS J03368+0035
參考資料庫
SIMBAD	资料

天囷增廿一（HR 1099）是位於黃道星座金牛座的一個三合星系統，位置在恆星天囷增十五（金牛座10）以北6997319977029532294♠11′^[15]。該系統有變星名稱金牛座V711，而HR 1099是「亮星星表」中的恆星識別字。它的視星等亮度組合範圍從5.71到5.94^[6]，其亮度用肉眼隱約可見。基於視差量測，到該系統的距離為96.6光年^[1]，但它正在以大約−15 km/s的徑向速度向接近太陽系的方向漂移。

1822年，弗里德里希·馮·斯特魯維發現該系統是一顆雙星，其中A和B分量的角距離為6995261799387799150♠5.4″。（2016年測量的角距離為6995324825166343389♠6.7″。）^[16]。拉爾夫·埃爾默·威爾遜（英语：Ralph Elmer Wilson）在1953年確定，這對中較亮的成員A，具有可變的徑向速度。1963年，奧林·查多克·威爾遜（英语：Olin Chaddock Wilson）指出，相同的成員在鈣H和K 吸收線中顯示出非常高的發射核^[17]。奧林·查多克·威爾遜在1964年的後續觀察表明，成員A的氫-α線完全處於發射狀態，並且由於旋轉而顯示出適度的加寬。他發現成員B的恆星光譜分類為K3V，與一顆普通的K型主序星相匹配^[18]。

1974年至1975年的觀測表明，成員A是獵犬座RS型變星類的光譜聯星恆星系統。考慮到它的平均星等約為5.9，它是這類已知較亮的變星之一^[20]。沒有觀測到食，但確定了2.838天的軌道週期。大部分發射被發現來自這對中質量較大的成員^[21]。1976年，弗雷澤·納爾遜·歐文（英语：Frazer Nelson Owen）探測到了該聯星的電波發射^[22]。1978年使用HEAO1（英语：High Energy Astronomy Observatory 1）衛星證明它是軟X射線源^[23]。

這個雙線光譜聯星系統由一顆演化中的K型次巨星和一顆普通的G型主序星組成。這兩顆恆星的軌道距離如此之近，以至於它們的潮汐效應使它們呈橢圓形。該次巨星正在填充其洛希瓣的大約80%^[5]。次巨星的色球層是已知的最活躍的磁活動之一，有一個很深的對流區為磁發電機供電^[24]^[4]。G型伴星不太活躍，有一個淺對流區^[5]。

1980年，在一些與表面溫度有關的光譜特徵中發現了顯著的變化，表明存在星斑^[25]。都卜勒成像（英语：Doppler imaging）證實這些多少與K型次巨星有關（它是第一顆對其表面進行都卜勒成像的低溫恆星^[26]。）。證據表明，這些斑點首先出現在低緯度地區，然後向兩極遷移^[20]。這些斑點比太陽上的要大得多^[5]，大約70%的斑點是在緯度高於50°的地方觀測到的，尤其是在極地地區^[9]^[24]。一個極地斑點已經存在了至少二十年^[5]。

减去星斑的影響後，這兩顆恆星的基線視星等分別為5.80和7.20^[5]。長期監測表明，次巨星有兩個活動週期，類似於11年的太陽週期。一個7008167255280000000♠5.3±0.1 年週期與半球之間斑點區域的對稱翻轉有關。較長的15-16年週期是總斑點面積的週期性變化。恆星的整體磁場可能是相對於自轉軸的進動^[26]。

參考資料

^ ^1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Vallenari, A.; et al. Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2022. arXiv:2208.00211 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . 已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助) Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
^ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Freund, S.; Robrade, J.; Schneider, P. C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M., The stellar content of the XMM-Newton slew survey, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2018, 614: A125, Bibcode:2018A&A...614A.125F, S2CID 59396964, arXiv:1712.07410 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732009.
^ ^3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Vallenari, A.; et al. Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2022. arXiv:2208.00211 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . 已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助) Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.
^ ^4.0 ^4.1 Gray, R. O.; et al, Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: spectroscopy of stars earlier than M0 within 40 pc—The Southern Sample, The Astronomical Journal, July 2006, 132 (1): 161–170, Bibcode:2006AJ....132..161G, S2CID 119476992, arXiv:astro-ph/0603770 , doi:10.1086/504637.
^ ^5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 Lanza, A. F.; et al, Long-term starspot evolution, activity cycle, and orbital period variation of V711 Tauri (HR 1099), Astronomy and Astrophysics, August 2006, 455 (2): 595–606, Bibcode:2006A&A...455..595L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064847.
^ ^6.0 ^6.1 Samus, N. N.; et al, General Catalogue of Variable Stars, Astronomy Reports, 5.1, 2017, 61 (1): 80–88, Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S, S2CID 125853869, doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085.
^ Strassmeier, K. G.; Bartus, J., Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XII. Rapid spot changes on the RS CVn binary V711 Tauri = HR 1099, Astronomy and Astrophysics, February 2000, 354: 537–550, Bibcode:2000A&A...354..537S.
^ ^8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 Donati, J. -F., Magnetic cycles of HR 1099 and LQ Hydrae, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, January 1999, 302 (3): 457–481, Bibcode:1999MNRAS.302..457D, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02096.x .
^ ^9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Donati, J. -F.; et al, Dynamo processes and activity cycles of the active stars AB Doradus, LQ Hydrae and HR 1099, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2003, 345 (4): 1145–1186, Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345.1145D, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07031.x .
^ ^10.0 ^10.1 Soubiran, Caroline; et al, The PASTEL catalogue: 2016 version, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2016, 591: A118, Bibcode:2016A&A...591A.118S, S2CID 119258214, arXiv:1605.07384 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628497.
^ ^11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 Stassun K.G.; et al, The revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List, The Astronomical Journal, October 2019, 158 (4): 138, Bibcode:2019AJ....158..138S, S2CID 166227927, arXiv:1905.10694 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467.
^ Luck, R. Earle, Abundances in the Local Region II: F, G, and K Dwarfs and Subgiants, The Astronomical Journal, January 2017, 153 (1): 19, Bibcode:2017AJ....153...21L, S2CID 119511744, arXiv:1611.02897 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/21, 21.
^ HD 22468A. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心.
^ HD 22468B. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心.
^ Sinnott, Roger W.; Perryman, Michael A. C., Millennium Star Atlas 1, Sky Publishing Corporation and the European Space Agency: 260, 1997, ISBN 0-933346-84-0.
^ Mason, Brian D.; et al, The Washington Double Star Catalog, The Astronomical Journal, 2001, 122 (6): 3466, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M, doi:10.1086/323920 .
^ Wilson, O. C., A Probable Correlation Between Chromospheric Activity and Age in Main-Sequence Stars, Astrophysical Journal, October 1963, 138: 832, Bibcode:1963ApJ...138..832W, doi:10.1086/147689.
^ Wilson, O. C., Chromospheric Activity and Lithium, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, August 1964, 76 (451): 238, Bibcode:1964PASP...76..238W, S2CID 111386087, doi:10.1086/128091 .
^ MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. Space Telescope Science Institute. [22 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27）.
^ ^20.0 ^20.1 Vogt, S. S.; Penrod, G. D., Doppler imaging of spotted stars : application to the RS Canum Venaticorum star HR 1099, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, September 1983, 95: 565–576, Bibcode:1983PASP...95..565V, S2CID 123206530, doi:10.1086/131208 .
^ ^21.0 ^21.1 Bopp, B. W.; Fekel, F., Jr., HR 1099: a new bright RS CVn variable, Astronomical Journal, September 1976, 81: 771–774, Bibcode:1976AJ.....81..771B, doi:10.1086/111951, hdl:2152/34302 .
^ Owen, F. N., Marsden, B. G. , 编, HR 1099, IAU Circular, March 1976, 2929: 2, Bibcode:1976IAUC.2929....2O.
^ Walter, F.; Charles, P.; Bowyer, S., Discovery of quiescent X-ray emission from HR 1099, RS CVn, Nature, August 1978, 274 (5671): 569–570, Bibcode:1978Natur.274R.569W, S2CID 4206226, doi:10.1038/274569b0.
^ ^24.0 ^24.1 Petit, P.; et al, Magnetic topology and surface differential rotation on the K1 subgiant of the RS CVn system HR 1099, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 2004, 348 (4): 1175–1190, Bibcode:2004MNRAS.348.1175P, S2CID 119463091, arXiv:astro-ph/0312238 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07420.x.
^ Ramsey, L. W.; Nations, H. L., HR 1099 and the starspot hypothesis for RS CVn binaries, Astrophysical Journal, August 1980, 239: L121–L124, Bibcode:1980ApJ...239L.121R, doi:10.1086/183306.
^ ^26.0 ^26.1 Berdyugina, Svetlana V.; Henry, Gregory W., Butterfly Diagram and Activity Cycles in HR 1099, Astrophysical Journal, April 2007, 659 (2): L157–L160, Bibcode:2007ApJ...659L.157B, S2CID 14242208, arXiv:astro-ph/0703530 , doi:10.1086/517881.

進階讀物

Perdelwitz, V.; et al, Long-term variations in the X-ray activity of HR 1099, Astronomy & Astrophysics, August 2018, 616: A161, Bibcode:2018A&A...616A.161P, S2CID 55130058, arXiv:1806.03033 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732222, A161.
Osten, Rachel A.; et al, A Multiwavelength Perspective of Flares on HR 1099: 4 Years of Coordinated Campaigns, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, July 2004, 153 (1): 317–362, Bibcode:2004ApJS..153..317O, S2CID 119522693, arXiv:astro-ph/0402613 , doi:10.1086/420770.
Ransom, R. R.; et al, Possible Corotation of the Milliarcsecond Radio Structure of the Close Binary HR 1099, Astrophysical Journal, June 2002, 572 (1): 487–502, Bibcode:2002ApJ...572..487R, S2CID 120225374, doi:10.1086/340300 .
Ayres, Thomas R.; et al, Chandra, EUVE, HST, and VLA Multiwavelength Campaign on HR 1099: Instrumental Capabilities, Data Reduction, and Initial Results, Astrophysical Journal, March 2001, 549 (1): 554–577, Bibcode:2001ApJ...549..554A, S2CID 15938906, doi:10.1086/319051 .
Brinkman, A. C.; et al, First light measurements with the XMM-Newton reflection grating spectrometers: Evidence for an inverse first ionisation potential effect and anomalous Ne abundance in the Coronae of HR 1099, Astronomy and Astrophysics, January 2001, 365: L324–L328, Bibcode:2001A&A...365L.324B, S2CID 15848464, arXiv:astro-ph/0011018 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000047.
Audard, M.; et al, The XMM-Newton view of stellar coronae: Flare heating in the coronae of HR 1099, Astronomy and Astrophysics, January 2001, 365: L318–L323, Bibcode:2001A&A...365L.318A, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20000085.
Vogt, Steven S.; et al, Doppler Imagery of the Spotted RS CVn Star HR 1099 (= V711 Tau) from 1981 - 1992, Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series, April 1997, 121: 547, Bibcode:1997astro.ph..4191V, S2CID 119515171, arXiv:astro-ph/9704191 , doi:10.1086/313195.
Trigilio, C.; et al, VLBI observations of a strong radio flare in HR 1099, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, February 1993, 260 (4): 903–907, Bibcode:1993MNRAS.260..903T, doi:10.1093/mnras/260.4.903 .
Donati, J. -F.; et al, Photospheric imaging of the RS CVn system HR 1099., Astronomy and Astrophysics, November 1992, 265: 682–700, Bibcode:1992A&A...265..682D.
Donati, J. -F.; et al, Detection of a magnetic region of HR 1099, Astronomy and Astrophysics, June 1990, 232: L1–L4, Bibcode:1990A&A...232L...1D.
Rodono, M.; et al, Rotational modulation and flares on RS CVn and BY DRA stars. III. IUEobserations of V711 Tau = (HR 1099), II Peg and AR Lac, Astronomy and Astrophysics, April 1987, 176: 267–284, Bibcode:1987A&A...176..267R.
Lestrade, J. F.; et al, Detection of a sub-milliarcsecond radio component in the RS CVn system HR 1099, Astrophysical Journal, July 1984, 282: L23–L26, Bibcode:1984ApJ...282L..23L, doi:10.1086/184296 .
Fekel, F. C., Jr., Spectroscopy of V711 Tauri (= HR 1099) : fundamental properties and evidence for starspots, Astrophysical Journal, May 1983, 268: 274–281, Bibcode:1983ApJ...268..274F, doi:10.1086/160952 .
Dorren, J. D.; et al, Starspots on V711 Tauri (HR 1099), Astronomical Journal, April 1981, 86: 572–582, Bibcode:1981AJ.....86..572D, doi:10.1086/112918.
Brown, R. L.; Crane, P. C., On the rapidly variable circular polarization of HR 1099 at radio frequencies, Astronomical Journal, December 1978, 83: 1504–1509, Bibcode:1978AJ.....83.1504B, doi:10.1086/112352.
Feldman, P. A.; et al, Discovery of a strong radio flaring from HR 1099, Astronomical Journal, December 1978, 83: 1471–1484, Bibcode:1978AJ.....83.1471F, doi:10.1086/112346 .
Bopp, B. W.; Talcott, J. C., Survey of Halpha emission in V711 Tau (HR 1099) and related Ca II emission binaries, Astronomical Journal, December 1978, 83: 1517–1521, Bibcode:1978AJ.....83.1517B, doi:10.1086/112355 .
Gibson, D. M.; et al, VLA observations of HR 1099 during the 1977 international campaign, Astronomical Journal, December 1978, 83: 1495–1498, Bibcode:1978AJ.....83.1495G, doi:10.1086/112350 .
Weiler, E. J.; et al, Coordinated ultraviolet, optical, and radio observations of HR 1099 and UX Arietis, Astrophysical Journal, August 1980, 239: L121–L124, Bibcode:1980ApJ...239L.121R, doi:10.1086/183306.
Owen, F. N.; et al, The detection of radio emission from the RS CVn binary HR 1099, Astrophysical Journal, November 1976, 210: L27–L30, Bibcode:1976ApJ...210L..27O, doi:10.1086/182295 .

[GaiaDR3-1] 1.0 ^1.1 ^1.2 ^1.3 ^1.4 Vallenari, A.; et al. Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2022. arXiv:2208.00211 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . 已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助) Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.

[freund2018-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Freund, S.; Robrade, J.; Schneider, P. C.; Schmitt, J. H. M. M., The stellar content of the XMM-Newton slew survey, Astronomy and Astrophysics, 2018, 614: A125, Bibcode:2018A&A...614A.125F, S2CID 59396964, arXiv:1712.07410 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201732009.

[GaiaDR3B-3] 3.0 ^3.1 ^3.2 ^3.3 ^3.4 Vallenari, A.; et al. Gaia Data Release 3. Summary of the content and survey properties. Astronomy & Astrophysics. 2022. arXiv:2208.00211 . doi:10.1051/0004-6361/202243940 . 已忽略未知参数|collaboration= (帮助) Gaia DR3 record for this source at VizieR.

[Gray_et_al_2006-4] 4.0 ^4.1 Gray, R. O.; et al, Contributions to the Nearby Stars (NStars) Project: spectroscopy of stars earlier than M0 within 40 pc—The Southern Sample, The Astronomical Journal, July 2006, 132 (1): 161–170, Bibcode:2006AJ....132..161G, S2CID 119476992, arXiv:astro-ph/0603770 , doi:10.1086/504637.

[Lanza_et_al_2006-5] 5.00 ^5.01 ^5.02 ^5.03 ^5.04 ^5.05 ^5.06 ^5.07 ^5.08 ^5.09 Lanza, A. F.; et al, Long-term starspot evolution, activity cycle, and orbital period variation of V711 Tauri (HR 1099), Astronomy and Astrophysics, August 2006, 455 (2): 595–606, Bibcode:2006A&A...455..595L, doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20064847.

[Samus_et_al_2017-6] 6.0 ^6.1 Samus, N. N.; et al, General Catalogue of Variable Stars, Astronomy Reports, 5.1, 2017, 61 (1): 80–88, Bibcode:2017ARep...61...80S, S2CID 125853869, doi:10.1134/S1063772917010085.

[Strassmeier_Bartus_2000-7] Strassmeier, K. G.; Bartus, J., Doppler imaging of stellar surface structure. XII. Rapid spot changes on the RS CVn binary V711 Tauri = HR 1099, Astronomy and Astrophysics, February 2000, 354: 537–550, Bibcode:2000A&A...354..537S.

[Donati_1999-8] 8.0 ^8.1 ^8.2 ^8.3 ^8.4 Donati, J. -F., Magnetic cycles of HR 1099 and LQ Hydrae, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, January 1999, 302 (3): 457–481, Bibcode:1999MNRAS.302..457D, doi:10.1046/j.1365-8711.1999.02096.x .

[Donati_et_al_2003-9] 9.0 ^9.1 ^9.2 Donati, J. -F.; et al, Dynamo processes and activity cycles of the active stars AB Doradus, LQ Hydrae and HR 1099, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, November 2003, 345 (4): 1145–1186, Bibcode:2003MNRAS.345.1145D, doi:10.1046/j.1365-2966.2003.07031.x .

[pastel-10] 10.0 ^10.1 Soubiran, Caroline; et al, The PASTEL catalogue: 2016 version, Astronomy & Astrophysics, 2016, 591: A118, Bibcode:2016A&A...591A.118S, S2CID 119258214, arXiv:1605.07384 , doi:10.1051/0004-6361/201628497.

[ticv8-11] 11.0 ^11.1 ^11.2 ^11.3 ^11.4 Stassun K.G.; et al, The revised TESS Input Catalog and Candidate Target List, The Astronomical Journal, October 2019, 158 (4): 138, Bibcode:2019AJ....158..138S, S2CID 166227927, arXiv:1905.10694 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/ab3467.

[Earle2017-12] Luck, R. Earle, Abundances in the Local Region II: F, G, and K Dwarfs and Subgiants, The Astronomical Journal, January 2017, 153 (1): 19, Bibcode:2017AJ....153...21L, S2CID 119511744, arXiv:1611.02897 , doi:10.3847/1538-3881/153/1/21, 21.

[SIMBAD_A-13] HD 22468A. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心.

[SIMBAD_B-14] HD 22468B. SIMBAD. 斯特拉斯堡天文資料中心.

[Sinnott1997-15] Sinnott, Roger W.; Perryman, Michael A. C., Millennium Star Atlas 1, Sky Publishing Corporation and the European Space Agency: 260, 1997, ISBN 0-933346-84-0.

[Mason_et_al_2001-16] Mason, Brian D.; et al, The Washington Double Star Catalog, The Astronomical Journal, 2001, 122 (6): 3466, Bibcode:2001AJ....122.3466M, doi:10.1086/323920 .

[Wilson_1963-17] Wilson, O. C., A Probable Correlation Between Chromospheric Activity and Age in Main-Sequence Stars, Astrophysical Journal, October 1963, 138: 832, Bibcode:1963ApJ...138..832W, doi:10.1086/147689.

[Wilson_1964-18] Wilson, O. C., Chromospheric Activity and Lithium, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, August 1964, 76 (451): 238, Bibcode:1964PASP...76..238W, S2CID 111386087, doi:10.1086/128091 .

[MAST-19] MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes. Space Telescope Science Institute. [22 January 2023]. （原始内容存档于2023-03-27）.

[Vogy_Penrod_1983-20] 20.0 ^20.1 Vogt, S. S.; Penrod, G. D., Doppler imaging of spotted stars : application to the RS Canum Venaticorum star HR 1099, Publications of the Astronomical Society of the Pacific, September 1983, 95: 565–576, Bibcode:1983PASP...95..565V, S2CID 123206530, doi:10.1086/131208 .

[Bopp_Fekel_1976-21] 21.0 ^21.1 Bopp, B. W.; Fekel, F., Jr., HR 1099: a new bright RS CVn variable, Astronomical Journal, September 1976, 81: 771–774, Bibcode:1976AJ.....81..771B, doi:10.1086/111951, hdl:2152/34302 .

[Owen_1976-22] Owen, F. N., Marsden, B. G. , 编, HR 1099, IAU Circular, March 1976, 2929: 2, Bibcode:1976IAUC.2929....2O.

[Walter_et_al_1978-23] Walter, F.; Charles, P.; Bowyer, S., Discovery of quiescent X-ray emission from HR 1099, RS CVn, Nature, August 1978, 274 (5671): 569–570, Bibcode:1978Natur.274R.569W, S2CID 4206226, doi:10.1038/274569b0.

[Petit_et_al_2004-24] 24.0 ^24.1 Petit, P.; et al, Magnetic topology and surface differential rotation on the K1 subgiant of the RS CVn system HR 1099, Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, March 2004, 348 (4): 1175–1190, Bibcode:2004MNRAS.348.1175P, S2CID 119463091, arXiv:astro-ph/0312238 , doi:10.1111/j.1365-2966.2004.07420.x.

[Ramsey_Nations_1980-25] Ramsey, L. W.; Nations, H. L., HR 1099 and the starspot hypothesis for RS CVn binaries, Astrophysical Journal, August 1980, 239: L121–L124, Bibcode:1980ApJ...239L.121R, doi:10.1086/183306.

[Berdyugina_Henry_2007-26] 26.0 ^26.1 Berdyugina, Svetlana V.; Henry, Gregory W., Butterfly Diagram and Activity Cycles in HR 1099, Astrophysical Journal, April 2007, 659 (2): L157–L160, Bibcode:2007ApJ...659L.157B, S2CID 14242208, arXiv:astro-ph/0703530 , doi:10.1086/517881.

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