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配对公理

公理化集合论和使用它的逻辑数学计算机科学分支中,配对公理Zermelo-Fraenkel 集合论公理之一。

形式陈述

在 Zermelo-Frankel 公理的形式语言中,这个公理读做:

换句话说:

给定任何集合 x 和任何集合 y有着一个集合 A 使得,给定任何集合 zzA 的成员,当且仅当 z 等于 x 或者 z 等于 y

解释

这个公理实际说的是,给定两个集合 xy,我们可以找到一个集合 A ,它的成员就是 xy。我们可以使用外延公理证明这个集合 A 是唯一的。我们可以叫这个集合 Axy,并把A指示为 {x,y}。所以这个公理的本质是:

任何两个集合都有一个对。

{x,x} 简写为 {x},叫做包含 x单元素集合。注意单元素集合是对的特殊情况。

配对公理还允许定义有序对。对于任何集合 ,有序对的定义如下:

注意这个定义满足条件

有序的n-元组可以递归的定义如下:

配对公理一般被认为是无可争议的,它或它的等价命題出现在任何可替代的集合论的公理化中。不过在 Zermelo-Fraenkel 集合论的标准陳述裡,配对公理可以从幂集公理替代公理模式中得出,所以它有时被省略。

一般化

空集公理一起,配对公理可以一般化为如下模式:

就是说:

给定任何有限数目的集合 x1 ,..., xn,有一个集合 A,它的成员就是 x1 ,..., xn。同樣地,通过外延公理可知这个集合 A 是唯一的,其指示为{x1,...,xn}。

当然,我们不能严格地指出何謂有限数目的一些集合,除非早就給定了一個有限集合,而上述的x1 ,..., xn都屬于這個集合。所以,这不是一个单一的陈述而是一个模式英语Logical form,对每个自然数 n 有一个单独的陈述。

  • 情况 n = 1 是带有 x = x1y = x1 的配对公理。
  • 情况 n = 2 是带有 x = x1y = x2 的配对公理。
  • 情况 n > 2 可以透過多次使用配对公理和并集公理来证明。

例如,要证明情况 n = 3,使用配对公理三次,来生成对 {x1,x2},单元素集合 {x3},接着的对 {{x1,x2},{x3}}。并集公理接着生成想要的结果 {x1,x2,x3}。我们可以扩展这个模式以包括 n=0,如果我们把这个情况詮釋为空集公理的話。

所以,它可以作为公理模式来替代空集公理和配对公理。但是人们通常单独使用空集公理和配对公理,并把它作為一個定理模式來证明。注意接受这个模式为公理模式不会替代并集公理,在其他情况下仍需要并集公理。

其他替代者

另一个公理在給定空集公理时可以蕴涵配对公理:

代入英语Substitution (logic)x={},y=a,我们得到 A 为 {a}。接着再作代入:x={a},y=b,我们得到 A 为 {a,b}。透過这种方式可以構造任意有限集合。而且這個公理可以用来生成所有继承有限集合,而不需使用并集公理

引用

  • Paul Halmos, Naive set theory. Princeton, NJ: D. Van Nostrand Company, 1960. Reprinted by Springer-Verlag, New York, 1974. ISBN 0-387-90092-6 (Springer-Verlag edition).
  • Jech, Thomas, 2003. Set Theory: The Third Millennium Edition, Revised and Expanded. Springer. ISBN 3-540-44085-2.
  • Kunen, Kenneth, 1980. Set Theory: An Introduction to Independence Proofs. Elsevier. ISBN 0-444-86839-9.

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