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骨关节炎

骨关节炎
又称退化性關節炎
圖中可以見到患者中指的近端指間關節英语proximal interphalangeal joint布夏氏結節)和遠端指間關節膨大(希伯登氏結節),此為骨關節炎的典型表徵。
症状关节痛、僵硬、關節積液英语joint effusion關節活動度英语range of motion減低[1]
起病年龄數年[1]
类型關節炎degenerative disorder of musculoskeletal system[*]疾病
病因關節舊傷、關節及肢體發育異常、遺傳因素[1][2]
风险因素體重過重,長短腿、從事會增加關節負荷的職業[1][2]
診斷方法根據症狀[1]
治療運動、減低關節負荷、支持團體英语support group镇痛药關節置換術[1][2][3]
患病率全群體:3.3% (2015年)[4]

40歲以上:23%(2020年)[5]

85歲以前的終生風險:45%(2020年)[5]
分类和外部资源
醫學專科风湿病学矫形外科
ICD-10M15、​M19、​M47
ICD-9-CM715.3
OMIM165720
DiseasesDB9313
MedlinePlus000423
eMedicine330487、​305145、​392096
[编辑此条目的维基数据]

骨關節炎(Osteoarthritis,縮寫:OA),或稱退化性關節炎,是一種關節軟骨英语articular cartilage或關節下骨頭損傷的關節炎[6],常見症狀是關節疼痛或僵硬[1],初次發病常僅見於運動之後但發病次數會隨時間增加[1];其他症狀包含關節腫脹英语joint effusion關節活動度英语range of motion降低,若進犯背部,則可能導致四肢無力或麻木[1]。好發患病部位為手指末梢關節、拇指根部、頸部、下背部、膝蓋及臀部[1]。骨關節炎常好發於特定一側,另一側則較少發生[1];常常會延續多年 [1],可能會影響到日常生活或工作[1],骨關節炎與其他關節炎不同,僅會侵犯關節,而不會進犯其他組織。[1]


病因包含先前關節有受傷過、關節發育異常、遺傳等因素[1][2],風險相對較高的族群包含體重過重、長短腿、因工作而使關節長期承受高度壓力者等[1][2]。一般認為機械性壓力或低度發炎乃造成骨關節炎的元凶[7],患者的關節軟骨流失,進而磨損關節下的硬骨[1];骨關節炎會使運動時疼痛讓關節難以運作,可能導致肌肉流失[2][8]。確診通常是依病徵、症狀、醫學影像判定,偶爾會需其他檢測來確定是否有其他問題或釐清其他症狀[1];骨關節炎不像類風濕性關節炎,前者的關節通常既不會發熱也不會發紅,而後者主要是一種發炎狀況英语inflammatory arthritis[1]

治療方法包含運動、減輕關節負擔、參與相關支持團體英语support group,使用止痛藥[1][3],減輕關節負擔的方式包含多休息、使用拐杖以及護具[1],過重患者可能可以透過減重改善[1],有疼痛症狀可服用可優先使用普拿疼 [1],若無效則可使用萘普生布洛芬非類固醇消炎藥(NSAIDs)[1]鴉片類藥物則具有成癮性,通常僅在短期療程中使用[1][3]。如果上述治療都無法緩解疼痛對日常生活的影響,接受人工關節置換術英语joint replacement或許會有幫助[2]。人工關節一般可使用10至15年[9]

在患有膝蓋或臀部關節炎的患者中,骨關節炎最為常見,約佔總人口的3.3%,影響約2.37億人[4][10],在超過60歲的男性患者中佔10%,超過60歲的女性患者中佔18%[2]。骨關節炎也佔失能調整生命年的2%[10]。澳洲約有190萬名患者[11],而美國則擁有約3000萬至5250萬名患者[12][13]而兩性患病比率皆會隨年齡層升高而愈見普遍[1]

影片說明

病因

由於滑液關節滑液(關節液)減少,導致原本應該充當骨關節中作為軟垫的軟骨不正常磨擦,造成破壞與退化。当軟骨退化後,便無法保护骨頭表面,在行走或站立時,身體重量使到退化的關節更加疼痛,因此減少運動,肌肉跟隨萎縮,并且韌帶也可能变得鬆弛。以下原因可導致骨關節炎:

原發性骨關節炎:

  1. 年齡[14]:>70%出現在75歲年老者,85%發生在75~79歲[15]
  2. 撕裂[14]

繼發性骨關節炎:

  1. 外傷[14][15]: 運動傷害[14]骨折[14]脫臼[14]、關節手術[14]
  2. 肥胖[14][15][16]
  3. 免疫缺乏病人[14]: 如AIDS[14]、低丙種球蛋白血症[14]
  4. 基因[14][16]:Col11A1[14]細胞外基質)、COL2A1[17](第二型膠原蛋白)、Chrom 19[14]軟骨型態)、 MCFL[14](疼痛知覺)、 CHST11[14]軟骨型態)、 GDF5[14](TCF-alpha訊息) 、 Chrom7Q22[14]基因
  5. 發炎[14]類風濕關節炎[14]痛風[14]、焦磷酸鈣沉積疾病[14]、關節感染[14]
  6. 骨頭疾病[14]:柏哲德氏症[14]
  7. 藥物[14]皮質類固醇藥物治療導致骨頭壞死[14]注射不溶物進入關節[14]

病理機轉

滑膜性關節(synovial joints)裡的一項組成:軟骨細胞,合成基質以及消化老化細胞或物質,亦會分泌活化降解酶於基質中與酵素抑制劑[18],使關節基質合成代謝呈現動態平衡[19]。當異化酶(catabolic enzyme)被活化,抑制劑產生減少,基質分解的速度便加快[19]細胞激素(像是IL-1和TNF)也會啟動降解路徑[18]

當某些目前尚未清楚的生化因素、機械因素誘導軟骨細胞改變[16]基因表現而大量製造發炎細胞激素[19]和matrix metalloproteinases[14][19](MMP)(尤其是ADAMTS-5 和 膠原蛋白酶[19])— 分解軟骨基質中相當關鍵的酵素

而後,滑膜中的巨噬細胞和MMP開始分解膠原蛋白蛋白聚糖,並釋放前發炎細胞激素[19](像是TNFα , IL-1, IL-6),IL-1β與軟骨細胞表面上的受體結合[6],釋放MMP[14]和抑制製造第二型膠原蛋白[14],因此加速分解軟骨[19];TNFα 誘導軟骨細胞合成PGE2和NO[19]。在這過程中,位於軟骨深層的軟骨細胞會開始增生和大量製造基質,以維持恆定,但最終仍無法超越分解的速度[18][19]。這樣的過程導致關節細胞外基質含量上升,蛋白聚糖含量下降,軟骨也因為漸漸被分解而弱化,也因為血管生成抑制素合成降低和VEGF合成,使得血管伸入關節內,此外,軟骨細胞開始凋亡[18][19]

軟骨的減少帶動軟骨下骨開始變動,在生長因子細胞激素的刺激下,成骨細胞和破骨細胞被活化,導致新生骨頭,增厚和僵硬軟骨下板、軟骨骨化[19]

分类

  1. 原发性 指发病原因不明,患者没有创伤感染先天性畸形病史,无遗传性缺陷,无全身代谢及内分泌异常。多见于50岁以上的中老年人。
  2. 继发性 指由于先天性畸形,如先天性髋关节脱位;创伤,如关节内骨折;关节面后天性不平整,如骨的缺血性坏死;关节不稳定,如关节囊韧带松弛等;关节畸形引起的关节面对合不良,如膝内翻膝外翻等原因,在关节局部原有病变的基础上发生的骨关节炎。

症狀

疼痛[14][17][18][19][20](且疼痛會隨關節的使用而加劇[14][17][19][20])、晨間僵硬[14][17][18][19]、有骨骼相互摩擦的關節或是嘎吱作響[14][17][21]關節活動受限[14][17][20]關節膨大(Heberden’s and Bouchard’s nodes)[14][17]半月板撕裂[19]

治療

物理治療[14]

適當的運動[16](例如游泳[19]),維持並恢復肌力,尤其在手術後。使用裝具[19]

居家治療[14]

於家中加裝無障礙設施。

药物[14][22]
手術:嚴重,無法控制的疼痛與嚴重功能損失時用[14]
控制體重[16][19][21]

预防

预防包括控制体重、运动时注意保护关节,劳逸结合,防止关节过度磨损。

参见

参考文献

引用

  1. ^ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 Osteoarthritis. National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases. April 2015 [13 May 2015]. (原始内容存档于2015-05-18). 
  2. ^ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Glyn-Jones, S; Palmer, AJ; Agricola, R; Price, AJ; Vincent, TL; Weinans, H; Carr, AJ. Osteoarthritis.. Lancet. 3 March 2015, 386: 376–87. PMID 25748615. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60802-3. 
  3. ^ 3.0 3.1 3.2 McAlindon TE, Bannuru RR, Sullivan MC, Arden NK, Berenbaum F, Bierma-Zeinstra SM, Hawker GA, Henrotin Y, Hunter DJ, Kawaguchi H, Kwoh K, Lohmander S, Rannou F, Roos EM, Underwood M. OARSI guidelines for the non-surgical management of knee osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr. Cartil. 2014, 22 (3): 363–88. PMID 24462672. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2014.01.003. 
  4. ^ 4.0 4.1 GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence, Collaborators. Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990-2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015.. Lancet. 8 October 2016, 388 (10053): 1545–1602. PMC 5055577可免费查阅. PMID 27733282. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6. 
  5. ^ 5.0 5.1 Cui, Aiyong; Li, Huizi; Wang, Dawei; Zhong, Junlong; Chen, Yufeng; Lu, Huading. Global, regional prevalence, incidence and risk factors of knee osteoarthritis in population-based studies. EClinicalMedicine. 2020-12, 29–30. PMC 7704420可免费查阅. PMID 34505846. doi:10.1016/j.eclinm.2020.100587 (英语). 
  6. ^ Atlas of Osteoarthritis. Springer. 2015: 21. ISBN 9781910315163. (原始内容存档于2017-09-08). 
  7. ^ Berenbaum F. Osteoarthritis as an inflammatory disease (osteoarthritis is not osteoarthrosis!). Osteoarthritis and Cartilage. 2013, 21 (1): 16–21. PMID 23194896. doi:10.1016/j.joca.2012.11.012. 
  8. ^ Conaghan P. Osteoarthritis — Care and management in adults. 2014 [2017-10-18]. (原始内容 (PDF)存档于2015-12-22). 
  9. ^ Di Puccio, F; Mattei, L. Biotribology of artificial hip joints.. World journal of orthopedics. 18 January 2015, 6 (1): 77–94. PMC 4303792可免费查阅. PMID 25621213. doi:10.5312/wjo.v6.i1.77. 
  10. ^ 10.0 10.1 March L, Smith EU, Hoy DG, Cross MJ, Sanchez-Riera L, Blyth F, Buchbinder R, Vos T, Woolf AD. Burden of disability due to musculoskeletal (MSK) disorders. Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol. 2014, 28 (3): 353–66. PMID 25481420. doi:10.1016/j.berh.2014.08.002. 
  11. ^ Elsternwick. A problem worth solving.. Arthritis and Osteoporosis Victoria. 2013. (原始内容存档于2015-04-28). 
  12. ^ Arthritis-Related Statistics: Prevalence of Arthritis in the United States. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. 9 November 2016. (原始内容存档于29 December 2016). 
  13. ^ Cisternas MG, Murphy L, Sacks JJ, Solomon DH, Pasta DJ, Helmick CG. Alternative Methods for Defining Osteoarthritis and the Impact on Estimating Prevalence in a US Population-Based Survey. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). May 2016, 68 (5): 574–80. doi:10.1002/acr.22721. 
  14. ^ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 14.10 14.11 14.12 14.13 14.14 14.15 14.16 14.17 14.18 14.19 14.20 14.21 14.22 14.23 14.24 14.25 14.26 14.27 14.28 14.29 14.30 14.31 14.32 14.33 14.34 14.35 14.36 14.37 14.38 14.39 14.40 14.41 14.42 14.43 Russell J. Greene, Norman D. Rheumatology : musculoskeletal and connective tissue disease. Harris Pathology and Therapeutics for Pharmacists. UK: Pharmaceutical Press. 2008: 744-815 [2017-05-29]. ISBN 978-0853696902 (英语). 
  15. ^ 15.0 15.1 15.2 Losina E.; et al. Lifetime risk and age at diagnosis of symptomaticc knee osteoarthritis in the US. Arthritis Care Res(Hoboken). November 2013, 65 (5): 703–711. 
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  20. ^ 20.0 20.1 20.2 黃玄贏、林瑞偉. 骨骼、關節及肌肉疾病. 病 理學. 新北市: 新文京. 2012: 523–556. ISBN 9789862366905 (中文). 
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  25. ^ Witteveen AG, Hofstad CJ, Kerkhoffs GM. Hyaluronic acid and other conservative treatment options for osteoarthritis of the ankle. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. October 2015, 10 (10): CD010643. PMID 26475434. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010643.pub2. It is unclear if there is a benefit or harm for HA as treatment for ankle OA 

来源

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  • Longo, Fauci; et al. 哈里遜內科學(第18版)第二冊. McGraw-Hill compabies, Inc. 2012. ISBN 9780071748872. 
  • 张艳宏. 穴位贴敷疗法的理论基础及目前应用现状[J]. 甘肃中医, 2007, (2):1-3.

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Ukrainian Paralympic fencer Anton DatskoPersonal informationBorn (1983-05-24) May 24, 1983 (age 40)Busk, UkraineSportCountry UkraineSportFencingPersonal coachSvitlana Kolesnykova Medal record Athletics IWAS Wheelchair Fencing Grand Prix IWAS Wheelchair Fencing Grand Prix Wheelchair fencing Paralympic Games 2016 Rio Men's sabre B 2012 London Men's Foil B Anton Datsko (Ukrainian: Антон Дацко; b. 24 May 1983) is a Ukrainian wheelchair fencer who won gold medal at IWAS Wheel…

Девіз UNIX у формі номерного знака Генеалогічне дерево Unix-систем UNIX® (Ю́нікс) — це сімейство багатозадачних комп'ютерних операційних систем, що підтримують одночасне використання багатьма користувачами. Воно походить від оригінального «AT&T Unix», розробленого впродовж 1…

Mata UsuKecamatanNegara IndonesiaProvinsiSulawesi TenggaraKabupatenBombanaPemerintahan • CamatAswan Tebair Jaya, S.os.,M.SiPopulasi • Total1,637 jiwa • Kepadatan3,58/km2 (9,3/sq mi)Kode pos93775Kode Kemendagri74.06.22 Kode BPS7406042 Luas456,17 km^2 Mata Usu adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Bombana, Sulawesi Tenggara, Indonesia.[1] Kecamatan ini terletak antara 5 ̊07’10” - 5 ̊16’ 47” Lintang Selatan dan antara 121 ̊45’– 121…

Questa voce sull'argomento militari francesi è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Segui i suggerimenti del progetto di riferimento. Jean Maximilien LamarqueNascitaSaint-Sever, 22 luglio 1770 MorteParigi, 1° giugno 1832 Dati militariPaese servito Regno di Francia Prima Repubblica francese Primo Impero francese Restaurazione borbonica Monarchia di luglio Forza armata Reale esercito francese Esercito rivoluzionario francese Grande Ar…

Luis Suárez Suárez con la maglia della nazionale uruguaiana al campionato del mondo 2018 Nazionalità  Uruguay Altezza 182 cm Peso 86 kg Calcio Ruolo Attaccante Squadra  Inter Miami CarrieraGiovanili 1991-1994 Deportivo Artigas1994-2000 Urreta2000-2005 NacionalSquadre di club1 2005-2006 Nacional27 (10)[1]2006-2007 Groningen29 (10)[2]2007-2011 Ajax110 (81)[3]2011-2014 Liverpool110 (69)2014-2020 Barcellona191 (147)2020-2022 Atl…

Not to be confused with College Park, Maryland. Town in MarylandUniversity Park, MarylandTownTown of University ParkThe University Park Town Hall, in July 2010, at 6724 Baltimore Avenue. FlagSealLocation of University Park, MarylandCoordinates: 38°58′17″N 76°56′36″W / 38.97139°N 76.94333°W / 38.97139; -76.94333Country United States of AmericaState MarylandCounty Prince George'sIncorporated1936[1]Area[2] • Total0.50 sq …

National gemstone of Ireland The distinct green colour of the middle slab is a result of an abundance of serpentine minerals Connemara marble ornament, Museum Building, Trinity College Dublin Connemara marble or Irish green is a rare variety of green marble from Connemara, Ireland. It is used as a decoration and building material.[1][2] Its colour causes it to often be associated with the Irish identity, and for this reason it has been named the national gemstone of Ireland. It s…

Canadian-American singer This article is about the heavy metal singer. For the baroque composer, see Johann Sebastian Bach. Sebastian BachBach in 2012Background informationBirth nameSebastian Philip BierkBorn (1968-04-03) April 3, 1968 (age 56)Freeport, BahamasOriginPeterborough, Ontario, CanadaGenresHard rockheavy metalglam metalOccupation(s)SingerYears active1983–presentLabelsFrontiers, UniversalFormerly ofSkid RowMadam XDamnocracySpouse(s) Maria Aquinar ​ ​(m. …

This is an archive of past discussions. Do not edit the contents of this page. If you wish to start a new discussion or revive an old one, please do so on the current talk page. Archive 1 ← Archive 5 Archive 6 Archive 7 Archive 8 Archive 9 Archive 10 Television infobox 'format' field I haven't delved very deeply into this, but from looking at the articles for Judge Judy, Judge Joe Brown and The Peoples Court there seems to be room for improvement in the Television infobox. Those three e…

Icelandic breed of dog Dog breedIcelandic SheepdogOther namesIcelandic SpitzIceland DogÍslenskur FjárhundurFriaar DogCanis islandicusOriginIcelandTraitsHeight Males 46 centimetres (18 in)[2] Females 42 centimetres (17 in)[2]Weight 9–14 kg (20–30 lb)[1]: 120 Coat thick, doubleColour tan, black, chocolate-brown or grey, all with white markings[3]: 120 Life span 12–15 yearsKennel club standardsFédérat…

Swedish curler For other people named surname Hasselborg, see Hasselborg. Astrid Mio Maria HasselborgCurler ♀Other namesMioBorn (1980-12-19) 19 December 1980 (age 43)TeamCurling clubHärnösands CK,CK Granit-Gävle, GävleCurling career Member Association SwedenEuropean Championshipappearances3 (2001, 2002, 2006) Medal record Curling European Championships 2001 Vierumäki 2002 Grindelward Swedish Women's Championship 2006 Astrid Mio Maria Hasselborg[1] (born 19 Decem…

Shinto shrine in Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan Iwa Shrine伊和神社Haiden of Iwa Shrine ReligionAffiliationShintoDeityŌkuninushiFestivalOctober 15LocationLocation407 Ichinomiya-chō Sugyōme, Shisō-shi, Hyōgo-ken 671-4133Iwa ShrineShow map of Hyōgo PrefectureIwa Shrine (Japan)Show map of JapanGeographic coordinates35°05′15.1″N 134°35′11.3″E / 35.087528°N 134.586472°E / 35.087528; 134.586472 Glossary of Shinto Iwa Jinja (伊和神社) is a Shinto shrine in the…

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