Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Ravidassia

Part of a series on the
Ravidassia
Beliefs and practices
Temples
Scriptures
Holy Places
Founder
Sants
Festivals
Symbols
ਹਰਿ

Ravidassia or the Ravidas Panth[1] is a religion based on the teachings of Guru Ravidas. It was considered a sect within Sikhism until 2009.[2][3][4][1] However, some Ravidassias continue to maintain Sikh religious practices, including the reverence of the Guru Granth Sahib as their focal religious text, wearing Sikh articles of faith (5Ks), and appending Singh or Kaur to their names.[5]

Historically, Ravidassia represented a range of beliefs in the Indian subcontinent, with some devotees of Ravidass counting themselves as Ravidassia, but first formed in the early 20th-century in colonial British India.[3] The Ravidassia tradition began to take on more cohesion following 1947, and the establishment of successful Ravidassia tradition in the diaspora.[6] Estimates range between two and five million for the total number of Ravidassias.[7][8]

Ravidassias Sikhs believe that Ravidas is their Guru (saint) whereas the Khalsa Sikhs have traditionally considered him one of many bhagats (holy person), a lower position to Guru in Sikhism.[9] Further, Ravidassias Sikhs accept living sants of Ravidass Deras as Guru.[10] A new Ravidassia religion was launched following an assassination attack on their visiting living Guru Niranjan Dass and his deputy Ramanand Dass in 2009 in Vienna by Sikh militants.[1][11] Ramanand Dass died from the attack, Niranjan Dass survived his injuries, while over a dozen attendees at the temple were also injured.[11] This triggered a decisive break of the Ravidassia group from the orthodox Sikh structure.[10][1]

Prior to their break from Khalsa Sikhism, the Dera Bhallan revered and recited the Guru Granth Sahib of Sikhism in Dera Bhallan.[12] However, following their split from mainstream Sikhism, the Dera Bhallan compiled their own holy book based exclusively on Ravidas's teachings, the Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji, and these Dera Bhallan Ravidassia temples now use this book in place of the Guru Granth Sahib.[12][4][13]

Basis

Main article: Ravidas
Procession of Ravidassias in Bedford
Guru Ravidas

Guru Ravidas was born on 15 January 1377 CE (Indian calendar Sunday Sukhal Falgin Parvithta 1433) to the Chamar community.[14] [15] His birthplace was a locality known as Seer Govardhan in the city of Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh state, India. The birthplace is now marked by the Shri Guru Ravidass Janam Asthan (Begampura), and is a major place of pilgrimage for the followers of Guru Ravidas today. Ravidassias Sikhs believe that Ravidas died in Benares at the age of 151.[16][17][18]

Beliefs

Ravidas taught the following principles:[19]

  • The oneness, omnipresence and omnipotence of God.
  • मन चंगा तो कठौती में गंगा.[20]
  • The human soul is a particle of God.
  • The rejection of the notion that God cannot be met by lower castes.
  • To realize God, which is the goal of human life, man should concentrate on God during all rituals of life.
  • The only way of meeting with God (moksha) is to free the mind from duality.

Places of worship

The Prime Minister Narendra Modi is in the sanctum of Shri Guru Ravidas Janmsthan Mandir in Varanasi.

A Ravidassia place of worship is called a dera, sabha, mandir, gurudwara, or bhawan, sometimes translated as temple.[21][22]

Outside the sabha there is always a flag upon which is written the Nishaan, and above it the "Harr" symbol which symbolising enlightenment from Guru Ravidas' teachings. But Guru Ravidass Sabhas in Derby, Walsall, Gravesend, Montreal and Papakura are exceptions, as these Sabhas' official title boards display Ek Onkar and Khanda emblems alongside Harr. The title boards of these sabhas clearly mark the buildings as both Sikh Gurdwaras and Ravidass Temples.[23] Moreover, Derby Sabha's display board mentions it as a Sikh temple.[24]

Scriptures

Ravidassia places of worship contain the holy book Amritbani Guru Ravidass Ji which contains all the hymns by Guru Ravidas. This book contains the following hymns: Raga – Siri (1), Gauri (5), Asa (6), Gujari (1), Sorath (7), Dhanasari (3), Jaitsari (1), Suhi (3), Bilaval (2), Gaund (2), Ramkali (1), Maru (2), Kedara (1), Bhairau (1), Basant (1), and Malhar (3). The book contains 140 shabads, 40 pade, and 231 salok.[25] There are 177 pages in all of the book.

A version of the holy book Amrit Bani containing 240 hymns of Guru Ravidas was installed at the Guru Ravidas temple in Jalandhar, Punjab, on 1 February 2012 on the occasion of birth anniversary of Guru Ravidass. The Dera Sach Khand Ballan religious community had announced the formation of the new Ravidassia religion and separation from Sikhism at Varanasi. The split from Sikhism was triggered after the killing of its deputy head Ramanand Dass in May 2009 at a temple in Vienna by some Sikh radicals. President of newly formed Begumpura Lok Party and a supporter of the new religion, Satish Bharti, said that the copies of the new Bani were put on display during the religious processions in order to assert that the community members are firm believers of the new religion.[26][27]

Ravidassia in the UK census

In the United Kingdom, during the 2011 census, the Office for National Statistics counted Ravidassia as a separate religion from Sikhism. There were 11058 individuals[28][29] who described themselves as Ravidassia in the census. Data shows that around 10% of members of Ravidassias community cited their religion as ’Ravidassia’ – empathically distinct from Sikhs and Hindus. During the census, not even a single Guru Ravidass Gurdwara came into direct support of this separate identity, and till date, all Guru Ravidass Gurdwaras in Britain are practising Sikhism and they do pray and perform all rituals in the presence of Shri Guru Granth Sahib.[23]

Unlike the UK Office for National Statistics, the Indian government and its census department have not accepted the Ravidassias community as a religion. During the 2011 census, the Ravidassia community was counted alongside other groups such as Ramdasia Sikh and Jatav under the title of chamar caste.[30][31]

Mauritian Ravidassias

In Mauritius, for Ravidassias, a different terminology is in use called Ravived.[32] During the initial stage of migration in Mauritius, significant numbers of Chamar people joined the Arya Samaj in the hope that it would help them to be free from the curse of casteism, as it was claimed by the leaders of the Arya Samaj.[33] But later, Upper Caste Arya Samajis started building separate halls for themselves and chamars for prayer within the same shrine to avoid Arya Samaj being labelled as a Chamar religion, which led to the establishment of Arya Ravived Pracharini Sabha in 1935.[34]

Customs

The Ravidassia employ the greeting "ਜੈ ਗੁਰੂਦੇਵ" (Jai Gurdev, जय गुरुदेव), meaning “hail the god-like teacher”, the motto of the religion.[35]

Symbols

Nishan Sahib

The Ravidassia religious symbol is the Khanda, Harr Nishaan and Ik Onkar. The Gurmukhi transliteration of the name Harr is the main symbol of the Ravidassia religion.[12] It is also called as Koumi Nishan.[36]

The religion is also represented by a flag, with the insignia "Har" which, states Ronki Ram, includes:[36]

  • A bigger circle with 40 rays of sunlight signifying forty hymns of Guru Ravidas;
  • Inside the big circle is a small circle, inside which is written "Har" in Gurmukhi language (ਹਰਿ) with a flame on top of it;
  • The flame represents the Naam (word) that would illuminate the entire world, and reaches the outer circle;
  • Between the two circles is written a couplet composed by Ravidas: ਨਾਮ ਤੇਰੇ ਕਿ ਜੋਤੀ ਲਗਾਈ, ਭੇਈਓ ਓ ਭਵਣ ਸਗਲਈ (Naam tere kee jot lagayi, Bhaio Ujiaaro Bhawan saglaare, "Your Name is the flame I light; it has illuminated the entire world")

The insignia Har, states Ram, represents the "very being of Ravidass and his teachings".[36]

Ravidassia/ Ramdasia and Ad-Dharmi Sects of Punjabi Chamar Community

"Ramdasia is a term used in general for Sikhs whose ancestors belonged Chamar caste. Originally they are followers of Guru Ravidass ji who belongs to Chamar community ".[37] Both the words Ramdasia and Ravidasia are also used inter changeably while these also have regional context. In Puadh and Malwa, largely Ramdasia in used while Ravidasia is predominantly used in Doaba.[38]

Ramdasia Sikhs are enlisted as scheduled caste by Department of Social justice, Empowerment and Minorities- Government of Punjab. On Department's list of Scheduled Caste, this caste is listed on serial number 9 along with other Chamar caste synonymous such as Ravidasia, Ramdasia and so on.[39]

Ad-Dharmis of Chamar sect are followers of Guru Ravidas ,[40] and incorporate elements of Sikhism[41] as they regard Shri Guru Granth Sahib as their religious text.[42]

Festival

Devotees at 635th Anniversary of Guru Ravidas at Sri Guru Ravidass Janamsthan Gurdwara, Varanasi

The birthday of Ravidas is celebrated every year at the Seer Gowardhanpur village temple in Varanasi the state of Uttar Pradesh in January or February and the government of India has declared it a gazetted holiday.[43][dead link] Other important festivals the Ravidasia community celebrates are Bandi Chhor Divas, Guru Gobind Singh's birthday and Guru Nanak's birthday.[citation needed]

Causes for splitting from Sikhism and the announcement of Ravidassia's identity

Before the 2009 armed attack on Guru Ravidass Temple in Vienna, the majority of Ravidassias were followers of Sikhism. On May 24, 2009, six Khalistani militants attacked Sant Ramanand and Sant Niranjan Das in the mentioned shrine. All six attackers were asylum seekers living in Austria and have been identified as Satwinder Singh (28), Jaspal Singh (34), Tasum Singh (45), and Sukhwinder Singh (28). The other two attackers, Hardeep Singh (33) and Charnjit Singh (24), entered Austria illegally.[44]

In this terrorist attack, Sant Ramanand, 57, was shot dead and more than a dozen others wounded, including another preacher. This attack led to violent protests in the state of Punjab in India and peaceful protest in London.[45][46] Later, the Austrian court sentenced Jaspal Singh, 35, to life in prison for murder, and the other four terrorists received 17 to 18 year prison sentences. The sixth terrorist got six months in prison for attempted coercion.[47][48]

On the occasion of the 633rd birth anniversary of Ravidass in 2010, Dera Sachkahnd Ballan announced a new religion called Ravidassia.Dera also announced that the community would have its own separate religious book called Amritbani, a separate symbol 'Har' and a separate motto, 'Jai Gurudev. The move triggered debate among the religious, social, and political circles of Punjab, and Shiromani Akali Dal and the SGPC tried to convince Dera Ballan Head Sant Niranjan Dass to reverse the decision. Akal Takhat also took an unprecedented step and organized Akand Path in the memory of murdered Sant Ramanand. SGPC president Avtar Singh Makkar visited Dera Ballan to meet Sant Niranjan Dass, but he was not allowed to meet him.[49]  

Ravidasia Diaspora

Ravidasia Sikh diaspora emigrated from India and Pakistan is significant. There are Ravidasia Sikh settlers in Europe, as well as a sizable Ravidasia Sikh population in North America, primarily in the United States and Canada. Mahiya Ram Mehmi and Mahey were the very first people who landed in British Columbia in 1906.[50] They were both also involved in the foundation of the first Canadian Gurdwara, the Khalsa Diwan Society, Vancouver. There is a sizeable population of Ravidasia Sikhs in Oceania too. Ravidassias from Doaba established the second gurdwara in the Oceania region in Nasinu on Fiji Island in 1939.[51] A Classical Study by W.H. Briggs in his book Punjabis in New Zealand, Briggs penned down the precise number of Ravidassias in New Zealand during the very first wave of immigration.[52]

Ravidassia community started immigrating from Punjab to Britain in 1950, and according to a book named 'Sikhs in Britain: An Annotated Bibliography' published in 1987, the population of the Ravidassia community in the West Midlands was around 30,000 during that period.[53] As of 2021, it is estimated that the Ravidasia population in Britain is around 70,000.[54]

Gurdwara Guru Ravidass, Nasinu, Fiji Established in 1939
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Bhavan, Birmingham
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Southall
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Auckland
Shri Guru Ravidass Temple in the UK
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Temple, Pittsburg, California
Gurdwara Guru Ravidass Sabha, Oostende

Demographics

State, U.T Population Population % Notes
Bihar[55] 4,900,048 4.7% Counted along Rabidas, Rohidas, Chamar, Charamakar
Chandigarh[56] 59,957 5.68% Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Ramdasi, Ravidasi, Raigar and Jatia
Chhattisgarh[57] 2,318,964 9.07% Counted as Chamar, Satnami, Ahirwar, Raidas, Rohidas, Jatav, Bhambi and Surjyabanshi
NCT of Delhi[58] 1,075,569 6.4 % Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Jatav, Chamars, Ramdasia, Ravidasi, Raigar and Jatia
Gujarat[59] 1,032,128 1.7% Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamar, Bhambi, Asadaru, Chambhar, Haralaya, Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar
Haryana[60] 2,429,137 9.58% Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Jatav, Chamars, Ramdasia, Ravidasi, Raigar and Jatia
Himachal Pradesh[61] 458,838 6.68% Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Ramdasia, Raigar and Jatia
Jammu and Kashmir[62] 212,032 1.72% Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Ramdasia, Rohidas
Jharkhand[63] 1,008,507 3.05% Counted as Chamar, Mochi
Karnataka[64] 605,486 1% Counted as Rohidas, Rohit, Samgar, Haralaya, Chambhar, Chamar, Bhambi
Madhya Pradesh[65] 5,368,217 7.39% Counted as Chamar, Jatav, Bairwa, Bhambi, Rohidas, Raidas, Ahirwar,Satnami, Ramnami, Surjyabanshi
Maharashtra[66] 1,411,072 1.25% Counted as Rohidas, Chamar, Chambhar, Bhambi, Satnami, Ramnami, Haralaya, Rohit, Samagar, Bhambi
Punjab[67] 3,095,324 11.15% During the 2011 census in Punjab, 1017192 people were counted as addharmi in a separate caste cluster, which is another term for Ravidassias.[68][69]

In the same census, the Ravidassias cluster population was 2078132, and both clusters together made a population of 3095324 in Punjab, which is an 11.15% population of Punjab.

Rajasthan[70] 2,491,551 3.63% Counted along with other caste synonyms such as Chamars, Bhambi, Ramdasia, Ravidasi, Raigar, Haralaya, Chambhar and Jatia
Uttarakhand[71] 548,813 5.44% Counted as Chamar, Jatava, Dhusia, Jhusia
Uttar Pradesh[72] 22,496,047 11.25% Counted as Chamar, Jatava, Dhusia, Jhusia
West Bengal[73] 1,039,591 1.13% Counted as Chamar, Rabidas, Charamakar, Rishi

Notable Ravidassia

Religious figures

Politicians

Britain

Punjab State

Art and Literature

Civil Servants

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d Knut A. Jacobsen; Kristina Myrvold (1 November 2011). Sikhs in Europe: Migration, Identities and Representations. Ashgate Publishing. pp. 289–291. ISBN 978-1-4094-2434-5. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  2. ^ Jan Gonda (1970). Visnuism and Sivaism: A Comparison. Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN 978-1-4742-8080-8.
  3. ^ a b Paramjit Judge (2014), Mapping Social Exclusion in India: Caste, Religion and Borderlands, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-1107056091, pages 179-182
  4. ^ a b "India's 'untouchables' declare own religion". CNN. 2010-02-03.
  5. ^ "What California's Ravidassia community believes and why they want caste bias outlawed | CityNews Toronto". toronto.citynews.ca. Retrieved 2024-01-06.
  6. ^ Gerald Parsons (1993). The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions. Psychology Press. pp. 227–. ISBN 978-0-415-08326-3. Retrieved 10 April 2012.
  7. ^ "Census 2021: Two Ravidassia factions want recognition as different religions". The Indian Express. 2020-07-19. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  8. ^ forefeurope (2019-09-12). "The 'Untouchables' In Europe – 10 Years After the Murder of Their Saint". Foref Europe. Retrieved 2020-08-15.
  9. ^ Ronki Ram. "Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab" (PDF). Panjab University, Chandigarh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  10. ^ a b Ronki Ram (2009). "Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 16 (1). Panjab University, Chandigarh. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  11. ^ a b Inflamed passions Archived 2019-12-04 at the Wayback Machine, Ajoy A Mahaprashasta (2009), Frontline (The Hindu), Volume 26, Issue 12, Quote: "The riots were sparked off by an attack on Sant Niranjan Dass, the head of the Jalandhar-based Dera Sachkhand, and his deputy Rama Nand on May 24 at the Shri Guru Ravidass Gurdwara in Vienna where they had gone to attend a religious function. A group of Sikhs militants armed with firearms and swords attacked them at the gurdwara, injuring both; Rama Nand later died. The Austrian police said the attack that left some 15 others injured “had clearly been planned”."
  12. ^ a b c "Punjab sect declares new religion". The Times of India. 2010-02-01. Archived from the original on 2011-08-11.
  13. ^ "New Punjab sect lays down code | Original Story | Taaza News". Archived from the original on 2012-04-25. Retrieved 2011-12-03.
  14. ^ Lochtefeld, James G. (2002). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism: N-Z. The Rosen Publishing Group. p. 512. ISBN 9780823931804.
  15. ^ "Ravidas | Indian mystic and poet". Encyclopedia Britannica. 20 December 2023.
  16. ^ "Amid tight security, Dera Ballan head, followers head for Varanasi". Indian Express. 2011-02-16. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  17. ^ "Ravidass followers declare separate religion, release separate granth". SikhNet. 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  18. ^ "Ravidassia community part of Sikh faith: SGPC". Zeenews.india.com. 2010-02-04. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  19. ^ ""मन चंगा तो कठोती में गंगा", जानिए संत रविदास ने क्यों कही ये उक्ति और क्या है इसका वास्तविक मतलब". Jansatta (in Hindi). 2019-04-16. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  20. ^ "Ravidas Jayanti: कहां से आई मन चंगा तो कठौती में गंगा कहावत, रविदास जयंती पर पढ़िए इसकी सच्चाई". Zee News (in Hindi). Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  21. ^ http://www.gururavidas.org.uk/ Archived 2018-03-30 at the Wayback Machine point 15: # To address our place of worship as Ravidassia Temple’ all the time and for all the purposes.
  22. ^ "List of Ravidassia's temple in the World". www.ravidassguru.com. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  23. ^ a b Singh, P.; Fenech, L.E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. OUP Oxford. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  24. ^ Singh, P.; Fenech, L.E. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. Oxford Handbooks in Religion and Theology. OUP Oxford. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  25. ^ "JaiGurdev. Ravidassia Religion, Dera Sach Khand Ballan, jalandhar punjab india". derasachkhandballan.com. Retrieved 2020-08-12.
  26. ^ "Punjab News - No 'Guru Granth Sahib' but 'Amrit Bani' adorned at Ravidas Sobha Yatra". Jagopunjabjagoindia.com. 2010-01-30. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  27. ^ "Ravidassias assert identity, display new Granth in shobha yatras". Indian Express. 2012-02-07. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  28. ^ White, Emma (2012-12-11). "Religion in England and Wales 2011". Office for National Statistics. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  29. ^ "Census 2011 – Any other religion? -". brin.ac.uk. 2012-12-16. Retrieved 2022-09-13.
  30. ^ https://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0015.jpg [bare URL image file]
  31. ^ "SC-14 Scheduled Caste Population By Religious Community (States/UTs) – Punjab" (XLS). The Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 2021-06-27.
  32. ^ Claveyrolas, Mathieu (2015). "The 'Land of the Vaish'? Caste Structure and Ideology in Mauritius". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal. doi:10.4000/samaj.3886.
  33. ^ The Legacy of Indian Indenture: Historical and Contemporary Aspects of Migration and Diaspora. Routledge. 10 November 2016. ISBN 9781351986830.
  34. ^ New Homelands: Hindu Communities in Mauritius, Guyana, Trinidad, South Africa, Fiji, and East Africa. Oxford University Press, USA. 2010. ISBN 978-0-19-539164-0.
  35. ^ Amrita Chaudhry (2010-02-03). "Religion or a prayer for identity?". Ludhiana. Indian Express. Retrieved 2013-12-05.
  36. ^ a b c Ronki Ram (2009). "Ravidass, Dera Sachkhand Ballan and the Question of Dalit Identity in Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 16 (1). Panjab University, Chandigarh: 20. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2013-04-23.
  37. ^ Chander, Rajesh K I. (2019). Combating Social Exclusion: Intersectionalities of Caste, Class, Gender and Regions. Studera Press. p. 64. ISBN 978-93-85883-58-3.
  38. ^ "Punjab's dalit conundrum: A look into Sikhs' caste identity". The Times of India. 30 September 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
  39. ^ http://socialjustice.gov.in/writereaddata/UploadFile/Scan-0015.jpg [bare URL image file]
  40. ^ "Mention Ravidasia as religion: Dera Sachkhand to followers". Indian Express. Retrieved 12 September 2022.
  41. ^ Gupta, Dipankar (December 2, 2015). Like the other Sikh gurudwaras, Ad-Dharmis too keep the Guru Granth Sahib at their Ravidas Gurudwaras- Caste in Question. SAGE Publications India. ISBN 9788132103455. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  42. ^ Singh, IP (4 February 2010). "Ravidassia leaders reject new religion". The Times of India. Retrieved September 12, 2022.
  43. ^ "City Briefs : PGI OPDs to be closed on Feb 7". Indian Express. 2012-02-06. Retrieved 2012-07-17.
  44. ^ "Vienna gurdwara attack: Detained suspect released". Agencies. Indian Express. June 6, 2009. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  45. ^ Marshall, Peter. "Sikhs March in London against Caste Discrimination". Indymedia UK. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  46. ^ Marshall, Peter. "Ravidassia March in London against Caste Discrimination by Sikhs after assassination of Sant Ramanand at Vienna temple". alamy. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  47. ^ "Six men jailed over Austrian temple attack". BBC. September 28, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  48. ^ "SIX SIKHS SENTENCED TO PRISON IN VIENNA RAMANAND TRIAL". No. September 28, 2010. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  49. ^ Singh, IP (Feb 1, 2010). "Punjab sect declares new religion". TOI. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  50. ^ Iyengar, Malathi (2022-01-20). "Punjabi, Sikh, and Dalit". South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA). Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  51. ^ Kahlon, S.S. (2016). Sikhs in Asia Pacific: Travels Among the Sikh Diaspora from Yangon to Kobe. Taylor & Francis. p. 337. ISBN 978-1-351-98741-7. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  52. ^ McLeod, W. H. (2006-12-05). "Punjabis in New Zealand: A History of Punjabi Migration, 1890-1940". Google. Retrieved 2022-09-14.
  53. ^ Tatla, Darshan Singh; Nesbitt, Eleanor M (1987). Sikhs in Britain An Annotated Bibliography. Centre for Research in Ethnic Relations, University of Warwick. p. 66. ISBN 9780948303067. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  54. ^ Kumar, Pramod (2021). The Idea of New India Essays in Defence of Critical Thought. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 9781000485714. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  55. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Bihar - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2115 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  56. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Chandigarh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2109 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  57. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Chhattisgarh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2125 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  58. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, NCT of Delhi - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2112 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  59. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Gujarat - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2127 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  60. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Haryana - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2111 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  61. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Himachal Pradesh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2107 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  62. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Jammu & Kashmir - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2106 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  63. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Jharkhand - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2123 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  64. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Karnataka - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2132 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  65. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Madhya Pradesh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2126 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  66. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Maharashtra - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2130 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  67. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Punjab - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2108 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  68. ^ Ashraf, Ajaz (September 22, 2021). "Why everyone in Punjab loves a Dalit C.M". News Click. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  69. ^ Singh, IP (March 11, 2022). "Punjab ex-CM Charanjit Singh Channi's scheduled caste factor overlooked?". TOI. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  70. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Rajasthan - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2113 (Accessed: 10 January 2024).
  71. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Uttarakhand - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2110 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  72. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, Uttar Pradesh - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2114 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  73. ^ SC-14: Scheduled caste population by religious community, West Bengal - 2011 (2021) India. Available at: https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/2122 (Accessed: 11 January 2024).
  74. ^ Malhotra, Anshu. "Living and Defining Caste: The Life and Writing of Giani Ditt Singh / Sant Ditta Ram" (PDF). Journal of Punjab Studies. 20 (1): 159–192.
  75. ^ Dua, Rohan (April 23, 2014). "Will never vote for BSP, vow Kanshi Ram siblings". TOI. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  76. ^ Turadagi, Dr Basavaraj M. (6 January 2022). BABU JAGJIVAN RAM A story of struggle. Ashok Yakkaldevi. p. 16. ISBN 978-1-716-14756-2. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  77. ^ "In Bihar's Sasaram, Meira Kumar reworks social combination while Paswan relies on Modi". The Indian Express. 18 May 2019.
  78. ^ Dua, Rohan. "BJP tickets: Sampla meets Shah, denies resignation rumours". No. January 18, 2017. TOI. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  79. ^ Dua, Rohan. "BJP tickets: Sampla meets Shah, denies resignation rumours". No. January 18, 2017. TOI. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  80. ^ Dua, Rohan (September 7, 2016). "Pre-poll maha Dalit wedlock in state". TOI. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  81. ^ Kaur, Deepkamal. "Sting' does no harm to sitting MP". The Tribune. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  82. ^ "Ex-Cong MLA Sushil Rinku joins AAP ahead of Jalandhar Lok Sabha bypoll". The Tribune. Tribune News Service. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  83. ^ Sehgal, Manjeet (May 7, 2019). "Lok Sabha Elections 2019: In Ambala, it's Dalits vs Dalits". India Today. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  84. ^ Sehgal, Manjeet (May 7, 2019). "Lok Sabha Elections 2019: In Ambala, it's Dalits vs Dalits". India Today. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  85. ^ "Lord Mayor of Birmingham, Councillor Chaman Lal". Birmingham City Council. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  86. ^ "Hoshiarpur-born Chaman Lal becomes Birmingham's first British-Indian Lord Mayor". The Tribune. PTI. May 29, 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  87. ^ Jaoul, Nicolas (15 December 2021). "Beyond Diaspora: Ambedkarism, Multiculturalism and Caste in the UK". South Asia Multidisciplinary Academic Journal (27). doi:10.4000/samaj.7489. ISSN 1960-6060. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  88. ^ "Councillor Mohinder Midha appointed Mayor of Ealing - Southall News". www.visitsouthall.co.uk. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  89. ^ Rawat, Vidya. "How upper castes in UK tried to defeat me : Bishan Dass Bains, Former Mayor Wolverhampton". Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  90. ^ "Pre-poll maha Dalit wedlock in state". The Times of India. 7 September 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  91. ^ Times, Navhind (26 April 2014). "Kulwant Singh, down to earth, rooted in realty | The Navhind Times". Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  92. ^ "Punjab Congress MP Santokh Singh Chaudhary Dies of Heart Attack During Bharat Jodo Yatra". The Wire. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  93. ^ "In Jalandhar West, BJP gets help from two who left AAP". The Times of India. 24 January 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  94. ^ "Battle ballot: Outsiders fighting for Nabha Royalty in Punjab elections". Hindustan Times. 23 January 2017. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  95. ^ "Ex-bureaucrats, doctors to lock horns in Hoshiarpur". The Times of India. 27 April 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  96. ^ "Ex-bureaucrats, doctors to lock horns in Hoshiarpur". The Times of India. 27 April 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  97. ^ "Former SGPC General Secretary Sukhdev Bhaur arrested for hurting religious sentiments". www.babushahi.com. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  98. ^ "Jalandhar likely to see contest between Atwal, Chaudhary". The Tribune. Tribune News Service. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  99. ^ "Phillaur 3rd MLA to quit SAD". The Times of India. 18 November 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  100. ^ "AAP pits 'safai karamchari's' daughter from Jalandhar against seasoned hands". The Times of India. 5 April 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  101. ^ "Dalit icons of Punjab: The all-powerful Chaudharys of Doaba". Hindustan Times. 23 December 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  102. ^ "Hans shift exposes Dalit politics fault lines again". The Times of India. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  103. ^ "Shiromani Akali Dal's first list of 69 candidates". The Tribune. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  104. ^ "The unsolved assassination of Amar Singh Chamkila". faroutmagazine.co.uk. 6 September 2023. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  105. ^ Singh, Pashaura; Fenech, Louis E. (March 2014). The Oxford Handbook of Sikh Studies. OUP Oxford. p. 357. ISBN 978-0-19-969930-8. Retrieved 14 January 2024.
  106. ^ Soni, V.B (June 7, 2023). "Kishan Devi : Agra-The maternal connect" (PDF). No. 13. ambedkartimes.com. Retrieved 15 January 2024.
  107. ^ "Bhog Akhand Path". ambedkartimes.com. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  108. ^ "Many Congratulations" (PDF). No. 32. Ambedkartimes. 19 Oct 2022. Retrieved 13 June 2024.
  109. ^ "Neetu S Badhan Judge Supreme Courts of California Special Notes on Congratulations" (PDF). No. 1–3. Ambedkartimes. 27 March 2019. Retrieved 13 June 2024.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ravidasi.
Baca informasi lainnya:

Fernando de la Cerda

Fernando de la CerdaMakam Fernando de la CerdaPasanganBlanche dari PrancisAnakAlfonso de la CerdaFernando de la CerdaKeluarga bangsawanWangsa de la CerdaBapakAlfonso X dari KastiliaIbuYolanda dari AragonLahir23 Oktober 1255Meninggal1275 (usia 19 atau 20 tahun)Ciudad Real Fernando de la Cerda (1255-1275) merupakan seorang ahli waris takhta ke Mahkota Kastila sebagai putra sulung Alfonso X dan Yolanda dari Aragon. Julukannya, de la Cerda, berarti berbulu dalam bahasa spanyol, sebuah referensi bagi…

Kawanua

artikel ini perlu dirapikan agar memenuhi standar Wikipedia. Tidak ada alasan yang diberikan. Silakan kembangkan artikel ini semampu Anda. Merapikan artikel dapat dilakukan dengan wikifikasi atau membagi artikel ke paragraf-paragraf. Jika sudah dirapikan, silakan hapus templat ini. (Pelajari cara dan kapan saatnya untuk menghapus pesan templat ini) Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahka…

Penghalang uap

Artikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan [[ dan ]] pada kata yang bersangkutan (lihat WP:LINK untuk keterangan lebih lanjut). …

Mujadara

Sebuah jenis dari Mujaddara Mujaddara (Arab: مجدرة mujadarah, dengan pengucapan alternatif dalam bahasa Inggris majadra, mejadra, moujadara, mudardara, dan megadarra) terdiri dari lentil yang dimasak bersama dengan biji-bijian, biasanya beras, dan dihias dengan bawang bombay. Variasi Lentil yang dimasak populer di seluruh Timur Tengah dan merupakan bentuk dasar dari beberapa hidangan. Mujaddara adalah sebuah hidanagn populer di seluruh dunia Arab, dan umumnya digunakan menggunakan lenti…

Genoa Cricket and Football Club

Disambiguazione – Genoa rimanda qui. Se stai cercando altri significati, vedi Genoa (disambigua). Genoa CFCCalcio Il Grifone, I Rossoblù, Il Vecchio Balordo Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Colori sociali Rosso, blu Simboli Grifone Inno Un cantico per il mio GrifonePiero Campodonico e Gian Piero Reverberi Dati societari Città Genova Nazione  Italia Confederazione UEFA Federazione FIGC Campionato Serie A Fondazione 1893 Proprietario 777 Partners(attraverso 777 Gen…

The Lizard (film)

2004 Iranian comedy drama film The LizardFilm posterمارمولکDirected byKamal TabriziWritten byPeyman Ghasem KhaniProduced byManouchehr MohammadiStarring Parviz Parastui Rana Azadivar Mehran Rajabi Bahram Ebrahimi Farideh Sepah Mansour Shahrokh Foroutanian Hossein Soleimani CinematographyHamid Khozui AbyanehEdited byHossein ZandbafMusic byMohammad Reza AligholiProductioncompanyFaradisDistributed byFarabi Cinema Foundation (World-wide) Faradis (World-wide) ICA Projects (UK) Barian Entertainm…

Kodeterminasi

Dalam tata kelola perusahaan, kodeterminasi (disebut juga kemitraan bersama atau partisipasi pekerja) adalah praktik di mana pekerja suatu perusahaan memiliki hak untuk memilih perwakilannya di dewan direksi perusahaan tersebut. Istilah ini juga merujuk pada staf yang memiliki hak yang mengikat di dalam dewan kerja mengenai permasalahan di tempat kerjanya. Praktik perwakilan di tingkat direksi tersebar luas di negara demokrasi maju.[1] Undang-Undang awal yang mewajibkan hak pilih pekerja…

Осетинская кухня

Начинка фыдджына Осетинская ритуальная пивная чаша с осетинским пивом Осетинская кухня (осет. ирон хӕринӕгтӕ) — традиционная кухня осетин. Основой кухни является отварное в походном казане мясо чаще говядины, реже баранины, которое приправляется острым сметанным с…

Catur korespondensi

Kartu pos untuk catur korespondensi Catur korespondensi ialah salah satu jenis permainan catur, biasanya dimainkan melalui penjelajah web koresponden, melalui surat elektronik maupun kartu pos. Catur korespondensi memungkinkan orang atau klub tertentu yang terpisah jauh secara geografis bermain satu sama lain tanpa bertemu muka. Hubungan jauh tersebut hanyalah salah satu dari sejumlah daya tarik catur koresponden. Turnamen catur korespondensi biasanya dilakukan di bawah kewenangan badan pengatur…

Hannah Van Buren

Hannah Van Buren Informasi pribadiLahirHannah Hoes(1783-03-08)8 Maret 1783Kinderhook, New YorkMeninggal5 Februari 1819(1819-02-05) (umur 35)Albany, New York, Amerika.Suami/istriMartin Van Buren (m. 1807)AnakAbrahamJohnMartin Jr.WinfieldSmithOrang tuaJohannes Dircksen Hoes (ayah)Maria Quakenbush (ibu)Sunting kotak info • L • B Hannah Hoes Van Buren (née Hoes; 8 Maret 1783 – 5 Februari 1819) adalah istri dari presiden Amerika Serikat kedelapan, Martin Van Buren. Dia meninggal…

Staatsoper Unter den Linden

Staatsoper Unter den LindenUbicazioneStato Germania LocalitàBerlino IndirizzoUnter den Linden 7 RealizzazioneInaugurazione1742 ArchitettoGeorg Wenzeslaus von KnobelsdorffCarl Ferdinand LanghansRichard Paulick Sito ufficiale Modifica dati su Wikidata · ManualeCoordinate: 52°31′00″N 13°23′41″E / 52.516667°N 13.394722°E52.516667; 13.394722 La Staatsoper Unter den Linden (in italiano: Opera di Stato Sotto i tigli) è un teatro di Berlino, sito fra l'Unter den …

Bandung Barat United

Bandung Barat UnitedNama lengkapBandung Barat UnitedJulukanMaung KulonBerdiri27 Mei 2014; 9 tahun lalu (2014-05-27)StadionStadion Abipraya Rendeh, Kabupaten Bandung Barat, Jawa Barat, IndonesiaManajer Ahmad Dahlan S.SosPelatih Budi HarjaAsisten Pelatih Ende Sunandar Suhada Isep HeryawanLigaLiga 3Kelompok suporterRedboys Army Kostum kandang Kostum tandang Musim ini Bandung Barat United (Aksara Sunda Baku : ᮘᮔ᮪ᮓᮥᮀ ᮘᮛᮒ᮪ ᮅᮔᮤᮒᮨᮓ᮪, Bandung Barat United) adal…

Diacko Fofana

Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Diacko Fofana Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Diacko FofanaTanggal lahir 29 Juli 1994 (umur 29)Tempat lahir Verdon, PrancisTinggi 1,75 m (5 ft 9 in)Posisi bermain BekInformasi klubKlub saat ini NiceNomor 26Karier junior2001–2004 Les A…

Deariska Putri Medita

Deariska Putri MeditaInformasi pribadiKebangsaan IndonesiaLahir6 Juli 1992 (umur 31)Jember, IndonesiaPeganganKananGanda Putra & Ganda CampuranPeringkat tertinggi125 Nurbeta Kwanrico (4 desember 2011)Peringkat saat ini129 Nurbeta Kwanrico (16 April 2012) Deariska Putri Medita (lahir 6 Juli 1992) adalah salah satu pemain bulu tangkis Ganda Putri Indonesia berpasangn dengan Nurbeta Kwanrico. Prestasi Ganda PutrI 2011: Perempat final Bankkaltim Indonesia Open GP Gold 2011 (be…

Anggur Jerman

Kebun anggur di pinggir Sungai Mosel Riesling Kabinett Anggur Jerman adalah jenis anggur yang berasal dari Jerman.[1] Minuman anggur adalah minuman yang digemari oleh orang Jerman setelah selain bir.[2] Produk anggur Jerman yang paling dikenal adalah Riesling yang memiliki ciri khas asam dan bisa menjadi teman untuk berbagai jenis masakan. Sejarah Pembuatan minuman anggur di Jerman telah dimulai sejak tahun 100 SM, yang dilakukan oleh Bangsa Romawi. Pada abad pertengahan, para bi…

Achy Breaky Heart

Achy Breaky HeartSingel oleh Billy Ray Cyrusdari album Some Gave AllDirilis23 Maret 1992DirekamNovember 1991GenreCountry[1]Durasi3:23Label PolyGram Mercury PenciptaDon Von TressProduser Joe Scaife Jim Cotton Kronologi singel Billy Ray Cyrus Achy Breaky Heart (1992) Could've Been Me (1992) Video musikAchy Breaky Heart di YouTube Achy Breaky Heart adalah lagu yang ditulis pada tahun 1990 oleh Don Von Tress. Dirilis pertama kali pada tahun 1991 oleh Marcy Brothers dengan judul Don't Tell My…

Wajrapani

Lukisan dinding India bodhisatwa Vajrapāṇi di Gua Ajanta Bagian dari seri tentangBuddhisme SejarahPenyebaran Sejarah Garis waktu Sidang Buddhis Jalur Sutra Benua Asia Tenggara Asia Timur Asia Tengah Timur Tengah Dunia Barat Australia Oseania Amerika Eropa Afrika Populasi signifikan Tiongkok Thailand Jepang Myanmar Sri Lanka Vietnam Kamboja Korea Taiwan India Malaysia Laos Indonesia Amerika Serikat Singapura AliranTradisi Buddhisme prasektarian Aliran Buddhis awal Mahāsāṃghika Sthaviravād…

Lucky: How Joe Biden Barely Won the Presidency

2021 book Lucky: How Joe Biden Barely Won the Presidency AuthorJonathan Allen, Amie ParnesLanguageEnglishSubjectJoe Biden 2020 presidential campaignGenreNonfictionPublisherCrown Publishing GroupPublication dateMarch 2, 2021 (2021-03-02)Pages528ISBN978-0-525-57422-4Preceded byShattered: Inside Hillary Clinton's Doomed Campaign  Lucky: How Joe Biden Barely Won the Presidency is a non-fiction book by Jonathan Allen and Amie Parnes, journalists for NBC News and The Hill, res…

First Crusade

1096–1099 Christian conquest of the Holy Land First CrusadePart of the CrusadesMiniature of Peter the Hermit leading the People's Crusade (Egerton 1500, Avignon, 14th-century)Date15 August 1096 – 12 August 1099[A]LocationThe Levant and AnatoliaResult Crusader victoryTerritorialchanges The Crusade assists in capturing Nicaea, restoring much of western Anatolia to the Byzantine Empire The Crusaders successfully capture Jerusalem and establish the Crusader statesBelligerents Crusader ar…

The Fiddler's Fakebook

The Fiddler's Fakebook The Fiddler's Fakebook, by David Brody, is a collection of fiddle tunes in lead sheet form (naturally without lyrics). It includes tunes in the following styles:[1] England Scotland Ireland Shetland French Canadian Nova Scotia/Cape Breton New England Old-Time Bluegrass Texas Style Western Swing See also List of North American folk music traditions Notes ^ Brody, David (1983). The Fiddler's Fakebook. New York, London, Sydney: Oak Publications. pp. 13–14. ISBN…

Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya