1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency

Bangladesh insurgency
	; Soldiers of the Biplobi Shainik Sangstha being received by the public after the Sipahi–Janata Revolution on 7 November 1975
Date	31 October 1972 – 24 November 1975 (3 years and 24 days)
Location	Bangladesh
Result	Insurgency largely subdued; Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman and takeover of power by Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad; Counter-coup by Mujibist military officers; Sipahi–Janata Revolution by JaSaD and Ziaur Rahman's ascension to the power;
Belligerents
Government of Bangladesh; TMM/BAKSAL (1972–75) Awami League Chhatra League; Sramik League; Jubo League; Krishak League; ; ; ; Communist Party; National Awami Party; Jatiya League; Ministry of Home Affairs; Ministry of Defence; Military-Supreme Court Administration (1975); Mujibist insurgents; Kader Bahini; Mujib loyalists;	Socialist insurgents; Jatiya Samajtantrik Dal JaSaD Chhatra League; ; Maoist insurgents; Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party; Other dissidents; Army mutineers; Trade unionists; ;
Commanders and leaders
Bangabandhu X; Bangataj ; Muhammad Mansur Ali ; A. N. M. Nuruzzaman; Anwarul Alam; Shafiullah; Khaled Mosharraf X; Khondkar Nazmul Huda †; A. T. M. Haider †; Syed Nazrul Islam ; Qamaruzzaman †; Abdul Mannan (POW); A. S. M. Sayem; Ziaur Rahman; Abdul Kader Siddique (POW)	Abu Taher ; M. A. Jalil (WIA); A. S. M. Abdur Rab (WIA); Hasanul Haq Inu (WIA) Siraj Sikder † K. M. Ahmed ; Major Dalim; Abdul Majed ; Syed Faruque Rahman ; Khandaker Abdur Rashid;
Units involved
Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini; Bangladesh Police; Bangladesh Army; Lal Bahini	Gonobahini; Biplobi Shainik Sangstha Purba Banglar Jatiya Mukti Front
Strength
16,000 JRB personnel (1975)	Unknown
Casualties and losses
3,000 Awami League members killed; 4 members of parliament killed; At least 7 executed; 65% of military officers lose control of their troops	60,000 killed (JaSaD Claim); 30,000+ killed (as per Anthony Mascarenhas); At least 6 executed; 33 detained Unknown, at least 1 killed
	2,000+ workers killed during the Mongla Port massacre; Total: 7,173 – 65,150+ combatants/activists killed

1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency refers to the period after the independence of Bangladesh when left-wing insurgents, particularly the Gonobahini fought against the government of the Prime Minister Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.^[2]^[5]^[6] The government responded by forming the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini, which began a crackdown on the general populace.^[2] The force became involved in the numerous charges of human rights abuse including political killings,^[7]^[8]^[3] shooting by death squads,^[9] and large number of rapes on women.^[3] The insurgency was one of the main reasons for the fall of Sheikh Mujib.

Background

In 1972, Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal was formed when it split from Bangladesh Chhatra League, the student wing of the Bangladesh Awami League, under the leadership of Serajul Alam Khan, M. A. Jalil, ASM Abdur Rab and Shahjahan Siraj. Its armed wing, Gonobahini, led by Colonel Abu Taher and Hasanul Haq Inu, began an armed campaign against the government of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in order to establish scientific socialism and a Marxist state.^[10]

Political killings

Anthony Mascarenhas states that by the end of 1973, the number of politically motivated murders in Bangladesh after independence was over 2000. The victims included some members of parliament and many of the murders were resulted of intra-party conflicts within the Awami League.^[4] The Gonobahini also killed numerous Bangladesh Chhatra League and Awami League members.^[5]

On the other hand, Maoists such as Siraj Sikder of the Purba Banglar Sarbahara Party and Abdul Haq began attacking the government and people whom they considered "class enemies".^[11]^[12]

The government responded by forming the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini. Anthony Mascarenhas claimed that within three years, deaths of mostly Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal members reached 30,000, all of which were killed by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini. ^[4]

End of insurgency

After being de facto ruler of the nation, Ziaur Rahman realized that the disorder set off by the soldiers' mutiny had to be suppressed firmly if discipline was to be restored in the army. Ziaur Rahman declared martial law, cracked down on the Jatiyo Samajtantrik Dal, Abu Taher was sentenced to death and other party figures had various terms of imprisonment slapped on them.^[12]

Legacy

Human Rights Watch states that institutionalized violence committed by the Jatiya Rakkhi Bahini during the insurgency, established the culture of impunity and widespread prevalence of abuses by security forces in independent Bangladesh.^[7]

Notes

^ During Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed's military junta and Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's interim government
^ Non-BJSL aligned trade unionists were considered enemies by the BAKSAL regime
^ Arrested in January 1975 for "misappropriation of funds"
^ Sentenced to death in absentia
^ Executed in 2020
^ Executed in 2010
^ Sentenced to death in absentia
^ Tajuddin Ahmed, Muhammad Mansur Ali, Syed Nazrul Islam, Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Khaled Mosharraf, A. T. M. Haider, and Khondkar Nazmul Huda
^ Abu Taher, Syed Faruque Rahman, Abdul Majed, A. K. M. Mohiuddin Ahmed, Bazlul Huda, and Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan
^ On 24 November 1975

References

^ "Those who protested that day". en.banglainsider.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Ahamed, Emajuddin (2004). "The Military and Democracy in Bangladesh" (PDF). In May, R. J.; Selochan, Viberto (eds.). The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific. Sydney: Australian National University Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 1-9209420-0-9.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Fair, Christine C.; Riaz, Ali (2010). Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh. Routledge. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-136-92624-2.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-340-39420-5.
^ ^a ^b "JS sees debate over role of Gono Bahini". The Daily Star. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2015.
^ "Rizvi now blasts Inu at press briefing". The Daily Star. UNB. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b "Ignoring Executions and Torture : Impunity for Bangladesh's Security Forces" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2013.
^ রক্ষীবাহিনীর নৃশংসতা মধ্যযুগীয় বর্বরতাকেও হার মানিয়েছিল. Amar Desh (in Bengali). 16 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011.
^ Chowdhury, Atif (18 February 2013). "Bangladesh: Baptism By Fire". Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 July 2016.
^ Hossain, Kazi Mobarak (13 March 2016). "Hasanul Haq Inu's JaSoD splits as he names Shirin general secretary". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 11 July 2016.
^ Alim, Syed Fattahul (1 February 2012). "Has Left Politics any Future?". Forum. Vol. 6, no. 2. The Daily Star. Retrieved 13 July 2016.
^ ^a ^b Ahsan, Syed Badrul (7 July 2015). "Bourgeois dreams of socialist revolution". The Daily Observer. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

[1] During Khondaker Mostaq Ahmed's military junta and Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's interim government

[3] Non-BJSL aligned trade unionists were considered enemies by the BAKSAL regime

[5] Arrested in January 1975 for "misappropriation of funds"

[6] Sentenced to death in absentia

[7] Executed in 2020

[8] Executed in 2010

[9] Sentenced to death in absentia

[11] Tajuddin Ahmed, Muhammad Mansur Ali, Syed Nazrul Islam, Abul Hasnat Muhammad Qamaruzzaman, Khaled Mosharraf, A. T. M. Haider, and Khondkar Nazmul Huda

[13] Abu Taher, Syed Faruque Rahman, Abdul Majed, A. K. M. Mohiuddin Ahmed, Bazlul Huda, and Sultan Shahriar Rashid Khan

[14] On 24 November 1975

[2] "Those who protested that day". en.banglainsider.com. Archived from the original on 12 January 2019. Retrieved 10 December 2024.

[Ahamed2014-4] Ahamed, Emajuddin (2004). "The Military and Democracy in Bangladesh" (PDF). In May, R. J.; Selochan, Viberto (eds.). The Military and Democracy in Asia and the Pacific. Sydney: Australian National University Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN 1-9209420-0-9.

[Fair2010-10] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Fair, Christine C.; Riaz, Ali (2010). Political Islam and Governance in Bangladesh. Routledge. pp. 30–31. ISBN 978-1-136-92624-2.

[Mascarenhas1986-12] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Mascarenhas, Anthony (1986). Bangladesh: A Legacy of Blood. London: Hodder and Stoughton. p. 37. ISBN 978-0-340-39420-5.

[ds4Jul2014-15] "JS sees debate over role of Gono Bahini". The Daily Star. 4 July 2014. Retrieved 13 July 2015.

[16] "Rizvi now blasts Inu at press briefing". The Daily Star. UNB. 15 June 2016. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

[hrw-17] "Ignoring Executions and Torture : Impunity for Bangladesh's Security Forces" (PDF). Human Rights Watch. 18 March 2009. Retrieved 16 August 2013.

[18] রক্ষীবাহিনীর নৃশংসতা মধ্যযুগীয় বর্বরতাকেও হার মানিয়েছিল. Amar Desh (in Bengali). 16 January 2011. Archived from the original on 17 January 2011.

[19] Chowdhury, Atif (18 February 2013). "Bangladesh: Baptism By Fire". Huffington Post. Retrieved 12 July 2016.

[20] Hossain, Kazi Mobarak (13 March 2016). "Hasanul Haq Inu's JaSoD splits as he names Shirin general secretary". Dhaka Tribune. Retrieved 11 July 2016.

[21] Alim, Syed Fattahul (1 February 2012). "Has Left Politics any Future?". Forum. Vol. 6, no. 2. The Daily Star. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

[obs7Jul2015-22] Ahsan, Syed Badrul (7 July 2015). "Bourgeois dreams of socialist revolution". The Daily Observer. Retrieved 13 July 2016.

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1972–1975 Bangladesh insurgency

Background

Political killings

End of insurgency

Legacy

Notes

References

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