1992 United States presidential election in Georgia
1992 United States presidential election in Georgia Turnout 47%
County Results
Clinton
30–40%
40–50%
50–60%
60–70%
70–80%
Bush
30–40%
40–50%
50–60%
Tie
43.87% Clinton & Bush
The 1992 United States presidential election in Georgia took place on November 3, 1992, and was part of the 1992 United States presidential election . Voters chose 13 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College , who voted for president and vice president .
Georgia was won by Governor Bill Clinton (D -AR ). The presidential contest in Georgia was the closest of any state that year, with Clinton winning 43.47% to 42.88% over Incumbent President George H. W. Bush (R -TX ) by a thin margin of 0.59%. This made it the first time that Georgia had voted Democratic since 1980 , when it voted for Jimmy Carter , who was the former Governor. The state flipped back into the Republican column in 1996 and stayed there until 2020 .[ 1] From the mid-1960s into the 1990s, Georgia was a swing state in presidential elections, but also a state where Democrats generally dominated at the state and local level. Billionaire businessman Ross Perot (I -TX ) finished in third, with a significant 13.34% of the popular vote.[ 2]
Background
Georgia gave the Democratic nominee John F. Kennedy his second best result in the 1960 election , but the state broke away from the Democrats by voting for Republican nominee Barry Goldwater in 1964 and American Independent nominee George Wallace in 1968 . Democratic nominee Jimmy Carter his home state of Georgia in 1976 and 1980 . The Republican nominee won Georgia in the 1984 and 1988 presidential elections .[ 3]
Wyche Fowler defeated incumbent Republican U.S. Senator Mack Mattingly in the 1986 election .[ 4] In 1988, the Democrats retained control of the state legislature and nine of the state's ten seats in the U.S. House of Representatives despite losing the state in the presidential election.[ 5]
In September 1991, Governor Zell Miller proposed that Georgia's primaries should be held on March 3, 1992, one week ahead of Super Tuesday , in order to not be overshadowed by larger states. The state legislature approved this idea in January 1992.[ 6]
Primary
Democratic
Bill Clinton was endorsed by U.S. Senator Sam Nunn , Miller, Speaker of the Georgia House of Representatives Tom Murphy , and other major Democratic figures in the state. Miller introduced Clinton to Paul Begala , who managed Miller's 1990 gubernatorial campaign, and James Carville . Bob Kerrey had the support of Secretary of State Max Cleland and Agricultural Commissioner Tommy Irvin .[ 7]
Jesse Jackson won Georgia in the 1988 Democratic primary and Clinton was suffering from a lack of support among black voters. Around 10% of black voters in the south supported him in January 1992, compared to 34% for Jerry Brown . Clinton was endorsed by U.S. Representative John Lewis , Mayor Maynard Jackson , and former Mayor Andrew Young .[ 8] Mike Thurmond , the chair of the Legislative Black Caucus, supported Paul Tsongas .[ 9]
Tsongas spent $122,295 in the Atlanta media market compared to Clinton's $115,740. Brown only paid for ads on cable television.[ 9]
Clinton placed first in 158 of the state's 159 counties. He received 52% of the white vote, had a five to one margin with black voters compared to Tsongas, and won 80% of high school dropouts.[ 10] Kerry withdrew after the primary on March 5, and Tom Harkin on March 9.[ 11]
Republican
Pat Buchanan focused more on the Georgia primary rather than the ones occurring in Maryland and Colorado on the same day. Buchanan spent $387,723 on television ads in the state compared to George H. W. Bush 's $216,053. Buchanan received 44–47% of the male vote and around 25% of female voters. 86% of his supporters stated that they voted for him to send a message to Bush.[ 12]
General
137,182 signatures were required for Ross Perot to appear on the ballot. His supporters submitted the signatures on June 27, and they were certified on August 31.[ 13]
The vice presidential debate was hosted in Atlanta on October 13.[ 14]
As of the 2020 presidential election , this is the last time that Democrats would carry Pickens , Franklin , Lumpkin , Morgan , Lincoln , Brantley , Bacon , Worth , Bleckley , Monroe , Jeff Davis , Jones , Candler , Haralson , and Laurens counties.[ 15] Ware County was tied, making this the last time it did not vote Republican, and the last time any county in the United States was tied between the Democratic and Republican parties.[ 15]
The Republicans won in the concurrent U.S. Senate election . Their seat total in the Georgia House of Representatives rose from 34 to 50 and in the Georgia State Senate from 11 to 13.[ 16]
Results
Results by county
County
Bill Clinton Democratic
George H.W. Bush Republican
Ross Perot Independent
Andre Marrou Libertarian
Margin
Total votes cast
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
#
%
Appling
2,455
40.73%
2,514
41.71%
1,047
17.37%
11
0.18%
-59
-0.98%
6,027
Atkinson
1,056
48.33%
779
35.65%
342
15.65%
8
0.37%
277
12.68%
2,185
Bacon
1,423
42.67%
1,301
39.01%
604
18.11%
7
0.21%
122
3.66%
3,335
Baker
864
58.86%
391
26.63%
210
14.31%
3
0.20%
473
32.23%
1,468
Baldwin
5,813
49.31%
4,262
36.16%
1,679
14.24%
34
0.29%
1,551
13.15%
11,788
Banks
1,530
41.68%
1,551
42.25%
583
15.88%
7
0.19%
-21
-0.57%
3,671
Barrow
3,991
39.98%
4,328
43.36%
1,633
16.36%
30
0.30%
-337
-3.38%
9,982
Bartow
6,675
39.29%
7,742
45.57%
2,500
14.71%
73
0.43%
-1,067
-6.28%
16,990
Ben Hill
2,348
52.60%
1,476
33.06%
619
13.87%
21
0.47%
872
19.54%
4,464
Berrien
2,103
46.29%
1,637
36.03%
796
17.52%
7
0.15%
466
10.26%
4,543
Bibb
28,070
51.93%
19,847
36.72%
6,021
11.14%
111
0.21%
8,223
15.21%
54,049
Bleckley
1,710
43.23%
1,570
39.69%
662
16.73%
14
0.35%
140
3.54%
3,956
Brantley
1,883
44.06%
1,541
36.06%
840
19.65%
10
0.23%
342
8.00%
4,274
Brooks
1,895
43.92%
1,779
41.23%
630
14.60%
11
0.25%
116
2.69%
4,315
Bryan
2,031
34.26%
2,789
47.05%
1,095
18.47%
13
0.22%
-758
-12.79%
5,928
Bulloch
4,903
38.78%
5,690
45.00%
2,020
15.98%
31
0.25%
-787
-6.22%
12,644
Burke
3,647
53.17%
2,390
34.84%
807
11.77%
15
0.22%
1,257
18.33%
6,859
Butts
2,448
50.46%
1,768
36.45%
619
12.76%
16
0.33%
680
14.01%
4,851
Calhoun
1,301
64.47%
464
22.99%
248
12.29%
5
0.25%
837
41.48%
2,018
Camden
2,952
38.99%
3,517
46.45%
1,077
14.22%
26
0.34%
-565
-7.46%
7,572
Candler
1,192
43.27%
1,014
36.81%
541
19.64%
8
0.29%
178
6.46%
2,755
Carroll
8,404
37.21%
10,750
47.60%
3,358
14.87%
74
0.33%
-2,346
-10.39%
22,586
Catoosa
4,817
32.70%
7,599
51.59%
2,290
15.55%
25
0.17%
-2,782
-18.89%
14,731
Charlton
1,127
38.97%
1,333
46.09%
427
14.76%
5
0.17%
-206
-7.12%
2,892
Chatham
31,533
43.75%
31,925
44.30%
8,269
11.47%
342
0.47%
-392
-0.55%
72,069
Chattahoochee
604
50.42%
413
34.47%
177
14.77%
4
0.33%
191
15.95%
1,198
Chattooga
2,976
46.47%
2,439
38.09%
965
15.07%
24
0.37%
537
8.38%
6,404
Cherokee
8,113
27.77%
16,054
54.95%
4,950
16.94%
97
0.33%
-7,941
-27.18%
29,214
Clarke
15,403
53.12%
10,459
36.07%
2,987
10.30%
149
0.51%
4,944
17.05%
28,998
Clay
778
65.00%
264
22.06%
155
12.95%
0
0.00%
514
42.94%
1,197
Clayton
25,890
44.65%
23,965
41.33%
7,942
13.70%
192
0.33%
1,925
3.32%
57,989
Clinch
759
41.32%
790
43.00%
286
15.57%
2
0.11%
-31
-1.68%
1,837
Cobb
63,960
32.45%
103,734
52.62%
28,747
14.58%
690
0.35%
-39,774
-20.17%
197,131
Coffee
3,275
39.27%
3,778
45.31%
1,256
15.06%
30
0.36%
-503
-6.04%
8,339
Colquitt
3,891
37.86%
4,680
45.54%
1,682
16.37%
23
0.22%
-789
-7.68%
10,276
Columbia
7,115
25.23%
16,657
59.07%
4,379
15.53%
49
0.17%
-9,542
-33.84%
28,200
Cook
1,731
48.02%
1,318
36.56%
537
14.90%
19
0.53%
413
11.46%
3,605
Coweta
7,093
34.51%
9,814
47.75%
3,587
17.45%
59
0.29%
-2,721
-13.24%
20,553
Crawford
1,648
51.78%
974
30.60%
549
17.25%
12
0.38%
674
21.18%
3,183
Crisp
2,610
45.72%
2,253
39.46%
823
14.42%
23
0.40%
357
6.26%
5,709
Dade
1,782
37.09%
2,191
45.61%
823
17.13%
8
0.17%
-409
-8.52%
4,804
Dawson
1,399
35.95%
1,696
43.58%
790
20.30%
7
0.18%
-297
-7.63%
3,892
Decatur
3,198
43.11%
3,142
42.35%
1,068
14.40%
11
0.15%
56
0.76%
7,419
DeKalb
124,559
57.82%
70,282
32.62%
19,741
9.16%
853
0.40%
54,277
25.20%
215,435
Dodge
3,002
47.82%
2,287
36.43%
978
15.58%
11
0.18%
715
11.39%
6,278
Dooly
1,993
58.84%
1,034
30.53%
350
10.33%
10
0.30%
959
28.31%
3,387
Dougherty
15,236
49.26%
12,455
40.27%
3,178
10.27%
62
0.20%
2,781
8.99%
30,931
Douglas
8,869
33.27%
13,349
50.08%
4,362
16.36%
77
0.29%
-4,480
-16.81%
26,657
Early
1,970
47.55%
1,457
35.17%
652
15.74%
64
1.54%
513
12.38%
4,143
Echols
312
34.25%
361
39.63%
238
26.13%
0
0.00%
-49
-5.38%
911
Effingham
2,690
33.78%
3,814
47.90%
1,443
18.12%
16
0.20%
-1,124
-14.12%
7,963
Elbert
3,025
49.05%
2,372
38.46%
757
12.28%
13
0.21%
653
10.59%
6,167
Emanuel
2,951
45.93%
2,662
41.43%
755
11.75%
57
0.89%
289
4.50%
6,425
Evans
1,230
41.55%
1,244
42.03%
480
16.22%
6
0.20%
-14
-0.48%
2,960
Fannin
2,902
40.33%
3,255
45.24%
1,028
14.29%
10
0.14%
-353
-4.91%
7,195
Fayette
8,430
26.60%
17,576
55.47%
5,598
17.67%
83
0.26%
-9,146
-28.87%
31,687
Floyd
11,614
41.69%
12,378
44.43%
3,779
13.56%
89
0.32%
-764
-2.74%
27,860
Forsyth
4,936
28.89%
8,652
50.64%
3,453
20.21%
45
0.26%
-3,716
-21.75%
17,086
Franklin
2,505
42.29%
2,391
40.37%
1,014
17.12%
13
0.22%
114
1.92%
5,923
Fulton
147,459
57.29%
85,451
33.20%
23,578
9.16%
921
0.36%
62,008
24.09%
257,409
Gilmer
2,311
39.25%
2,661
45.19%
879
14.93%
37
0.63%
-350
-5.94%
5,888
Glascock
316
31.19%
516
50.94%
180
17.77%
1
0.10%
-200
-19.75%
1,013
Glynn
8,581
37.42%
11,242
49.02%
3,053
13.31%
56
0.24%
-2,661
-11.60%
22,932
Gordon
4,103
36.59%
5,265
46.95%
1,818
16.21%
27
0.24%
-1,162
-10.36%
11,213
Grady
2,520
41.77%
2,370
39.28%
1,126
18.66%
17
0.28%
150
2.49%
6,033
Greene
2,259
55.67%
1,307
32.21%
483
11.90%
9
0.22%
952
23.46%
4,058
Gwinnett
44,253
29.39%
81,822
54.34%
23,926
15.89%
575
0.38%
-37,569
-24.95%
150,576
Habersham
3,098
33.92%
4,569
50.02%
1,444
15.81%
23
0.25%
-1,471
-16.10%
9,134
Hall
11,214
34.58%
16,108
49.67%
5,043
15.55%
68
0.21%
-4,894
-15.09%
32,433
Hancock
2,461
77.95%
506
16.03%
189
5.99%
1
0.03%
1,955
61.92%
3,157
Haralson
3,281
43.05%
3,142
41.23%
1,167
15.31%
31
0.41%
139
1.82%
7,621
Harris
2,679
38.49%
3,316
47.64%
954
13.71%
11
0.16%
-637
-9.15%
6,960
Hart
3,614
47.50%
2,607
34.26%
1,376
18.08%
12
0.16%
1,007
13.24%
7,609
Heard
1,456
44.49%
1,190
36.36%
617
18.85%
10
0.31%
266
8.13%
3,273
Henry
7,817
32.19%
12,634
52.03%
3,769
15.52%
64
0.26%
-4,817
-19.84%
24,284
Houston
12,270
37.47%
14,119
43.11%
6,263
19.12%
96
0.29%
-1,849
-5.64%
32,748
Irwin
1,366
48.44%
973
34.50%
465
16.49%
16
0.57%
393
13.94%
2,820
Jackson
3,792
41.37%
3,976
43.38%
1,381
15.07%
16
0.17%
-184
-2.01%
9,165
Jasper
1,485
49.12%
1,153
38.14%
373
12.34%
12
0.40%
332
10.98%
3,023
Jeff Davis
2,031
41.01%
1,947
39.32%
958
19.35%
16
0.32%
84
1.69%
4,952
Jefferson
3,220
53.77%
2,077
34.68%
685
11.44%
7
0.12%
1,143
19.09%
5,989
Jenkins
1,401
51.36%
929
34.05%
394
14.44%
4
0.15%
472
17.31%
2,728
Johnson
1,473
44.70%
1,314
39.88%
502
15.24%
6
0.18%
159
4.82%
3,295
Jones
3,338
45.86%
2,770
38.05%
1,159
15.92%
12
0.16%
568
7.81%
7,279
Lamar
2,065
46.83%
1,707
38.71%
600
13.61%
38
0.86%
358
8.12%
4,410
Lanier
811
47.34%
600
35.03%
298
17.40%
4
0.23%
211
12.31%
1,713
Laurens
6,184
43.99%
6,146
43.72%
1,602
11.39%
127
0.90%
38
0.27%
14,059
Lee
1,811
30.65%
3,061
51.81%
1,024
17.33%
12
0.20%
-1,250
-21.16%
5,908
Liberty
3,853
48.80%
2,832
35.87%
1,176
14.90%
34
0.43%
1,021
12.93%
7,895
Lincoln
1,327
44.86%
1,149
38.84%
479
16.19%
3
0.10%
178
6.02%
2,958
Long
874
44.66%
719
36.74%
355
18.14%
9
0.46%
155
7.92%
1,957
Lowndes
9,019
40.64%
10,276
46.30%
2,864
12.91%
33
0.15%
-1,257
-5.66%
22,192
Lumpkin
2,010
39.91%
1,972
39.16%
1,035
20.55%
19
0.38%
38
0.75%
5,036
McDuffie
2,640
40.82%
2,955
45.69%
860
13.30%
13
0.20%
-315
-4.87%
6,468
McIntosh
1,925
54.73%
1,027
29.20%
550
15.64%
15
0.43%
898
25.53%
3,517
Macon
2,491
65.45%
944
24.80%
363
9.54%
8
0.21%
1,547
40.65%
3,806
Madison
2,393
34.72%
3,351
48.61%
1,129
16.38%
20
0.29%
-958
-13.89%
6,893
Marion
1,145
55.69%
711
34.58%
198
9.63%
2
0.10%
434
21.11%
2,056
Meriwether
4,002
54.67%
2,364
32.30%
942
12.87%
12
0.16%
1,638
22.37%
7,320
Miller
934
42.13%
826
37.26%
455
20.52%
2
0.09%
108
4.87%
2,217
Mitchell
3,052
52.67%
1,917
33.08%
818
14.12%
8
0.14%
1,135
19.59%
5,795
Monroe
2,774
44.97%
2,423
39.28%
949
15.39%
22
0.36%
351
5.69%
6,168
Montgomery
1,185
45.28%
1,009
38.56%
416
15.90%
7
0.27%
176
6.72%
2,617
Morgan
2,057
46.17%
1,797
40.34%
596
13.38%
5
0.11%
260
5.83%
4,455
Murray
2,764
38.31%
3,256
45.13%
1,186
16.44%
8
0.11%
-492
-6.82%
7,214
Muscogee
25,476
49.68%
21,386
41.70%
4,327
8.44%
91
0.18%
4,090
7.98%
51,280
Newton
5,811
42.54%
5,804
42.49%
1,998
14.63%
46
0.34%
7
0.05%
13,659
Oconee
2,745
33.99%
4,125
51.08%
1,182
14.64%
24
0.30%
-1,380
-17.09%
8,076
Oglethorpe
1,491
40.26%
1,590
42.94%
620
16.74%
2
0.05%
-99
-2.68%
3,703
Paulding
5,212
34.54%
7,180
47.59%
2,654
17.59%
42
0.28%
-1,968
-13.05%
15,088
Peach
3,677
52.73%
2,327
33.37%
947
13.58%
22
0.32%
1,350
19.36%
6,973
Pickens
2,359
41.04%
2,332
40.57%
1,037
18.04%
20
0.35%
27
0.47%
5,748
Pierce
1,852
41.41%
1,899
42.46%
708
15.83%
13
0.29%
-47
-1.05%
4,472
Pike
1,651
40.23%
1,822
44.40%
623
15.18%
8
0.19%
-171
-4.17%
4,104
Polk
4,872
45.67%
4,158
38.98%
1,598
14.98%
40
0.37%
714
6.69%
10,668
Pulaski
1,756
50.88%
1,075
31.15%
614
17.79%
6
0.17%
681
19.73%
3,451
Putnam
2,149
45.78%
1,756
37.41%
775
16.51%
14
0.30%
393
8.37%
4,694
Quitman
523
56.72%
284
30.80%
113
12.26%
2
0.22%
239
25.92%
922
Rabun
1,878
40.63%
1,902
41.15%
825
17.85%
17
0.37%
-24
-0.52%
4,622
Randolph
1,756
59.34%
887
29.98%
315
10.65%
1
0.03%
869
29.36%
2,959
Richmond
28,910
48.57%
24,227
40.70%
6,290
10.57%
96
0.16%
4,683
7.87%
59,523
Rockdale
7,003
30.86%
11,945
52.64%
3,664
16.15%
78
0.34%
-4,942
-21.78%
22,690
Schley
601
46.37%
511
39.43%
180
13.89%
4
0.31%
90
6.94%
1,296
Screven
1,940
44.43%
1,705
39.05%
709
16.24%
12
0.27%
235
5.38%
4,366
Seminole
1,193
47.36%
850
33.74%
468
18.58%
8
0.32%
343
13.62%
2,519
Spalding
6,392
40.63%
7,262
46.15%
2,044
12.99%
36
0.23%
-870
-5.52%
15,734
Stephens
2,976
35.04%
4,047
47.65%
1,448
17.05%
22
0.26%
-1,071
-12.61%
8,493
Stewart
1,540
52.94%
1,186
40.77%
175
6.02%
8
0.28%
354
12.17%
2,909
Sumter
4,489
48.96%
3,616
39.44%
1,046
11.41%
17
0.19%
873
9.52%
9,168
Talbot
1,768
65.92%
671
25.02%
238
8.87%
5
0.19%
1,097
40.90%
2,682
Taliaferro
755
68.26%
269
24.32%
80
7.23%
2
0.18%
486
43.94%
1,106
Tattnall
2,360
39.72%
2,566
43.18%
996
16.76%
20
0.34%
-206
-3.46%
5,942
Taylor
1,508
52.51%
1,078
37.53%
281
9.78%
5
0.17%
430
14.98%
2,872
Telfair
2,238
53.39%
1,324
31.58%
613
14.62%
17
0.41%
914
21.81%
4,192
Terrell
1,942
55.90%
1,143
32.90%
384
11.05%
5
0.14%
799
23.00%
3,474
Thomas
4,841
40.52%
5,500
46.03%
1,591
13.32%
16
0.13%
-659
-5.51%
11,948
Tift
3,930
41.07%
4,485
46.87%
1,139
11.90%
15
0.16%
-555
-5.80%
9,569
Toombs
2,648
35.35%
3,609
48.18%
1,210
16.15%
23
0.31%
-961
-12.83%
7,490
Towns
1,487
40.15%
1,674
45.19%
537
14.50%
6
0.16%
-187
-5.04%
3,704
Treutlen
1,116
47.61%
898
38.31%
318
13.57%
12
0.51%
218
9.30%
2,344
Troup
6,412
37.63%
8,118
47.64%
2,488
14.60%
21
0.12%
-1,706
-10.01%
17,039
Turner
1,669
55.19%
936
30.95%
370
12.24%
49
1.62%
733
24.24%
3,024
Twiggs
2,097
61.82%
853
25.15%
432
12.74%
10
0.29%
1,244
36.67%
3,392
Union
2,304
40.74%
2,533
44.78%
804
14.21%
15
0.27%
-229
-4.04%
5,656
Upson
3,740
41.55%
4,053
45.03%
1,186
13.18%
22
0.24%
-313
-3.48%
9,001
Walker
6,217
35.55%
8,489
48.54%
2,748
15.71%
34
0.19%
-2,272
-12.99%
17,488
Walton
4,821
38.91%
5,619
45.35%
1,923
15.52%
28
0.23%
-798
-6.44%
12,391
Ware
4,573
43.87%
4,573
43.87%
1,263
12.12%
15
0.14%
0
0.00%
10,424
Warren
1,239
56.97%
751
34.53%
180
8.28%
5
0.23%
488
22.44%
2,175
Washington
3,508
52.16%
2,384
35.45%
820
12.19%
13
0.19%
1,124
16.71%
6,725
Wayne
3,052
40.41%
3,381
44.77%
1,107
14.66%
12
0.16%
-329
-4.36%
7,552
Webster
600
65.86%
208
22.83%
103
11.31%
0
0.00%
392
43.03%
911
Wheeler
880
51.80%
601
35.37%
214
12.60%
4
0.24%
279
16.43%
1,699
White
1,756
33.58%
2,477
47.37%
981
18.76%
15
0.29%
-721
-13.79%
5,229
Whitfield
7,335
32.98%
12,003
53.97%
2,866
12.89%
35
0.16%
-4,668
-20.99%
22,239
Wilcox
1,365
50.13%
916
33.64%
433
15.90%
9
0.33%
449
16.49%
2,723
Wilkes
1,955
49.34%
1,535
38.74%
464
11.71%
8
0.20%
420
10.60%
3,962
Wilkinson
2,286
56.14%
1,232
30.26%
520
12.77%
34
0.83%
1,054
25.88%
4,072
Worth
2,578
44.17%
2,344
40.16%
905
15.50%
10
0.17%
234
4.01%
5,837
Totals
1,008,966
43.47%
995,252
42.88%
309,657
13.34%
7,258
0.31%
13,714
0.59%
2,321,133
Counties that flipped from Republican to Democratic
Notes
^ a b c d e These write-in votes were not separated by county but given only as a state-wide total.[ 17]
References
^ a b "1992 Presidential General Election Results — Georgia" . Dave Leip’s U.S. Election Atlas.
^ "1992 Presidential Election results" . sos.Georgia.gov .
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , pp. 39–40.
^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991 , p. 58.
^ Moreland, Steed & Baker 1991 , p. 69.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , p. 41.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , pp. 11–12, 41.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , pp. 12–13.
^ a b Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , p. 42.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , pp. 13–14.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , pp. 13, 18.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , pp. 14–15, 42.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , p. 44.
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , p. 43.
^ a b Sullivan, Robert David; ‘How the Red and Blue Map Evolved Over the Past Century’ ; America Magazine in The National Catholic Review ; June 29, 2016
^ Steed, Moreland & Baker 1994 , p. 48.
^ "GA US President Race, November 03, 1992" . Our Campaigns.
Works cited