51st Academy Awards

51st Academy Awards
51st Academy Awards
	Official poster
Date	April 9, 1979
Site	Dorothy Chandler Pavilion; Los Angeles, California, U.S.
Hosted by	Johnny Carson
Produced by	Jack Haley Jr.
Directed by	Marty Pasetta
Highlights
Best Picture	The Deer Hunter
Most awards	The Deer Hunter (5)
Most nominations	The Deer Hunter and Heaven Can Wait (9)
TV in the United States
Network	ABC
Duration	3 hours, 25 minutes
Ratings	46.3 million; 34.6 (Nielsen ratings)
	← 50th; Academy Awards; 52nd →;

The 51st Academy Awards ceremony, organized by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), honored films released in 1978 and took place on April 9, 1979, at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles, beginning at 7:00 p.m. PST / 10:00 p.m. EST. During the ceremony, AMPAS presented Academy Awards (commonly referred to as Oscars) in 23 categories. The ceremony, televised in the United States by ABC, was produced by Jack Haley Jr. and directed by Marty Pasetta.^[4] Comedian and talk show host Johnny Carson hosted the show for the first time.^[5] Three days earlier, in a ceremony held at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills, California, the Academy Awards for Technical Achievement were presented by hosts Gregory Peck and Christopher Reeve.^[6]

The Deer Hunter won five awards at the main awards ceremony, including Best Picture.^[7] Other winners included Coming Home with three awards, Midnight Express with two, and The Buddy Holly Story, California Suite, Days of Heaven, Death on the Nile, The Flight of the Gossamer Condor, Get Out Your Handkerchiefs, Heaven Can Wait, Scared Straight!, Special Delivery, Superman, Teenage Father, and Thank God It's Friday with one. The telecast was watched by 46.3 million viewers and earned a 34.6 Nielsen rating in the United States.^[2]^[3]

Ceremony

The ceremony, held at the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Downtown Los Angeles, was hosted by late-night talk host Johnny Carson for the first time.^[8] Jack Elliott and Allyn Ferguson served as musical directors for the telecast.^[9] Singers Sammy Davis Jr. and Steve Lawrence performed a medley called "Oscar's Only Human," which was composed of movie songs that were not nominated for Best Original Song.^[10] Initially, the academy's music branch protested the segment and urged that it be dropped from the ceremony, but it was kept after Haley threatened to leave his position as producer and pull Carson from emcee duties.^[11]

It is also remembered for being the final public appearance of Oscar-winning actor John Wayne, where he was given a standing ovation before presenting the award for Best Picture.^[12] On June 11, two months after the ceremony, he died from complications from stomach cancer at age 72.^[12]^[13] This was also the final public appearance for Jack Haley, the father of producer Jack Haley Jr., who presented the Best Costume Design with his Wizard of Oz co-star Ray Bolger.^[14]

Winners and nominees

The nominees for the 51st Academy Awards were announced on February 20, 1979, by Academy president Howard W. Koch and actress Susan Blakely.^[15]^[16] The Deer Hunter and Heaven Can Wait tied for the most nominations with nine each.^[17] The winners were announced during the awards ceremony on April 9.^[18] Best Director nominees Warren Beatty and Buck Henry became the second pair of directors nominated in that category for the same film; Jerome Robbins and Robert Wise had won for co-directing 1961's West Side Story.^[19] Furthermore, Beatty was the first person to earn acting, directing, producing, and screenwriting nominations for the same film. While Orson Welles had previously achieved the same feat for Citizen Kane, rules at the time determined that the studio releasing the film, as opposed to the individual producers, were the official nominees for Best Picture.^[20]^[21] With Jon Voight and Jane Fonda's respective wins in the Best Actor and Best Actress categories, Coming Home was the fourth film to win both lead acting awards.^[22] Best Supporting Actress winner Maggie Smith became the only person to win an Oscar for playing an Oscar loser in California Suite.^[22]

Awards

Michael Cimino, Best Picture co-winner and Best Director winner

Jon Voight, Best Actor winner

Jane Fonda, Best Actress winner

Christopher Walken, Best Supporting Actor winner

Maggie Smith, Best Supporting Actress winner

Oliver Stone, Best Adapted Screenplay winner

Taylor Hackford, Best Live Action Short Film winner

Giorgio Moroder, Best Original Score winner

Paul Jabara, Best Original Song winner

Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface and indicated with a double dagger (‡).^[23]

Best Picture The Deer Hunter – Barry Spikings, Michael Deeley, Michael Cimino and John Peverall, producers‡ Coming Home - Jerome Hellman, producer Heaven Can Wait – Warren Beatty, producer Midnight Express – Alan Marshall and David Puttnam, producers An Unmarried Woman - Paul Mazursky and Anthony Ray, producers	Best Director Michael Cimino – The Deer Hunter‡ Hal Ashby – Coming Home Warren Beatty and Buck Henry – Heaven Can Wait Woody Allen – Interiors Alan Parker – Midnight Express
Best Actor *Jon Voight – Coming Home* as Luke Martin*‡ Warren Beatty – Heaven Can Wait* as Joe Pendleton/Leo Farnsworth/Tom Jarrett Gary Busey – The Buddy Holly Story as Buddy Holly Robert De Niro – The Deer Hunter as Sergeant Michael "Mike" Vronsky Laurence Olivier – The Boys from Brazil as Ezra Lieberman	Best Actress *Jane Fonda – Coming Home* as Sally Hyde*‡ Ingrid Bergman – Autumn Sonata* as Charlotte Andergast Ellen Burstyn – Same Time, Next Year as Doris Jill Clayburgh – An Unmarried Woman as Erica Benton Geraldine Page – Interiors as Eve
Best Supporting Actor *Christopher Walken – The Deer Hunter* as Corporal Nikanor "Nick" Chevotarevich*‡ Bruce Dern – Coming Home* as Captain Bob Hyde Richard Farnsworth – Comes a Horseman as Dodger John Hurt – Midnight Express as Max Jack Warden – Heaven Can Wait as Max Corkle	Best Supporting Actress *Maggie Smith – California Suite* as Diana Barrie*‡ Dyan Cannon – Heaven Can Wait* as Julia Farnsworth Penelope Milford – Coming Home as Vi Munson Maureen Stapleton – Interiors as Pearl Meryl Streep – The Deer Hunter as Linda
Best Screenplay Written Directly for the Screen Coming Home – Story by Nancy Dowd; Screenplay by Waldo Salt and Robert C. Jones‡ Autumn Sonata – Ingmar Bergman The Deer Hunter – Story by Michael Cimino, Deric Washburn, Louis A. Garfinkle and Quinn Redeker; Screenplay by Deric Washburn Interiors – Woody Allen An Unmarried Woman – Paul Mazursky	Best Screenplay Based on Material from Another Medium Midnight Express – Oliver Stone based on the book by Billy Hayes and William Hoffer‡ Bloodbrothers – Walter Newman based on the novel by Richard Price California Suite – Neil Simon based on his play Heaven Can Wait – Elaine May and Warren Beatty based on the play by Harry Segall Same Time, Next Year – Bernard Slade based on his play
Best Foreign Language Film Get Out Your Handkerchiefs (France) in French – Directed by Bertrand Blier‡ The Glass Cell (West Germany) in German – Directed by Hans W. Geißendörfer Hungarians (Hungary) in Hungarian – Directed by Zoltán Fábri Viva Italia! (Italy) in Italian – Directed by Dino Risi, Ettore Scola, and Mario Monicelli White Bim Black Ear (Soviet Union) in Russian – Directed by Stanislav Rostotsky	Best Documentary Feature Scared Straight! – Arnold Shapiro‡ The Lovers' Wind (Le vent des amoureux) – Albert Lamorisse (posthumous nomination) Mysterious Castles of Clay – Alan Root Raoni – Jean-Pierre Dutilleux, Barry Hugh Williams and Michel Gast With Babies and Banners: Story of the Women's Emergency Brigade – Ann Bohlen, Lyn Goldfarb and Lorraine Gray
Best Documentary Short Subject The Flight of the Gossamer Condor – Jacqueline Phillips Shedd and Ben Shedd‡ The Divided Trail: A Native American Odyssey – Jerry Aronson An Encounter with Faces – K. K. Kapil Goodnight Miss Ann – August Cinquegrana Squires of San Quentin – J. Gary Mitchell	Best Live Action Short Film Teenage Father – Taylor Hackford‡ A Different Approach – Jim Belcher and Fern Field Mandy's Grandmother – Andrew Sugerman Strange Fruit – Seth Pinsker
Best Animated Short Film Special Delivery – Eunice Macaulay and John Weldon‡ Oh My Darling – Nico Crama Rip Van Winkle – Will Vinton	Best Original Score Midnight Express – Giorgio Moroder‡ The Boys from Brazil – Jerry Goldsmith Days of Heaven – Ennio Morricone Heaven Can Wait – Dave Grusin Superman – John Williams
Best Adaptation Score The Buddy Holly Story – Joe Renzetti‡ Pretty Baby – Jerry Wexler The Wiz – Quincy Jones	Best Original Song *"Last Dance" from Thank God It's Friday* – Music and lyrics by Paul Jabara*‡ "Hopelessly Devoted to You" from Grease* – Music and lyrics by John Farrar "The Last Time I Felt Like This" from Same Time, Next Year – Music by Marvin Hamlisch; lyrics by Alan and Marilyn Bergman "Ready to Take a Chance Again" from Foul Play – Music by Charles Fox; lyrics by Norman Gimbel "When You're Loved" from The Magic of Lassie – Music and lyrics by Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman
Best Sound The Deer Hunter – Richard Portman, William McCaughey, Aaron Rochin and Darin Knight‡ The Buddy Holly Story – Tex Rudloff, Joel Fein, Curly Thirlwell and Willie D. Burton Days of Heaven – John Wilkinson, Robert W. Glass Jr., John T. Reitz and Barry Thomas Hooper – Robert Knudson, Robert Glass, Don MacDougall and Jack Solomon Superman – Gordon McCallum, Graham V. Hartstone, Nicolas Le Messurier and Roy Charman	Best Costume Design Death on the Nile – Anthony Powell‡ Caravans – Renié Days of Heaven – Patricia Norris The Swarm – Paul Zastupnevich The Wiz – Tony Walton
Best Art Direction Heaven Can Wait – Art Direction: Paul Sylbert and Edwin O'Donovan; Set Decoration: George Gaines‡ The Brink's Job – Art Direction: Dean Tavoularis and Angelo P. Graham; Set Decoration: George R. Nelson and Bruce Kay California Suite – Art Direction: Albert Brenner; Set Decoration: Marvin March Interiors – Art Direction: Mel Bourne; Set Decoration: Daniel Robert The Wiz – Art Direction: Tony Walton and Philip Rosenberg; Set Decoration: Edward Stewart and Robert Drumheller	Best Cinematography Days of Heaven – Néstor Almendros‡ The Deer Hunter – Vilmos Zsigmond Heaven Can Wait – William A. Fraker Same Time, Next Year – Robert Surtees The Wiz – Oswald Morris
Best Film Editing The Deer Hunter – Peter Zinner‡ The Boys from Brazil – Robert E. Swink Coming Home – Don Zimmerman Midnight Express – Gerry Hambling Superman – Stuart Baird

Academy Honorary Awards

Laurence Olivier – For a remarkable career and body of work entertaining audiences through the medium of film.^[24]
Walter Lantz – For creating memorable characters in animation including Woody Woodpecker.^[25]
King Vidor – For his distinctive achievements and innovations to direction in cinema.^[26]
Museum of Modern Art Department of Film – In recognition of educating and inspiring the public regarding the artistic value of cinema.^[27]

Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award

The award recognizes individuals whose humanitarian efforts have brought credit to the motion picture industry.^[28]

Leo Jaffe^[29]

Special Achievement Award

Les Bowie, Colin Chilvers, Denys Coop, Roy Field, Derek Meddings and Zoran Perisic for the visual effects of Superman.^[30]

Multiple nominations and awards

The following fourteen films had multiple nominations:

Nominations	Film
9	The Deer Hunter
9	Heaven Can Wait
8	Coming Home
6	Midnight Express
5	Interiors
4	Days of Heaven
	Same Time, Next Year
	Superman
	The Wiz
3	The Boys from Brazil
	The Buddy Holly Story
	California Suite
	An Unmarried Woman
2	Autumn Sonata

The following three films received multiple awards.

Awards	Film
5	The Deer Hunter
3	Coming Home
2	Midnight Express

Presenters and performers

The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or performed musical numbers:^[31]

Presenters

Name(s)	Role
John Harlan	Announcer for the 51st Academy Awards
Howard W. Koch (AMPAS President)	Gave opening remarks welcoming guests to the awards ceremony
Robin Williams Woody Woodpecker	Presenters of the Honorary Award to Walter Lantz
Danny Thomas	Explained the voting rules to the public
Dyan Cannon Telly Savalas	Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actor
Maggie Smith Maureen Stapleton	Presenters of the Scientific and Technical Awards
Robby Benson Carol Lynley	Presenters of the Short Subject Awards
Mia Farrow David L. Wolper	Presenters of the Documentary Awards
Shirley Jones Ricky Schroder	Presenters of the award for Best Art Direction
Ray Bolger Jack Haley	Presenters of the award for Best Costume Design
Dom DeLuise Valerie Perrine	Presenters of the award for Best Film Editing
Steve Martin	Presenter of the award for Best Visual Effects
Margot Kidder Christopher Reeve	Presenters of the award for Best Sound
James Coburn Kim Novak	Presenters of the award for Best Cinematography
Ruby Keeler Kris Kristofferson	Presenters of the award for Best Original Song
Paul Williams	Introducer to Sammy Davis Jr. and Steve Lawrence performance
Dean Martin Raquel Welch	Presenters of the Music Awards
Gregory Peck	Presenter of the Honorary Award to the Museum of Modern Art Department of Film
Yul Brynner Natalie Wood	Presenters of the award for Best Foreign Language Film
George Burns Brooke Shields	Presenters of the award for Best Supporting Actress
Lauren Bacall Jon Voight	Presenters of the Writing Awards
Audrey Hepburn	Presenter of the Honorary Award to King Vidor
Francis Ford Coppola Ali MacGraw	Presenters of the award for Best Director
Cary Grant	Presenter of the Honorary Award to Laurence Olivier
Richard Dreyfuss Shirley MacLaine	Presenters of the award for Best Actress
Jack Valenti	Presenter of the Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award
Ginger Rogers Diana Ross	Presenters of the award for Best Actor
John Wayne	Presenter of the award for Best Picture

Performers

Name	Role	Performed
Jack Elliot	Musical arrangers	Orchestral
Allyn Ferguson	Musical arrangers	Orchestral
Olivia Newton-John	Performer	"Hopelessly Devoted to You" from Grease
Jane Olivor	Performers	"The Last Time I Felt Like This" from Same Time, Next Year
Johnny Mathis	Performers
Donna Summer	Performer	"Last Dance" from Thank God It's Friday
Debby Boone	Performer	"When You're Loved" from The Magic of Lassie
Barry Manilow	Performer	"Ready to Take a Chance Again" from Foul Play
Sammy Davis Jr.	Performers	"Not Even Nominated (Oscar's Only Human)"
Steve Lawrence	Performers	"Not Even Nominated (Oscar's Only Human)"
Academy Awards Orchestra	Performers	"That's Entertainment!" (instrumental)

References

^ Osborne 2013, p. 252
^ ^a ^b "Top-10 Most Watched Academy Awards Broadcasts". Nielsen N.V. February 18, 2009. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2015.
^ ^a ^b "New Shows Disappointing". Boca Raton News. April 20, 1979. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
^ "War Film, Comedy Head List". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Cowles Publishing Company. April 6, 1979. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
^ "Frank Won't Sing Without G Notes". Chicago Tribune. October 3, 1978. p. 136.
^ "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2013.
^ Siskel, Gene (April 10, 1979). "Oscars to Fonda, Voight, 'Hunter'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
^ Thomas, Bob (April 9, 1979). "Oscar Show-A Thankless Chore". Ludington Daily News. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2015 – via Google News Archive.
^ Osborne 2013, p. 413
^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 560
^ Pond 2005, p. 29
^ ^a ^b Osborne 2013, p. 251
^ Hammond, Pete (July 3, 2016). "How Michael Cimino's 'The Deer Hunter' Pioneered The Modern Day Oscar Campaign – And Won". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.
^ Smith, J.Y. (June 7, 1979). "Jack Haley Dies, Was Tin Man in 'The Wizard of Oz'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2020.
^ Thomas, Bob (February 21, 1979). "1978 Oscar nominees announced". San Bernardino Sun. p. C1.
^ "The Deer Hunter, Heaven Can Wait top honors Oscar nominees listed". The Globe and Mail. February 21, 1979. p. P11.
^ Grant, Lee (February 21, 1979). "Two War Films on Oscar Ballot". Los Angeles Times. p. D1.
^ Harmetz, Aljean (April 11, 1979). "2 Vietnam Films Cast Aside Ghosts on Way to Oscars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 215
^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1129
^ Emerson, Jim (February 11, 2007). "Questions for the Academy". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2016.
^ ^a ^b Osborne 2013, p. 423
^ "The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2011.
^ "Academy Awards Acceptance Speech Database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.
^ "Animator Walter Lantz, Creator of Woody Woodpecker, Is Dead". The Buffalo News. March 23, 1994. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
^ Thomas, David (Winter 2011). "The Man Who Would Be King". DGA Quarterly. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.
^ Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 217
^ "Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.
^ Schreger, Charles (February 10, 1979). "'Close Encounters' - Take Two". Los Angeles Times. p. B5.
^ Franks 2005, p. 246
^ Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 562

Bibliography

Franks, Don (2005), Entertainment Awards: A Music, Cinema, Theatre and Broadcasting Guide, 1928 through 2003 (3rd ed.), Jefferson, North Carolina, United States: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-1-5791-2396-3
Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002), The Academy Awards: The Complete Unofficial History, New York, New York, United States: Workman Publishing Company, ISBN 978-1-5791-2396-3
Osborne, Robert (2013). 85 Years of the Oscar: The Complete History of the Academy Awards. New York, New York, United States: Abbeville Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-7892-1142-2.
Pond, Steve (2005), The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, New York, New York, United States: Faber and Faber, ISBN 978-0-5712-1193-7
Wiley, Mason; Bona, Damien (1996), Inside Oscar: The Unofficial History of the Academy Awards (5 ed.), New York, New York, United States: Ballantine Books, ISBN 978-0-3454-0053-6, OCLC 779680732

External links

Official websites

Academy Awards official website
The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences official website
Oscars channel Archived February 26, 2019, at the Wayback Machine at YouTube (run by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences)

Analysis

1978 Academy Awards Winners and History Archived January 25, 2021, at the Wayback Machine Filmsite
Academy Awards, USA: 1979 Archived August 9, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Internet Movie Database

Other resources

The 51st Annual Academy Awards at IMDb

[1] Osborne 2013, p. 252

[Viewership-2] "Top-10 Most Watched Academy Awards Broadcasts". Nielsen N.V. February 18, 2009. Archived from the original on January 27, 2016. Retrieved August 25, 2015.

[Boca-3] "New Shows Disappointing". Boca Raton News. April 20, 1979. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2015 – via Google News Archive.

[4] "War Film, Comedy Head List". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Cowles Publishing Company. April 6, 1979. p. 7. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved August 24, 2015 – via Google News Archive.

[5] "Frank Won't Sing Without G Notes". Chicago Tribune. October 3, 1978. p. 136.

[6] "Past Scientific & Technical Awards Ceremonies". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on February 13, 2014. Retrieved July 31, 2013.

[7] Siskel, Gene (April 10, 1979). "Oscars to Fonda, Voight, 'Hunter'". Chicago Tribune. Archived from the original on March 8, 2016. Retrieved August 24, 2015.

[8] Thomas, Bob (April 9, 1979). "Oscar Show-A Thankless Chore". Ludington Daily News. Archived from the original on June 7, 2022. Retrieved August 25, 2015 – via Google News Archive.

[9] Osborne 2013, p. 413

[10] Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 560

[11] Pond 2005, p. 29

[NMO-12] Osborne 2013, p. 251

[13] Hammond, Pete (July 3, 2016). "How Michael Cimino's 'The Deer Hunter' Pioneered The Modern Day Oscar Campaign – And Won". Deadline Hollywood. Archived from the original on April 17, 2020. Retrieved February 19, 2021.

[14] Smith, J.Y. (June 7, 1979). "Jack Haley Dies, Was Tin Man in 'The Wizard of Oz'". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved October 31, 2020.

[15] Thomas, Bob (February 21, 1979). "1978 Oscar nominees announced". San Bernardino Sun. p. C1.

[16] "The Deer Hunter, Heaven Can Wait top honors Oscar nominees listed". The Globe and Mail. February 21, 1979. p. P11.

[17] Grant, Lee (February 21, 1979). "Two War Films on Oscar Ballot". Los Angeles Times. p. D1.

[18] Harmetz, Aljean (April 11, 1979). "2 Vietnam Films Cast Aside Ghosts on Way to Oscars". The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 12, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.

[19] Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 215

[20] Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 1129

[21] Emerson, Jim (February 11, 2007). "Questions for the Academy". Chicago Sun-Times. Archived from the original on March 13, 2017. Retrieved March 21, 2016.

[Osborne_2013_423-22] Osborne 2013, p. 423

[Oscars1979-23] "The 51st Academy Awards (1979) Nominees and Winners". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on October 17, 2014. Retrieved October 31, 2011.

[HonoraryandSpecial-24] "Academy Awards Acceptance Speech Database". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS). Archived from the original on July 16, 2020. Retrieved February 4, 2020.

[25] "Animator Walter Lantz, Creator of Woody Woodpecker, Is Dead". The Buffalo News. March 23, 1994. Archived from the original on July 17, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.

[26] Thomas, David (Winter 2011). "The Man Who Would Be King". DGA Quarterly. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved July 16, 2020.

[27] Kinn & Piazza 2002, p. 217

[28] "Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Archived from the original on November 16, 2020. Retrieved November 12, 2020.

[29] Schreger, Charles (February 10, 1979). "'Close Encounters' - Take Two". Los Angeles Times. p. B5.

[30] Franks 2005, p. 246

[MFEO-31] Wiley & Bona 1996, p. 562

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