The April 2022 North American storm complex affected much of the Rocky Mountains and the Midwestern United States with tornadoes, heavy snow, and gusty winds. The system in general first began impacting the Northwest on April 11, before moving eastward into the Rocky Mountains the following day. It was also responsible for producing a large severe weather outbreak of tornadoes and damaging straight-line wind in the Midwest and South while contributing to a powerful blizzard in the upper Midwest states of North and South Dakota.
In the upper Midwest, the system brought record-breaking snowfall and blizzard conditions to North and South Dakota and adjunct states, producing up to 3–4 feet (36–48 in) of snowfall and knocking power out to thousands and killing at least one person. The warm side of the system also knocked power out to thousands in the South and produced 74 tornadoes, with the strongest being rated EF3, and very large hail as well. One non-tornadic death was attributed to the severe weather in the South, while another non-tornadic death occurred in North Dakota when a blizzard hit the area.
Meteorological synopsis
Tornado warnings and confirmed tornadoes from April 11–14, 2022.
Signs for a severe weather outbreak, the fourth one in four weeks, became evident the day before, on April 10. The Storm Prediction Center, on their Day 2 Convective Outlook, introduced a large slight risk area, covering northeastern Texas, southeastern Oklahoma, much of Arkansas, southern portions of Missouri, and extreme western Kentucky and Tennessee. A cold front positioned itself along much of Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma, on an area with elevated moisture, leading to the rise of moderate dew points, around 65 °F (18 °C). This, combined with the expected daytime heating to occur over much of the Ark-La-Tex region, created an environment favorable for supercell initiation. Given this, the outlook introduced a large 5% contour for tornadoes. The following day, the risk was increased to an enhanced level, with this new area of higher probabilites for severe weather being placed along north-central Arkansas and extreme eastern Oklahoma. Given the presence of strong wind shear and CAPE values reaching 2500 J/kg in this area, a 10%, unhatched corridor for tornadoes was introduced, as the environment was poised to be more favorable for supercells to develop. As the afternoon advanced, even greater confidence grew that this corridor was even more favorable for sustained supercells, and a 10%, hatched risk for tornadoes, indicating the possibilities for strong tornadoes to occur, was issued along the same corridor in Arkansas and eastern Oklahoma.[2] Multiple supercell thunderstorms developed by the early evening, soon becoming tornadic. A couple of intense supercells produced a few tornadoes over west-central Arkansas. This included a large supercell that developed near Mayflower, Arkansas, producing a tornado that prompted the issuance of a tornado emergency. However, the tornado ended up only causing EF1 tree damage. Several other EF1 tornadoes touched down in the area that afternoon and evening as well, one of which caused considerable damage to trees, mobile homes, and outbuildings near Scranton.[3][4]
On the morning of April 12, the Storm Prediction Center issued a moderate risk for Iowa, including a 15% hatched risk for tornadoes. A highly sheared and unstable airmass was in place over Iowa, with CAPE values exceeding 2000 J/kg, ample low-level moisture, and significant low-level shear and helicity present. With supercell development being likely, strong tornadoes were expected. Farther south, an enhanced risk was in place over eastern Texas, with a 5% risk of tornadoes outlined for that area, along with much of Louisiana and Arkansas. Later that day, a large and strong EF2 tornado caused major damage to homes near Gilmore City, Iowa, and destroyed multiple barns and farm implements, injuring one person. Another EF2 tornado caused significant damage to a few structures near Rutland, while an EF1 tornado moved through the outskirts of Mason City, damaging some buildings there as well. In the southern threat area, a large high-end EF3 tornado destroyed multiple homes and two churches near the town of Salado, Texas, injuring 23 people. Farther north, a damaging EF2 tornado struck the town of Taopi, Minnesota, where homes had roofs and exterior walls torn off, many trees were downed, cars were flipped, and two people were injured. On April 13, the Storm Prediction Center issued another moderate risk, this time for eastern Arkansas, northern Mississippi, western Tennessee, the Missouri Bootheel, and Western Kentucky, including a 15% hatched risk area for tornadoes and a 45% hatched risk area for damaging winds. Another highly moist, unstable, and sheared environment was in place, and numerous additional tornadoes touched down across the threat area, though due to a predominantly linear storm mode, only a couple of strong tornadoes occurred, although there was widespread significant wind damage. The most significant tornado of the day impacted the rural community of Clarkdale, Mississippi, causing EF2 damage to trees and structures. Another EF2 tornado caused major tree damage near Sikes, Louisiana. Father north, several weak EF0 and EF1 tornadoes caused minor to moderate damage near the towns of Monette, Arkansas; Leachville, Arkansas; Mayfield, Kentucky; and Briensburg, Kentucky, all of which sustained severe to catastrophic damage on December 10, 2021.[5][6]
A metal barn sustained significant damage, the roof of a mobile home was damaged, a small outbuilding was destroyed, and many trees were snapped or uprooted.[9]
Numerous trees were damaged, including about 100 that were uprooted or snapped. Many of these trees landed on buildings and caused structural damage; one landed on a manufactured home and injured the occupant.[18]
A strong tornado snapped numerous power poles and caused considerable damage to farmsteads. The tornado moved along an unusual fish-hook shaped path, much like the previous EF1 tornado that occurred near Rutland.[19]
Video evidence as well as train spotter reports confirmed a brief, weak tornado over open terrain south of Interstate 80. The total path length is uncertain due to the lack of damage.[20]
A tornado embedded within a larger area of damaging straight-line winds damaged trees, destroyed a few barns and sheds, and inflicted minor damage to a home.[23]
A center pivot irrigation system was flipped, five metal farm or outbuildings had their roofs partially removed, and numerous trees were snapped or uprooted by this high-end EF1 tornado. A guest house was shifted off its foundation and destroyed. A nearby two-story single family home had a large portion of its roof removed, and a second home was also damaged.[26][27]
A weak tornado embedded within a larger area of damaging straight-line winds impacted the Louisiana State University Shreveport campus, downing trees and damaging the school's baseball and soccer fields. Elsewhere along the path, many trees were downed, including three that fell on and severely damaged mobile homes. Power poles and power lines were downed, a food stand was damaged, and several homes suffered minor shingle damage. The tornado crossed Barksdale Air Force Base, where more trees were downed and tree branches were broken, before dissipating.[28][29]
A tornado moved through the southeastern outskirts of Mason City, where several buildings damaged, including some that had their roofs blown off. An office building was heavily damaged as well.[32]
A significant tornado caused severe damage as it passed directly through the small town of Taopi. Multiple homes sustained major structural damage, with roofs removed and walls collapsed, including one home that had multiple exterior walls knocked down. Outbuildings and barns were heavily damaged or destroyed, power poles were snapped, and many trees were downed. Cars were flipped, and debris was scattered throughout the town and deposited in trees. Two people were injured.[37]
A weak tornado briefly touched town in the northwestern part of Ridgeway, where homes and a few other buildings sustained minor roof and window damage. Sheet metal debris was scattered and deposited in trees.[43]
Numerous trees were snapped or uprooted, power poles were snapped, and a truck was blown over. Many apartment buildings, homes, and businesses were damaged in town. One person was injured.[46]
A manufactured home, an outbuilding, several center pivot irrigation systems, and trees were damaged. Additional irrigation systems were rolled.[48][49]
The tornado moved over rural areas from Warren County, across southern Issaquena County, and back into Warren County. Many trees were snapped or uprooted.[52][53][54]
This tornado occurred just east of the previous Briensburg area tornado. A house sustained siding damage, and a porch roof was lifted. A chicken coop was destroyed, a barn sustained roof damage, and trees were downed as well.[60]
A weak tornado downed a couple of trees and snapped small tree limbs. It moved across runways at the Jackson–Medgar Wiley Evers International Airport, with the funnel cloud being seen from the NWS Jackson office at the airport.[65]
A very brief tornado embedded in a larger area of straight-line wind damage caused roof damage to two frail warehouse buildings in Corinth, with one also losing several walls. A metal power pole was damaged as well.[66]
A small barn was completely destroyed and others were damaged. A few homes sustained minor fascia and shingle damage, and trees were snapped or uprooted. The tornado occurred within a larger area of straight-line wind damage.[67]
This tornado caused considerable damage in the Louisville neighborhood of Fairmount. Numerous homes and apartment buildings sustained extensive roof and siding damage, including one house that had its roof blown off. Many trees were downed, a parked truck was moved from a driveway, and outbuildings were damaged.[68]
A farm outbuilding sustained damage to its metal roof, and the lean-to attachment to the structure was destroyed. A few other outbuildings, homes, greenhouses, and an orchard structure sustained damage as well. A carport was demolished, and trees were snapped or uprooted.[69]
The roof and wall of an outbuilding were damaged, with sheet metal roofing and wood tossed between 200–400 yards (180–370 m) to the north. A 2x4 was driven into the ground, and a small horse trailer was picked up and thrown.[70]
A brief, small tornado caused roof damage to a couple homes and scattered insulation into trees. A large satellite dish was thrown 20 yards (18 m) and wedged between two trees as well.[71]
A brief, small tornado caused shingle damage to a home, picked up a dog house, removed roofing and siding from a large barn, and removed the roof of a 10-by-15-foot (3.0 m × 4.6 m) metal outbuilding. Several trees were downed as well.[74]
A brief tornado caused significant roof and siding damage to three barns, with wood impaled into the ground and insulation and metal blown into trees. A few trees were twisted or snapped as well.[75]
A second tornado occurred in the Peytona area of Shelby County, touching down shortly after the previous tornado. The metal siding of a barn and sections of its roof were thrown up to 300 yards (270 m) away, a 10-by-15-foot (3.0 m × 4.6 m) storage building was picked up, destroyed, and scattered around 300 yards (270 m) as well. A large oak tree was uprooted and landed on a house, numerous other trees were snapped or twisted, several more barns sustained significant roof and siding damage, and several wooden telephone poles were snapped as well.[76]
Many trees and several power poles and power lines were downed along the path, with several trees falling on homes, vehicles, and outbuildings. Near Vernon in Winston County, an awning at a convenience store was destroyed and part of the gas station canopy was damaged.[82][83][84]
A large, long-tracked QLCS tornado damaged or downed hundreds of trees, snapped power poles, damaged homes and mobile homes, and heavily damaged or destroyed barns and outbuildings. The most intense damage occurred south of Meridian, in the Clarkdale area along the Clarke–Lauderdale county line. In this area, many large trees were snapped and twisted, and multiple homes had large sections of their roofs torn off. A school in Clarkdale lost a large part of its roof, and its baseball field and batting cage were heavily damaged. Some metal buildings were destroyed at the baseball field as well, and part of a sign was blown off a gas station, while a nearby business suffered minor damage to its metal siding. Mainly tree damage occurred elsewhere along the path. This was the second tornado to strike Clarkdale in 2022; an EF1 tornado struck the area on March 30, 2022.[86][87][88]
This tornado moved through the Noxubee National Wildlife Refuge, just south of the previous tornado. Many trees were downed along the path.[93][94][95]
The damage was primarily in Noxubee County, where a house lost some shingles, two barns sustained partial roof loss and wall collapse, and a third barn was buckled and partially collapsed. Six center-pivot irrigation systems were overturned, and many trees were downed. In Lowndes County, more trees were downed, and a home sustained roof and decking damage.[98][99]
A tornado embedded within a larger area of damaging straight-line winds caused damage to at least 40 homes in the Branch Heights neighborhood of Eutaw. A couple homes lost much of their roofs, along with a business and an administrative building. It crossed into Hale County, moving through Akron and causing minor roof damage to an apartment building before dissipating just north of Havana. Numerous trees were downed along the path.[100][101]
This large, intense tornado first touched down north of Florence in Williamson County, Texas, just east of SH 195 and moved east-northeastward, initially only causing weak EF0 damage. As the tornado crossed Ramms Drive, it intensified to EF1 strength, damaging a manufactured home and causing significant tree damage, with several large mature oak trees being uprooted. It weakened back to EF0 strength as it crossed County Road 228 and moved over rural terrain towards the Williamson–Bell County line. It briefly reintensified to EF1 strength as it moved east-southeast before crossing the county line at County Road 231. A mobile home was shifted off its foundation and multiple large oak trees were snapped and uprooted. It weakened slightly as it entered Bell County, damaging an outbuilding and producing tree damage as it turned back to the east-northeast, approaching FM 2843 with the damage in this area being rated from EF0 to EF1. Evidence shows that the parent circulation produced at least three small, brief tornadoes as it moved into Bell County that moved along short paths before the larger tornado formed. Due to all of them occurring from the same circulation and because each were on the ground within a short amount of time of each other, they were considered as part of the same tornado that originally touched down and the damage path reached its peak width in this area as a result.[106]
As it began to move along FM 2843, the tornado rapidly intensified to EF2 strength as it passed near a stone quarry, severely damaging a frame home, destroying a manufactured home, and inflicting lesser damage to another manufactured home. As the tornado passed through the intersection of FM 2843 and Cedar Valley Road, it reached high-end EF3 intensity and continued to follow FM 2843 to the east-northeast. Around 10 to 15 homes were severely damaged or destroyed in this area, with the most severe damage occurring along Buttermilk Lane, where a few well-built homes were mostly leveled, with only portions of a few walls left standing. Trees in this area were snapped, denuded, and debarked, and multiple power poles were snapped. Vehicles were thrown, impaled with projectiles, or piled on top of each other, and two churches in this area were also destroyed, one of which was mostly leveled and swept away. After moving away from FM 2843 west of Salado, the tornado weakened back to EF2 intensity, causing significant tree damage and destroying some outbuildings. Just before it reached Mustang Creek Road, it abruptly made a sharp almost 90-degree turn and began moving due-north, weakening to EF1 strength and producing a broad swath of tree damage, including several trees that were uprooted. Some homes and barns also sustained EF1 damage along this portion of the path. The tornado continued at EF1 intensity as it then crossed Crows Ranch Road, tearing metal panels off the roof of a home and blowing in a panel garage door. It then crossed over a ridge and briefly intensified back to high-end EF2 strength as it moved over FM 2484. A home suffered significant roof and exterior wall loss at this location, a large barn was shifted off its foundation, a shed had its roof panels lifted up, and many trees were uprooted. The tornado then weakened back to EF1 intensity as it continued due-north, causing minor to moderate damage in the South Shore subdivision and Union Grove Park before lifting as it moved over Stillhouse Hollow Lake. Twenty-three people were injured, and a pregnant woman lost her unborn baby as a result of injuries sustained during the tornado. The tornado was rated a high-end EF3, with an estimated peak wind speed of 165 mph (266 km/h). It reached a peak width of 770 yd (700 m), and was on the ground for 16.66 mi (26.81 km).[106][107]
Non-tornadic effects
Severe storms
Very large hail fell in central and eastern Texas on the afternoon of April 12. The storm that dropped the EF3 tornado near Salado produced one hailstone that was 5.5 inches (14 cm) in diameter. An area of strong straight-line winds also impacted Downtown Shreveport, Louisiana, downing many trees and power lines.[106][108] Later that night in Louisiana, a large swath of damaging straight-line winds of up to 93 miles per hour (150 km/h) moved northeastward from northwest of Corinth through Bernice. Many trees were damaged with some snapped or uprooted and a building in Bernice lost part of its roof covering.[106] Wind damage covered a massive area in Mississippi and the Ohio Valleys on April 13. Wind gusts in Peoria, Illinois reached 55 miles per hour (89 km/h) on April 14.[109] In Rison, Arkansas, several trees were blown down, including one that fell on a mobile home, resulting in a fatality.[110]
Winter weather side
Freezing temperatures
A daily record low temperature in Denver, Colorado was set due to this storm, at 11 °F (−12 °C), on April 13.[111] Several locations in Montana also had record low conditions across April 12 and 13. West Yellowstone got as low as −15 °F (−26 °C), setting a record cold minimum. The maximum of 22 °F (−6 °C) also broke a record. Record cold maximums were more common.[112] In Elko, Nevada, a record low daily temperature of 7 °F (−14 °C) was set.[113] For the first time in history, Seattle recorded two consecutive April days with highs below 45 °F (7 °C).[114] April 2022 was the 3rd coldest on record in Washington and 5th coldest on record in Montana,[115] while being the coldest in 16 cities including Walla Walla, Miles City and Kalispell.[116]
Forecasted blizzard conditions caused Amtrak to suspend its Empire Builder service between Spokane, Washington and St. Paul, Minnesota between April 11–13 and between April 16–18.[124] The southbound Texas Eagle was severely delayed early on April 13 due to severe storms downing trees on the right-of-way south of Arkadelphia, Arkansas.[125] Later that day, severe weather warnings and downed trees also delayed the northbound City of New Orleans.[126] The westbound Cardinal incurred the most delays. It first struck a tree before coming into Maysville, Kentucky early on April 14 and then was delayed several more times due to more down trees along its path. Upon running over 8 hours late, the train was terminated at Indianapolis with alternate transportation provided along the rest of the route to Chicago.[127]
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^"Alabama Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama. 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
^"Alabama Event Report: EF1 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama. 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
^"Alabama Event Report: EF0 Tornado". National Centers for Environmental Information. National Weather Service in Birmingham, Alabama. 2022. Retrieved December 29, 2022.
