Bank of Greece

Bank of Greece
Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος
	Head office of the Bank of Greece in Athens
Headquarters	Athens, Greece
Coordinates	37°58′43″N 23°44′00″E / 37.978611°N 23.733333°E
Established	14 May 1928; 96 years ago
Ownership	e-E.F.K.A. Electronic National Social Security Entity (12.44%); Hellenic Public Sector (8.93%)
Governor	Yannis Stournaras
Central bank of	Greece
Reserves	1 500 million USD
Succeeded by	European Central Bank (2001)1
Website	www.bankofgreece.gr
	1 The Bank of Greece still exists but many functions have been taken over by the ECB.

The Bank of Greece (Greek: Τράπεζα της Ελλάδος Trapeza tis Ellados, abbr. ΤτΕ) is the Greek member of the Eurosystem and has been the monetary authority for Greece from 1927 to 2000, issuing the drachma. Since 2014, it has also been Greece's national competent authority within European Banking Supervision.^[3] Its headquarters is located in Athens on Panepistimiou Street, and it also has several branches across the country. Unlike most contemporary central banks, the Bank of Greece still has private shareholders and its stock is listed on the Athens Exchange.^[4]

History

The Bank of Greece was established by Law 3424/7 December 1927, under the conditions of the stabilization loan coordinated by the Economic and Financial Organization of the League of Nations,^[5] and its operations started officially in 1928. The shares of the Bank of Greece are registered and have been listed on the Athens Exchange since June 12, 1930.^[6]

The building that currently houses its headquarters was completed ten years later in 1938.^[7]

Until January 2001 (when Greece adopted the euro) the bank was responsible for the former national currency, the drachma. Greece had failed to meet the membership criteria and was excluded from participating when the euro was launched on 1 January 1999. Use of physical drachma notes and coins continued until 31 December 2001, as denominations of the euro.

Operations

The bank has a staff of more than 1,800 employees. Its primary objective is to ensure price stability in Greece. It also supervises the private banks and acts as a treasurer and fiscal agent for the Greek government. Since law 3867/2010 was passed the Bank of Greece is also responsible for supervising private insurance companies, merging with the Committee for the Supervision of Insurance Companies established by law 3229/2004.

Its Euro banknotes printer identification code is Y.^[8] The Bank of Greece also sells gold sovereigns.

Legal status and ownership

The Bank of Greece is a joint-stock company with special privileges, special restrictions, and duties.^[9] It is prohibited from operating as a commercial bank.

The percentage of shares under Greek state ownership cannot exceed 35 percent^[10] (initially this limit was 10 percent^[11]). As of early 2024, the government share was slightly over 21 percent, of which 8.9 percent directly held by the Greek state and 12.4 percent through the National Social Security Fund [el]. The rest of the bank's equity was widely dispersed, with no single shareholder known to hold more than 1 percent.

Leadership

Governors

The chief officer of the Bank of Greece is the Governor (Greek: διοικητής, IPA: [ðiiciˈtis]), a governmental appointee.^[12]

Officeholder	Entered office	Left office	Notes
Alexandros Diomidis	April 21, 1928	September 29, 1931	Prime Minister 1949–50
Emmanouil Tsouderos	October 31, 1931	August 13, 1935	First term
Emmanouil Tsouderos	March 20, 1936	July 10, 1939	Second term; Prime Minister 1941–44 (in exile)
Ioannis Drosopoulos	July 10, 1939	July 28, 1939
Kyriakos Varvaresos^a	August 4, 1939	February 2, 1946
Xenophon Zolotas	October 12, 1944	January 8, 1945	First term; co-Governor
Georgios Mantzavinos	February 11, 1946	February 2, 1955
Xenophon Zolotas	February 5, 1955	August 7, 1967	Second term
Dimitrios Galanis	August 7, 1967	May 4, 1973
Konstantinos Papagiannis	May 7, 1973	August 9, 1974
Panagis Papaligouras [el]	August 9, 1974	October 24, 1974
Xenophon Zolotas	November 26, 1974	November 3, 1981	Third term; Prime Minister 1989–90
Gerasimos Arsenis	November 3, 1981	February 20, 1984
Dimitrios Chalikias	February 20, 1984	February 20, 1992
Efthymios Christodoulou	February 20, 1992	December 1, 1993
Ioannis Boutos	December 1, 1993	October 26, 1994
Lucas Papademos	October 26, 1994	June 14, 2002	Prime Minister 2011–12
Nikolaos Garganas	June 14, 2002	June 14, 2008	Greek Financial Audit, 2004
Georgios Provopoulos	June 20, 2008	June 20, 2014	Greek government-debt crisis; European debt crisis
Yannis Stournaras	20 June 2014	Incumbent	Greek government-debt crisis; European debt crisis

^a During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941–44), Governor Kyriakos Varvaresos followed the Greek government in exile to London. The collaborationist governments in Greece fired Varvaresos in 1941 and appointed first Miltiadis Negrepontis as Governing Counsellor (April 24, 1941 – July 3, 1941) and then Dimitrios Santis (July 3, 1941 – January 20, 1943) and finally Theodoros Tourkovasilis (April 19, 1943 – April 13, 1944) as Governors. After the liberation all dismissals and appointments by occupation-era governments concerning members of the administration of the Bank of Greece were declared null and void.

Deputy governors

The Deputy Governor (Greek: υποδιοικητής, romanized: ypodioikētés) is the Bank's second-in-line officer. Traditionally the Deputy Governors' main remit is administration, whereas Governors supervise monetary policy at large.^[13]

Emmanouil Tsouderos: April 21, 1928 – October 31, 1931
Emmanouil Kamaras: November 25, 1931 – May 30, 1932
Kyriakos Varvaresos: March 1, 1933 – August 4, 1939
Georgios Mantzavinos (*): September 28, 1936 – February 11, 1946
Ioannis Arvanitis: August 4, 1939 – April 26, 1941
Stylianos Gregoriou: March 28, 1945 – February 2, 1955
Vasileios Kyriakopoulos: February 5, 1955 – December 24, 1955
Dimitrios Galanis: December 31, 1955 – August 7, 1967
Ioannis Pesmazoglou: February 11, 1960 – August 5, 1967
Konstantinos Thanos: January 5, 1968 – September 10, 1969
Efstathios Panas: September 11, 1969 – August 9, 1974
Nikolaos Kyriazidis: August 9, 1974 – January 5, 1977
Nikolaos Charisopoulos: October 21, 1975 – November 6, 1981
Evangelos Devletoglou: December 23, 1977 – November 8, 1978
Georgios Drakos: November 24, 1978 – October 20, 1981
Dimitrios Chalikias: November 16, 1981 – February 6, 1984
Evangelos Kourakos (1st period): July 10, 1982 – February 11, 1986
Panagiotis Korliras: February 20, 1984 – August 30, 1985
Efstathios Papageorgiou: September 17, 1985 – September 17, 1989
George Provopoulos: October 1, 1990 – November 29, 1993
Vasileios Antonioudakis: October 1, 1990 – December 19, 1991
Panagiotis Pavlopoulos: February 21, 1992 – November 29, 1993
Evangelos Kourakos (2nd period): December 1, 1993 – September 4, 1996
Lucas Papademos: December 1, 1993 – October 26, 1994
Panagiotis Thomopoulos: October 26, 1994 – February 26, 2009
Nikolaos Garganas: September 5, 1996 – June 13, 2002
Nikolaos Palaiokrassas: June 14, 2002 – June 14, 2008
Eleni Dendrinou Louri: June 20, 2008 – June 20, 2014
Iannis Mourmouras: September, 2014 -
Theodoros Mitrakos: March 2015 -

(*): During the Axis occupation of Greece (1941–44), Deputy Governor Georgios Mantzavinos followed the Greek government in exile to London. The collaborationist governments in Greece fired Mantzavinos in 1941 and appointed Andreas Papadimitriou (July 3, 1941 – November 18, 1941) and Spyridon Hatzikyriakos (April 5, 1943 – October 5, 1944) as Deputy Governors. After the liberation all dismissals and appointments by occupation-era governments concerning members of the administration of the Bank of Greece were declared null and void.

References

^ "Profile - athexgroup.gr".
^ Weidner, Jan (2017). "The Organisation and Structure of Central Banks" (PDF). Katalog der Deutschen Nationalbibliothek.
^ "National supervisors". ECB Banking Supervision.
^ Athex: TELL
^ Kakridis, Andreas (2023), Kakridis, Andreas; Eichengreen, Barry (eds.), "'Nobody's Child': The Bank of Greece in the Interwar Years", The Spread of the Modern Central Bank and Global Cooperation: 1919–1939, Cambridge University Press, pp. 225–267, doi:10.1017/9781009367578.012, ISBN 978-1-009-36757-8
^ Michalis Psalidopoulos (October 2019), History of the Bank of Greece 1928-2008: From government's banker to guardian of financial stability (PDF), Athens: Bank of Greece
^ "Bank of Greece (en) - Contemporary Monuments Database". National Hellenic Research Foundation. Retrieved 27 September 2014.
^ "Euro FAQ". The Euro Information Website. Retrieved 15 January 2009.
^ Bank of Greece articles of association Archived 2013-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Edition Θ, 2000 Chapter Χ, «ΕΡΓΑΣΙΑΙ ΤΗΣ ΤΡΑΠΕΖΗΣ ΚΑΙ ΜΕΣΑ ΝΟΜΙΣΜΑΤΙΚΗΣ ΠΟΛΙΤΙΚΗΣ» (Retrieved 31/03/2011)
^ Bank of Greece articles of association Archived 2013-10-15 at the Wayback Machine, Edition Θ, 2000, Chapter ΙΙ, Article 8, «ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΘΕΜΑΤΙΚΑ» (Retrieved 31/03/2011)
^ Bank of Greece articles of association, Edition Α, 1928, Part ΙΙ, Article 8, «ΚΕΦΑΛΑΙΟ ΚΑΙ ΑΠΟΘΕΜΑΤΙΚΑ» (retrieved 11/11/2016).
^ "Governors of the Bank of Greece" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-08-09. Retrieved 2014-06-24.
^ Deputy Governors of the Bank of Greece