Castilleja

Castilleja
	Castilleja integra flowering stem in Coconino National Forest, Arizona
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Asterids
Order:	Lamiales
Family:	Orobanchaceae
Subtribe:	Castillejinae
Genus:	Castilleja; Mutis ex L.f.
Species
	See List of Castilleja species
Synonyms
	Clevelandia Greene ; Euchroma Nutt. ; Gentrya Breedlove & Heckard ; Oncorhynchus Lehm. ; Ophiocephalus Wiggins ;

Castilleja, commonly known as paintbrush, Indian paintbrush, or prairie-fire, is a genus of about 200 species of annual and perennial mostly herbaceous plants native to the west of the Americas from Alaska south to the Andes, northern Asia, and one species as far west as the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia. These plants are classified in the broomrape family Orobanchaceae (following major rearrangements of the order Lamiales starting around 2001; sources which do not follow these reclassifications may place them in the Scrophulariaceae). They are hemiparasitic on the roots of grasses and forbs. The genus was named after Spanish botanist Domingo Castillejo.

Taxonomy

Castilleja was scientifically described by Carl Linnaeus the Younger using a partial description by José Celestino Bruno Mutis in 1782.^[1] The type species was Castilleja fissifolia from Columbia.^[2] The genus as a whole has never been renamed, however five others were described and named that are considered to be synonyms of Castilleja.^[1] For example, in 1818 Thomas Nuttall described a genus that he named Euchroma meaning finely colored, moving the species now known as Castilleja coccinea out of Bartsia where it had been placed by Carl Linnaeus and also named another species as Euchroma grandiflora.^[3]^[1] However, Nutttall's Euchroma grandiflora had already been named and correctly placed as Castilleja sessiliflora by Frederick Traugott Pursh in 1813.^[4]

Species

There are 216 species that are considered valid by Plants of the World Online.^[1] More than half, 119 species, are native to North America north of Mexico.^[5]

Names

The name Castilleja was chosen by Mutis as an honor for the Spanish naturalist Domingo Castillejo. Castillejo was a professor of medical materials and botany at the Cadiz Royal College of Surgery between 1770 and 1786. Mutis wrote in Latin, "Ab Stemodia quantum ex characteríbus video, valde diversa haec singularissimeplanta, proculdubio numeranda ínter Didynamas. Castillejam dixi in merítissimum honorem D. Castillejo Botanici Gadensis."^[6]^[7]

Description

The species in Castilleja are quite varied in form and lifecycle. The genus includes many species that are completely herbaceous, lacking woody material in their above-ground parts. Though it also includes some slightly woody subshrubs and even a few woody shrubs.^[5] They may grow as annual plants, but most of the species are perennial.^[8] Their roots are equally diverse in structure ranging from taproots to fibrous root systems. Some species also have modified underground stems called rhizomes to spread short distances.^[5]

Stem lengths range from a minute 1 centimeter to as much as 2 meters.^[5] In almost all species the leaves are attached to the stems and alternating. The inflorescences are always at the ends of the stems, which may or may not branch.^[8] The inflorescence usually have bracts that are brightly colored for the whole length or towards their ends.^[5]

Ecology

Castilleja species are eaten by the larvae of some lepidopteran species, including Schinia cupes (which has been recorded on C. exserta) and Schinia pulchripennis (which feeds exclusively on C. exserta), and checkerspot butterflies, such as Euphydryas species.^[9]^[10] Pollinators aid these plants in reproduction, with insects visiting the flowers, as well as hummingbirds for some species.^[11]

Castilleja species can play an important role in plant community dynamics and multitrophic interactions. For example, Castilleja hemiparasitic reliance on other plant species may affect competition and dominance among other plant species in its community.^[12] Additionally, the foliage of some Castilleja species naturally contains defensive compounds that are sequestered in the tissues of larvae of specialist insect species that have developed a tolerance for these compounds and are able to consume the foliage.^[9]^[10] These sequestered compounds then confer chemical protection against predators to larvae.^[9]^[10]

Hybridization

Some species in the Castilleja genus are able to hybridize, especially when ploidy levels match, and hybrids may produce viable seed.^[13]^[14]^[15] This hybridization potential has been identified as a threat to the genetic integrity of certain endangered Castilleja species.^[14]

Uses

The author Gregory L. Tilford claims that the flowers of Indian paintbrush are edible. However, these plants have a tendency to absorb and concentrate selenium in their tissues from the soils in which they grow, and can be potentially very toxic if the roots or green parts of the plant are consumed. Highly alkaline soils increase the selenium levels in the plants.^[16] In addition Castilleja species will take up alkaloids from other plants when parasitizing them.^[17]

Symbolism

Castilleja linariifolia is the state flower of Wyoming.^[18]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e "Castilleja Mutis ex L.f." Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 29 June 2024.
^ Pennell, Francis Whittier (1951). "Scrophulariaceae". In Abrams, LeRoy; Ferris, Roxana Stinchfield; Vincent, Sylvia; Law, Barbara (eds.). An Illustrated Flora of the Pacific States: Washington, Oregon, and California. Vol. III: Geraniaceae to Scrophulariaceae. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 819–820. Retrieved 28 June 2024.
^ Nuttall, Thomas (1818). The Genera of North American Plants, and a Catalogue of the Species, to the year 1817. Vol. II. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Printed for the author by D. Heartt. pp. 54–55. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ "Castilleja sessiliflora Pursh". Plants of the World Online. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 3 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Egger, J. Mark; Zika, Peter F.; Wilson, Barbara L.; Brainerd, Richard E.; Otting, Nick (5 February 2024). "Castilleja - FNA". Flora of North America. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ Quattrocchi, Umberto (2000). CRC World Dictionary of Plant Names. Vol. I: A-C. CRC Press. p. 455. ISBN 978-0-8493-2675-2.
^ Amaya, José Antonio (1999). "Nombres Genéricos Dedicados a Personaljes Concretos por Mutis y sus colaboradores (1760-1811)" [Generic Names Dedicated to Specific Personalities by Mutis and His Collaborators (1760-1811)] (PDF). In Amaya, José Antonio; Forero, Olga Restrepo (eds.). Ciencia y Representación: Dispositivos en la construcción, la circulación y la validación del conocimiento científico [Science and Representation: Devices in the construction, circulation and validation of scientific knowledge]. Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Programa Universitario de Investigación en Ciencia, Tecnología y Cultura. p. 224. ISBN 9588051541. OCLC 44999084. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 January 2018. Retrieved 25 November 2024.
^ ^a ^b Heil, Kenneth D.; O'Kane, Jr., Steve L.; Reeves, Linda Mary; Clifford, Arnold (2013). Flora of the Four Corners Region : Vascular Plants of the San Juan River Drainage, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah. St. Louis, Missouri: Missouri Botanical Garden. pp. 688–690. Retrieved 7 July 2024.
^ ^a ^b ^c Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (14 January 2021). "Preference, performance, and chemical defense in an endangered butterfly using novel and ancestral host plants". Scientific Reports. 11 (992): 992. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11..992H. doi:10.1038/s41598-020-80413-y. PMC 7809109. PMID 33446768.
^ ^a ^b ^c Haan, Nate L.; Bakker, Jonathan D.; Bowers, M. Deane (May 2018). "Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores". Ecology. 99 (2): 399–410. Bibcode:2018Ecol...99..399H. doi:10.1002/ecy.2087. JSTOR 26624251. PMID 29131311. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ Benda, Christopher. "Indian Paintbrush (Castilleja coccinea)". www.fs.fed.us. United States Department of Agriculture.
^ Schmidt, Natalie (2016). Parasitic plants and community composition: how Castilleja levisecta affects, and is affected by, its community (PDF) (Doctoral dissertation). University of Washington. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ Babikova, Zdenka; Gilbert, Lucy; Bruce, Toby; Dewhirst, Sarah; Pickett, John A.; Johnson, David (April 2014). "Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and aphids interact by changing host plant quality and volatile emission". American Journal of Botany. 99 (12): 375. Bibcode:2014FuEco..28..375B. doi:10.1111/1365-2435.12181. JSTOR 23321298. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ ^a ^b Strategy and Guidance for Minimizing Hybridization Risk of Castilleja levisecta (CALE) with Castilleja hispida (CAHI) While Advancing Conservation of CALE and Taylor's Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha taylori; TCB) (PDF) (Report). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, and Washington Department of Natural Resources. 2021. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ Loretta Fisher; Jonathan D. Bakker; Peter W. Dunwiddie (2015). An Assessment of Seed Production and Viability of Putative Castilleja levisecta × C. hispida Hybrids (Report). Center for Natural Lands Management and University of Washington. doi:10.13140/RG.2.1.4327.2081. Retrieved 2022-05-02.
^ Tilford, Gregory L. (1997). Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Mountain Press Publishing. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-0-87842-359-0.
^ Goldwasser, Y.; Westwood, J. H.; Yoder, J. I. (January 2002). "The Use of Arabidopsis to Study Interactions between Parasitic Angiosperms and Their Plant Hosts". The Arabidopsis Book. 1: e0035. doi:10.1199/tab.0035. PMC 3243330. PMID 22303205.
^ Wyoming Statute 8-3-104 (Title 8) Archived 2008-05-11 at the Wayback Machine