The cinema of Russia, popularity known as Mollywood, refers to the film industry in Russia, engaged in production of motion pictures in Russian language. The popular term Mollywood is a portmanteau of "Moscow" and "Hollywood".
Animation pioneer Ladislas Starevich made the first Russian animated film (and the first stop motion puppet film with a story) in 1910 – Lucanus Cervus. His other stop-motion shorts The Beautiful Leukanida (1912) and The Cameraman's Revenge (1912), produced for Aleksandr Khanzhonkov, are also among the first animated films. In the following years, Starevich made shorts based on fables such as The Grasshopper and the Ant (1913), as well as World War I propaganda films.[7]
Olga Preobrazhenskaya was the first woman director of Russia. In 1916 she made her directorial debut Miss Peasant. However, the film has been lost. In the Soviet era she directed Women of Ryazan (1927).
During World War I, imports dropped drastically, and Russian filmmakers turned out anti-German, nationalistic films. In 1916, 499 films were made in Russia, more than three times the number of three years earlier.
Before the October Revolution, Russia did not have a highly developed film industry due to the general populace being too poor to support a native industry.[8] The Russian Revolution brought more change, with a number of films with anti-Tsarist themes. The last significant film of the era, made in 1917, was Father Sergius by Yakov Protazanov and Alexandre Volkoff. It would become the first new film release of the Soviet era.
Vladimir Lenin was the first political leader of the twentieth century to recognize the importance of film. He saw film as a way to unite the nation over which the Bolsheviks, then a minority party of some 200,000 members, had assumed leadership.
The cinema is for us the most important of the arts.
His government gave top priority to the rapid development of the Soviet film industry, which was nationalized in August 1919 and put under the direct authority of Lenin's wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya.[8]
One of the first acts of the Cinema Committee was to create a professional film school in Moscow to train directors, technicians, and actors for the cinema. The All Union State Institute of Cinematography was the first such school in the world.[8][9]Lev Kuleshov, who taught at the school, formulated the groundbreaking editing process called montage, which he conceived of as an expressive process whereby dissimilar images could be linked together to create non-literal or symbolic meaning. His work has been referred to as the Kuleshov effect. Two of Kuleshov's most famous students were Sergey Eisenstein and Vsevolod Pudovkin.[8]
Although Russian was the dominant language in films during the Soviet era, the cinema of the Soviet Union encompassed films of the Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, and, to a lesser degree, Lithuanian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, and Moldavian SSR. For much of the Soviet Union's history, with notable exceptions in the 1920s and the late 1980s, film content was heavily circumscribed and subject to censorship and bureaucratic state control.
The development of the soviet film industry was innovative and linked with the Constructivist art movement. In 1922–3, Kino-Fot became the first Soviet cinema magazine and reflected the constructivist views of its editor, Aleksei Gan.
As with much Soviet art during the 1920s, films addressed major social and political events of the time. An important film of this period was Sergei Eisenstein's The Battleship Potemkin, not only because of its depiction of events leading up to the 1905 Revolution, but also because of innovative cinematic techniques, such as the use of jump-cuts to achieve political ends. To this day, Battleship Potemkin is considered one of the greatest films of all time.[10][11][12][13]
Vsevolod Pudovkin developed a new theory of montage based on cognitive linkage rather than dialectical collision. Pudovkin's Mother (1926) was internationally acclaimed for its montage, as well as for its emotional qualities. Later Pudovkin was publicly charged with formalism for his experimental sound film A Simple Case (1932), which he was forced to release without its sound track.[8]
The film is not shot, but built, built up from the separate strips of celluloid that are its raw material.
Two other key filmmakers of the Soviet silent era were Aleksandr Dovzhenko and Dziga Vertov. Dovzhenko's best known work is his Ukraine Trilogy, and more specifically the film Earth (1930). Vertov is well known for his film Man with a Movie Camera (1929) and the Kino-Eye theory – that the camera, like the human eye, is best used to explore real life, which had a huge impact on documentary filmmaking.[8][14]
However, with the consolidation of Stalinist power in the Soviet Union, and the emergence of Socialist realism as state policy, which carried over from painting and sculpture into filmmaking, Soviet film became subject to almost total state control.
Films released in the 1930s include the popular musicals Jolly Fellows (1934), Circus (1936) and Volga-Volga (1938) directed by the longtime collaborator of Sergei Eisenstein, Grigori Aleksandrov. These films starred leading actress of the time Lyubov Orlova, who was also Aleksandrov's wife.
Soviet cinema went into rapid decline after the World War II: film production fell from 19 features in 1945 to 5 in 1952. The situation did not improve until the late 1950s when Soviet films achieved critical success partly as a result, similar to the cinema of other Eastern Bloc countries, for reflecting the tension between independent creativity and state-directed outcomes.[8]
The most critically acclaimed Russian director of the 1960s and 1970s was Andrei Tarkovsky, who directed the groundbreaking art-house filmsIvan's Childhood, Andrei Rublev, Solaris, Mirror and Stalker.[8] His films won awards at Cannes and Venice Film Festival. His debut film Ivan's Childhood won the Golden Lion award at the Venice Film Festival in 1962. Tarkovsky's film Andrei Rublev (1966) won the FIPRESCI prize at the 1969 Cannes Festival.[16] For Stalker (1979), Tarkovsky won the Ecumenical Jury Prize in Cannes in 1980. He also won the Special Grand Prize for Solaris in 1972 and for Sacrifice at Cannes in 1986.[17][18]
Sergei Bondarchuk initially came to prominence as an actor. His directorial debut was Fate of a Man which was released in 1959. Bondarchuk is best known for directing and starring in the Academy Award-winning adaptation War and Peace (1967). His son Fyodor Bondarchuk is also a film director and producer.
Among other critically acclaimed literary adaptations from the 1960s was Grigory Kozintsev'sHamlet (1964), winner of the Special Jury Prize at the Venice Film Festival.[22]
Film director Kira Muratova faced censorship during the Soviet era and only started to receive public recognition and first awards during Perestroyka. Her film Among Grey Stones (1983) was screened in the Un Certain Regard section at the 1988 Cannes Film Festival.[24]
Co-production between Soviet Union and Japan, Dersu Uzala, adapted from Vladimir Arsenyev's book, directed by Akira Kurosawa and starring Maxim Munzuk and Yuri Solomin, won the Academy Award for Best Foreign Picture in 1976. The film was a box-office success and ended up reviving Kurosawa's career.
Yuri Norstein is perhaps the most famous Russian animator of the Soviet period; his animated shorts Hedgehog in the Fog and Tale of Tales gained worldwide recognition and have served as inspiration for many filmmakers.[7]
Larisa Shepitko's film The Ascent was the first Soviet movie to win the Golden Bear at the Berlin Film Festival in 1977.[19]
With the onset of Perestroika and Glasnost in the mid-1980s, Soviet films emerged which began to address formerly censored topics, such as drug addiction, The Needle (1988) by Rashid Nugmanov, which starred rock singer Viktor Tsoi, and sexuality and alienation in Soviet society, Little Vera (1988) by Vasili Pichul. However, the industry suffered from drastically reduced state subsidies and the state-controlled film distribution system also collapsed, leading to the dominance of western films in Russia's theatres.[8]
In the 1990s there were much fewer films being made as the cinema industry was experiencing big changes and the economy was uncertain. From 300 in 1990 the number fell to 213 in 1991, 172 in 1992, 152 in 1993, to 68 in 1994, 46 in 1995 and 28 in 1996.[32]
In 1990 censorship was abolished on an official level: the state could no longer interfere in the production and distribution of films, except in cases of war propaganda, disclosure of state secrets, and pornography. As part of the abolition of all central Soviet administrative units, the Cinema Committee of the USSR was dissolved in 1991.[33]
Russian cinema of the 90s acquired new features and themes, with the Chechen war also affecting filmmakers. Many films of that time dealt with war and Stalinism.[34]
Kinotavr was first held in 1990 in Podolsk, and then in 1991 in Sochi, where it has been held ever since. The Nika Award, which is distributed by the Russian Film Academy, was founded in 1998.[32]
The satiric melodrama of Dmitry Meskhiev, Women's Property (1999) describes a love affair between a young student and an older actress who is incurably ill. Her death leads the protagonist to face bitter loneliness. The film starred Yelena Safonova and featured actor Konstantin Khabensky in an early lead role.
Cult crime comedy 8 ½ $ (1999), directorial debut of Grigori Konstantinopolsky, starring Ivan Okhlobystin and Fyodor Bondarchuk was a satiric take on 1990s Russia. It told the story of a television advertisement director who becomes romantically involved with a gangster's girlfriend.[79]
Svetlana Baskova directed the low-budget independently made exploitation shock-horror film The Green Elephant in 1999.[79] Baskova noted that the film was conceived as a protest against the Chechen war.[80] In 2022 the film has been banned in Russia.[81]
Roman Kachanov directed the absurdist comedies Demobbed (2000) and Down House (2001), which were both co-written with actor Ivan Okhlobystin who also starred in the films. Both are considered to be cult films in Russia.[79]FIPRESCI awarded a special mention to the film Demobbed at the 2000 Kinotavr.[83]
The Tuner is a 2004 Ukraine/Russia mix film of art house grotesque and a sting comedy. At the heart of Kira Muratova’s film is her characteristic and enduring love of predation—predation for its own sake. The film offers a complex assessment of the human subject, civilization, and the creative act. It premiered out of competition at the 61st Venice International Film Festival
The Italian is a 2005 Russian drama film directed by Andrei Kravchuk inspired by a true story, focuses on a young boy's determined search for his Mother. The film won the Grand Prix of the Deutsches Kinderhilfswerk from the International Jury at the 55th Berlin International Film Festival, and a Special Mention from their Children's Jury.[93]
One of Russia's all-time biggest box-office hits was Timur Bekmambetov's romantic-comedy The Irony of Fate 2, directed in 2007 as a sequel to the 1976 film. 2008 musical film Hipsters, directed by Valery Todorovsky about the youth lifestyle in the 1950s Soviet Union was a success at the box office. It received the Golden Eagle and Nika awards for best picture.
In 2014 censorship of cinematic works was officially introduced with a new and stricter revision of the "screening certificate" (Russian: прокатное удостоверение, romanized: prokatnoye udostovereniye) act, without which public film screenings are not allowed and are punishable by law. Curse words in films were banned.[103][104] The concept of a "screening certificate" first appeared in Russian laws in 1993, when Viktor Chernomyrdin signed the decree "On the registration of films and videos", the main purpose of which was to combat the spread of pirated content. For a decade and a half, the document was more or less a formality.[105]
White Tiger is a 2012 Russian war film, directed by Karen Shakhnazarov and co-written with Aleksandr Borodyansky based on the novel Tankist, ili "Belyy tigr" (The Tankman, or The White Tiger) by Russian novelist Ilya Boyashov. The film is about a badly wounded Soviet tank commander on the Eastern Front of World War II who becomes obsessed with tracking down and destroying a mysterious, invincible Nazi tank, which the Soviet troops call the "White Tiger". The Soviets design a new, more powerful T-34 tank and assign the tank commander the job of destroying the White Tiger.
Aleksey Adrianov directed the high-budget Boris Akunin adaptation Spy in 2012.
2013 comedy Kiss Them All! by Zhora Kryzhovnikov, produced by Timur Bekmambetov, is the most profitable domestic film in the history of Russian box office, having managed to earn more than 27.3 million dollars on a comparatively modest budget of $1.5 million.[118][119] The film was followed by Kiss Them All! 2, which became the most profitable film of 2014 in Russia.[120]
In 2015 Ilya Naishuller debuted with the film Hardcore Henry which was screened at the Toronto Film Festival. He later directed Nobody (2021) in Hollywood.
The 2017 sports drama Going Vertical by Anton Megerdichev is the highest grossing domestic film of the 2010s.[146] It also became the highest-grossing Russian film in China, where it grossed CN¥85 million ($12.3 million) which brought the film's worldwide gross to $66.3 million.[147]
Maryus Vaysberg is a film director mainly working in the comedy genre. He is one of the most commercially successful directors of Russia. His 2017 film Naughty Grandma was a box office success and the most successful Russian film in 2017.[149] Many of his films starred future president of the Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy.
Ice is a 2018 Russian musicalromantic dramasports film directed by Oleg Trofim and produced by Fyodor Bondarchuk, is the most profitable domestic film in 2018 and one of the most profitable domestic film in the history of Russian box office, having managed to earn more than 26.4 million dollars on a comparatively modest budget of $2 million.[158] A sequel, Ice 2, directed by Zhora Kryzhovnikov, like its predecessor, became a blockbuster, grossed 193.7 million rubles on opening day, making it the highest-grossing Russian film on opening Day and grossed over 1.4 billion rubles in total and was nominated on Golden Rooster Award for Best Foreign Language Film.
Sin is a Russian-Italian biographical drama film about the life of the famous sculptor and painter of the Renaissance, Michelangelo Buonarroti of Florence, in the early 16th century, written and directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, released in October 2019.[166][167][168]
2019 comedy film Serf directed by Klim Shipenko and starring Miloš Biković set new domestic box-office records. It grossed $42.4 million against a budget of $2.6 million.[169][170] The same year Shipenko directed the psychological thriller Text starring Alexander Petrov, which was also a success at the box-office and received a Nika and multiple Golden Eagle awards.[171]
Historic romance film The Silver Skates, by Michael Lockshin in his directorial debut, was chosen as the opening film of the 42nd Moscow International Film Festival, where it premiered on October 1, 2020. The rights to the film were acquired by Netflix on June 16, 2021. The Silver Skates is the first Russian film to be released on the platform in the Netflix Originals category.[185][186][187]
In 2021 WWII action film The Red Ghost by Andrei Bogatyrev was released in Russian cinemas.
2021 film Gerda about a young striptease dancer by director Natalya Kudryashova premiered at the 74th Locarno Film Festival where it received the Best Actress Award and the special prize from the youth jury of the festival.[194]
Live-action/computer-animated children's film Cheburashka set the record as the highest-grossing Russian film of all time in 2023. The film grossed $94.5 million at the box-office.
In 2023 the first movie shot in space was released, The Challenge directed by Klim Shipenko, starring Yulia Peresild. The film was a box-office success, grossing $21.5 million at the Russian box-office.
The 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine has impacted Russian cinema.[209] The Russian Association of Theater Owners said that there is a "high probability of the liquidation of the entire film screening industry"; ticket sales in March 2022 were half of what they had been in March 2021.[210] The Annecy International Animation Film Festival,[211] Berlinale, Cannes, Venice, and the Toronto Film Festival banned official Russian delegations.[209] The Stockholm Film Festival banned all Russian projects funded by the government.[212] The European Film Awards and Emmys banned Russian films outright.[213][214][215]FIAPF (Fédération Internationale des Associations de Producteurs de Films, translated as the International Federation of Film Producers Associations) paused the accreditation of the Moscow International Film Festival and Message to Man until further notice.[216]MIPTV in France won't allow "any Russian film and TV outfits" in 2022, and Russia has also been banned from the Banff World Media Festival and NATPE.[217] Several major international film distributors, including The Walt Disney Company, Sony Pictures, Paramount, and Warner Bros stopped screening films in Russia; prior to the invasion, movies produced in the United States made up 70% of the Russian film market.[4][210]FIPRESCI announced that it will not participate in festivals and other events organized by the Russian government and its offices, and canceled a colloquium in St. Petersburg, that was to make it familiar with new Russian films.[218]
Ukrainian film director Sergei Loznitsa spoke out against banning Russian films. He said: "Among Russian filmmakers, there are people who have condemned the war, who oppose the regime and openly expressed their condemnation. And in a way they're victims of this whole conflict like the rest of us." And: "We must not judge people based on their passports. We can judge them on their acts."[219][220] Dissident Russian film director Kirill Serebrennikov also spoke out against the boycott.[221][222]
Russian film production
There are around 400 private production companies. They do not have their own facilities for creating films, and therefore must rent out spaces and equipment from their qualified partners. There are 35 film studios (9 of them are governmental) that are the major service for renting space. The studios have 107 shooting pavilions. There are 23 private companies on the Russian market that rent their equipment of all kinds to the production teams.[223]
Leading production companies on the market
The list is composed by the Cinema Foundation of Russia. It allows companies to get governmental financial support. In 2017 the number of market leaders was increased up to 10 companies.[224]
There are 600 companies that release films all around Russia that includes 105 chain cinema theatres and 495 independent theatres. Chain companies consist of 29 federal, 19 regional and 57 local theatres. According to Neva Research, as of 1 July 2016 there were 1,227 cinemas with 4,067 screens in Russia. Ten major cinema companies hold 346 theatres with 1,772 screens, which corresponds to 43.6% of the whole amount.[226]
In 2015 all the cinemas were finally digitalized. In the beginning of 2016 Russia has 33 theatres with 4D technology, 80 theatres with premium sound system, 43 theatres with 3D IMAX effect.[223]
However, due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine in 2022, western countries such as the United States have imposed sanctions on Russia. Because of this, no more western films have been officially released in Russia since then.
^Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxiii. ISBN978-0-8108-6072-8.
^ abPeter Rollberg (2016). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 49–52. ISBN978-1442268425.
^ abcdefghijkThe Encyclopaedia Britannica guide to Russia : the essential guide to the nation, its people, and culture. London: Robinson. 2009. pp. 208–213. ISBN9781593398507.
^Историческая справка (in Russian). Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography. Retrieved 2 September 2008.
^Nancy Condee (2009). "Aleksei German: Forensics in the Dynastic Capital". The Imperial Trace – Recent Russian Cinema. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 185–216. ISBN978-0190451226.
^ abRichard Taylor; Nancy Wood; Julian Graffy; Dina Iordanova (2019). The BFI Companion to Eastern European and Russian Cinema. Bloomsbury. pp. 1923–1927. ISBN978-1838718497.
^Peter Rollberg (2009). Historical Dictionary of Russian and Soviet Cinema. US: Rowman & Littlefield. p. xxxiv. ISBN978-0-8108-6072-8.
^Birgit Beumers (2005). Pop Culture Russia!: Media, Arts, and Lifestyle. Abc-Clio. p. 80. ISBN1-85109-459-8.
^Richard Taylor; Nancy Wood; Julian Graffy; Dina Iordanova (2019). The BFI Companion to Eastern European and Russian Cinema. Bloomsbury. p. 1938. ISBN978-1838718497.
Road in George Town, Penang, Malaysia 5°24′47.72″N 100°19′34.17″E / 5.4132556°N 100.3261583°E / 5.4132556; 100.3261583 Dato Keramat RoadMalay: Jalan Dato KeramatChinese: 柑仔园 / 柑仔園Kam-á-huînn (Hokkien POJ)Tamil: ட்டோ கேரமாத்Maintained byPenang Island City CouncilLocationGeorge TownWest endCity centre: York Road Air Itam: Air Itam Road East endMagazine Circus (next to Komtar)ConstructionInauguration19th century J…
Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinės Respublikos himnasB. Indonesia: Lagu Kebangsaan Republik Sosialis Soviet LituaniaLagu kebangsaan RSS LituaniaPenulis lirikAntanas Venclova (asli) Vacys Reimeris (pembaruan)KomponisBalys Dvarionas dan Jonas ŠvedasPenggunaan1950Pencabutan1988 Lagu Kebangsaan Republik Sosialis Soviet Lituania (bahasa Lituania: Lietuvos Tarybų Socialistinės Respublikos himnas) adalah lagu kebangsaan Lituania ketika masih menjadi bagian dari Uni Soviet, yang kala itu bernam…
SPICE (Smart, Precise Impact, Cost-Effective) adalah kit perlengkapan panduan yang dikembangkan oleh Israel dengan basis EO/GPS untuk mengubah bom tak terarah ke dalam bom yang dipandu dengan presisi. Sebuah turunan dari rudal udara-ke-darat Popeye (AGM-142 Have Nap), Spice adalah produk perusahaan Rafael Advanced Defense Systems Israel. Senjata ini mencapai kemampuan operasional awal selama tahun 2003, di skuadron Angkatan Udara Israel F-16. Spesifikasi Warhead: Mk. 83 (453 kg) atau Mk. 84…
FilmThe JokeDirected byJaromil JirešScreenplay byJaromil JirešMilan KunderaBased onThe Jokeby Milan KunderaProduced byMiloš StejskalStarringJosef SomrJana DítětováLuděk MunzarCinematographyJan ČuříkEdited byJosef ValušiakMusic byZdeněk PololáníkRunning time81 minutesCountryCzechoslovakiaLanguageCzech The Joke (Czech: Žert) is a 1969 Czechoslovak film by director Jaromil Jireš. It is considered one of the last films of the Czech New Wave movement.[1] Based on Milan Kundera…
Jorge Fucile Fucile bermain untuk Porto pada 2010Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Jorge Ciro Fucile PerdomoTanggal lahir 19 November 1984 (umur 39)Tempat lahir Montevideo, UruguayTinggi 178 m (584 ft 0 in)Posisi bermain BekKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2002–2007 Liverpool Montevideo 30 (2)2006–2007 → Porto (pinjaman) 18 (1)2007–2014 Porto 101 (1)2012 → Santos (pinjaman) 0 (0)Tim nasional‡2006– Uruguay 43 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung …
Angkatan Pertahanan (Irlandia: Fórsaí Cosanta, secara resmi disebut Óglaigh na hÉireann) adalah angkatan bersenjata Irlandia. Mereka mencakup Angkatan Darat, Korps Udara, Angkatan Laut, dan Pasukan Pertahanan Cadangan.[1]Angkatan Pertahanan IrlandiaFórsaí CosantaÓglaigh na hÉireannLambang Angkatan Pertahanan IrlandiaDidirikanFebruari 1922Formasi terkini1 Oktober 1924Angkatan Angkatan Darat Irlandia Korps Udara Irlandia Angkatan Laut Irlandia Pasukan Pertahanan C…
Robert Henry Maxwell (Bobby) GibbesBobby Gibbes, Afrika Utara, c. Januari 1942Lahir6 Mei 1916Young, New South WalesMeninggal11 April 2007(2007-04-11) (umur 90)Sydney, New South WalesPengabdianAustraliaDinas/cabangRoyal Australian Air ForceLama dinas1940–461952–57PangkatKomandan SayapKesatuanNo. 23 Squadron (1940)No. 450 Squadron (1941)No. 2 OTU (1944)No. 80 Wing (1944–45)KomandanNo. 3 Squadron (1942–43)Perang/pertempuranPerang Dunia II Teater Timur Tengah Kampanye Suriah–Leba…
Lokasi Distrik Nishiiwai di Prefektur Iwate. Lokasi munisipalitas yang ada di Distrik Nishiiwai, Prefektur Iwate1. – Hiraizumiwarna hijau - cakupan wilayah distrik saat iniwarna kuning - bekas wilayah distrik pada awal zaman Meiji Distrik Nishiiwai (西磐井郡code: ja is deprecated , Nishiiwai-gun) adalah sebuah distrik yang terletak di Prefektur Iwate, Jepang. Per 1 Oktober 2020, distrik ini memiliki estimasi jumlah penduduk sebesar 7.252 jiwa dan kepadatan penduduk sebesar 114,4 orang per …
Lihat pula: Daftar masakan Indonesia Contoh hidangan Indonesia khas Sunda; ikan bakar, nasi timbel (nasi dibungkus daun pisang), ayam goreng, sambal, tempe dan tahu goreng, dan sayur asem; semangkuk air dengan jeruk nipis adalah kobokan. Artikel ini merupakan bagian dari seriHidangan Indonesia Hidangan nasional Gado-gado Nasi goreng Rendang Sate Soto Tumpeng Masakan daerah dan budaya Aceh Arab Bali Banjar Batak Gorontalo Betawi Tionghoa India Indo Jawa Madura Makassar Melayu Minahasa Minangkabau…
NubkhesbedPermaisuri MesirRatu dari Kerajaan BaruPemakamantdk diketahuiNama lengkapNubkhesbedAyahtdk diketahuiIbutdk diketahuiPasanganFiraun Ramses VIAnakRamses VII Pangeran Amenherkhepshef D Pangeran Panebenkemyt Putri Iset (Istri Dewa Amun)Agamaagama Mesir kuno [1] Nubkhesbed Era: Kerajaan Baru(1550–1069 BC) Hieroglif Mesir [2] Nubkhesbed Era: Kerajaan Baru(1550–1069 BC) Hieroglif Mesir Nubkhesbed (“Emas dan Lapis lazuli”[3]) merupakan seorang ratu Mes…
Dewan Perwakilan Rakyat Daerah Kabupaten MojokertoDewan Perwakilan RakyatKabupaten Mojokerto2019-2024JenisJenisUnikameral Jangka waktu5 tahunSejarahSesi baru dimulai24 Agustus 2019PimpinanKetuaHj. Ayni Zuroh, S.E., M.M. (PKB) sejak 18 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IHj. Setia Pudji Lestari, S.E., M.Si. (PDI-P) sejak 18 September 2019 Wakil Ketua IIHj. Any Mahnunah, S.E., M.M. (Golkar) sejak 30 Juni 2022 Wakil Ketua IIIH. Mokhammad Sholeh, S.Sos. (Demokrat) sejak 18 September 2019 Kom…
العلاقات الزامبية النيكاراغوية زامبيا نيكاراغوا زامبيا نيكاراغوا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات الزامبية النيكاراغوية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين زامبيا ونيكاراغوا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: …
Ericaceae Leptecophylla juniperina Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudikotil (tanpa takson): Asteridae Ordo: Ericales Famili: EricaceaeJuss.[1] Genus tipe EricaL. Subfamili Enkianthoideae Pyroloideae Monotropoideae Arbutoideae Cassiopoideae Ericoideae Harrimanelloideae Styphelioideae Vaccinioideae Diversitas Lebih dari 120 genera, lihat di Daftar genus tanaman dalam famili Ericaceae Ericaceae atau Suku Bluberi-bluberian adalah keluarga da…
Artikel ini perlu diterjemahkan dari bahasa Inggris ke bahasa Indonesia. Artikel ini ditulis atau diterjemahkan secara buruk dari Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Jika halaman ini ditujukan untuk komunitas bahasa Inggris, halaman itu harus dikontribusikan ke Wikipedia bahasa Inggris. Lihat daftar bahasa Wikipedia. Artikel yang tidak diterjemahkan dapat dihapus secara cepat sesuai kriteria A2. Jika Anda ingin memeriksa artikel ini, Anda boleh menggunakan mesin penerjemah. Namun ingat, mohon tidak menyal…
Proposed free trade agreement between Australia and the United Kingdom Australia–United Kingdom Free Trade Agreement Australia United Kingdom (UK)TypeTrade agreementContextTrade between the UK and AustraliaDrafted15 June 2021Signed17 December 2021LocationVirtually in London, UK, and Adelaide, AustraliaEffective31 May 2023ConditionRatification by both Houses of the Parliament of Australia and the UKNegotiators Simon Birminghamuntil end of 2020 Dan Tehanfrom begin of 2021 u…
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Hahn. Johannes Hahn Fonctions Commissaire européen au Budget et à l'Administration En fonction depuis le 1er décembre 2019(4 ans, 3 mois et 28 jours) Président Ursula von der Leyen Gouvernement Commission von der Leyen Prédécesseur Günther Oettinger Commissaire européen à l'élargissement et à la politique européenne de voisinage 1er novembre 2014 – 30 novembre 2019(5 ans et 29 jours) Président Jean-Claude Juncker Gouvernem…
US Republican Party organization for US citizens abroad Republicans OverseasFormation2013Tax ID no. 46-3677880HeadquartersTerre Haute, Indiana, U.S.[1]ChairmanBruce AshVice Chairman and CEOSolomon YueGeneral Counsel and Vice President, MENAMarc ZellWebsiterepublicansoverseas.com Republicans Overseas (RO) is a political organization created in 2013 for United States citizens who are living outside of the United States. RO is recognized by the Republican National Committee (RNC), and by ot…