European Russia

European Russia
European Russia
Largest city	Moscow
Demonym(s)	Russian
Area
• Total	3,969,100 km2 (1,532,500 sq mi) (7th)
Population
• 2023 estimate	109,455,000 (13th)
• Density	27.5/km2 (71.2/sq mi) (160th)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$3.275 trillion
• Per capita	$29,923
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$1.410 trillion
• Per capita	$12,926

European Russia^[a] is the western and most populated part of the Russian Federation. It is geographically situated in Europe, as opposed to the country's sparsely populated and vastly larger eastern part, Siberia, which is situated in Asia, encompassing the entire northern region of the continent. The two parts of Russia are divided by the Ural Mountains and Ural river, bisecting the Eurasian supercontinent. European Russia covers the vast majority of Eastern Europe, and spans roughly 40% of Europe's total landmass, with over 15% of its total population, making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe. The region is divided into five Federal districts.

Area and demographics

European Russia accounts for about 80% of Russia's total population. It covers an area of over 3,969,100 square kilometres (1,532,500 sq mi), with a population of nearly 110 million—making Russia the largest and most populous country in Europe, surpassing second-place Germany.^[4]^[b] European Russia is the most densely populated region of Russia, with a population density of 27.5 people per km² (70 per sq mi).^[5] European Russia counts for about 15% of Europe's total population.

All three federal cities of Russia lie within European Russia. These cities are Moscow, the nation's capital and largest city, which is the second most populous city in Europe; Saint Petersburg, the cultural capital and the second-most populous city in the country; and Sevastopol, located in Crimea, which is internationally recognized as part of Ukraine.

Of the 16 Russian cities with over 1 million inhabitants, 12 lie within European Russia: Moscow, Saint Petersburg, Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Ufa, Rostov-on-Don, Krasnodar, Voronezh, Perm, Chelyabinsk and Volgograd (the remaining four are Yekaterinburg, Omsk, Krasnoyarsk and Novosibirsk).

History

The historical population of European Russia was composed of Slavic, Finno-Ugric, Germanic, Turkic, Jewish, Scythian, North Caucasian, Hunnic and Baltic peoples.^[6]^[7]

Some theories say that some early Eastern Slavs arrived in modern-day western Russia (also in Ukraine and Belarus) sometime during the middle of the first millennium AD.^[8] The Eastern Slavic tribe of the Vyatichis was native to the land around the Oka river. Finno-Ugric, Baltic and Turkic tribes were also present in the area (although large parts of the Turkic and Finno-Ugric people were absorbed by the Slavs, there are great minorities in European Russia today). The western region of Central Russia was inhabited by the Eastern Slavic tribe of the Severians.

One of the first Rus' regions according to the Sofia First Chronicle was Veliky Novgorod in 859. In late 8th and early-to-mid-9th centuries AD the Rus' Khaganate was formed in modern western Russia. The region was a place of operations for Varangians, eastern Scandinavian adventurers, merchants, and pirates. From the late 9th to the mid-13th century a large section of today's European Russia was part of Kievan Rus'. The lands of Rus' Khaganate and Kievan Rus' were important trade routes and connected Scandinavia, Byzantine Empire, Rus' people and Volga Bulgaria with Khazaria and Persia. According to old Scandinavian sources among the 12 biggest cities of Kievan Rus' or Ancient Rus' were Novgorod, Kiev, Polotsk, Smolensk, Murom and Rostov.^[9]

Through trade and cultural contact with Byzantine Empire, the Slavic culture of the Rus' adopted gradually the Eastern Orthodox religion. Many sources say that Ryazan, Kolomna, Moscow, Vladimir and Kiev were destroyed by the Mongol Empire. After the Mongol invasion the Muscovite Rus' arose, over all this time, western Russia and the various Rus' regions had strong cultural contacts with the Byzantine Empire, while the Slavic culture was cultivated all the time.^[10] The elements of East Slavic paganism and Christianity overlapped each other and sometimes produced even double faith in Muscovite Rus'.^[11]

Economy

In 2022 the GRDP of European Russia was around ₽100 trillion (US$1.4 trillion).^[3]

Alignment with administrative divisions

The following Federal districts of Russia are wholly or partly European:

Name of district		Area (km²)	Population (2023)	Population density	GRDP (2022)	Continent notes
	Central Federal District	650,200	40,198,659^[12]	59.658	₽47.368 trillion ($692 billion)^[3]	Europe
	North Caucasian Federal District	170,400	10,251,083^[12]	56.58	₽3.111 trillion ($45 billion)^[3]	Europe
	Northwestern Federal District	1,687,000	13,840,352^[12]	8.25	₽18.929 trillion ($276 billion)^[3]	Europe
	Southern Federal District^{[note 1]}	447,900	16,624,081^[12]	33.46	₽9.816 trillion ($143 billion)^[3]	Europe
	Volga Federal District	1,037,000	28,540,832^[12]	28.63	₽19.664 trillion ($287 billion)^[3]	Predominantly Europe
	Ural Federal District	1,818,500	12,262,205^[12]	6.86	₽20.073 trillion ($293 billion)^[3]	Predominantly Asia - Europe
	Sum of 6 Federal Districts^{[note 2]}	3,995,200	109,455,000^[12]	27.22	₽98.890 trillion ($1444 billion)^[3]	Predominantly Europe
^ Includes the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol, which are both de facto administrated by Russia but considered part of Ukraine by most other states. ^ Does not account for the following: Volga Federal District has 4 raions entirely in Asia, one raion mostly in Asia, one raion bisected between Europe and Asia, two cities bisected between Europe and Asia and one settlement fully in Asia, which amount to 280,000 people living in 30,000 km² in Asia (as defined as east of the Ural River). Ural Federal District has roughly 200,000 people living in 1,700 km² in Europe (west of the Ural River).

Notes

^ Russian: Европейская Россия, also Европейская часть России "European part of Russia" or Европейская территория России "European territory of Russia".
^ Turkey is only partially in Europe, in East Thrace, which has a population of about 12 million.