Northern America

Northern America
Area	21,780,142 km2 (8,409,360 sq mi)
Population	375,278,947 (2021 est.)
Population density	16.5/km2 (42.7/sq mi)
GDP (nominal)	$27.5 trillion (2022)
Countries	2 Canada ; United States ;
Dependencies	3 Bermuda (United Kingdom) ; Greenland (Denmark) ; Saint Pierre and Miquelon (France);
Languages	English, French, Spanish, Danish, Greenlandic, and various recognized regional languages
Time zones	UTC−10:00 (west Aleutians) to UTC+00:00 (Danmarkshavn, Greenland)
Largest cities	10 largest cities in Northern America (2015) New York; Los Angeles; Toronto; Chicago; Houston; Montreal; Philadelphia; Phoenix; San Antonio; San Diego; ;
UN M49 code	021 – Northern America; 003 – North America; 019 – Americas; 001 – World

Northern America is the northernmost subregion of North America as well as the northernmost region in the Americas. The boundaries may be drawn slightly differently. In one definition, it lies directly north of Middle America.^[2] Northern America's land frontier with the rest of North America then coincides with the Mexico–United States border. Geopolitically, according to the United Nations' scheme of geographical regions and subregions, Northern America consists of Bermuda, Canada, Greenland, Saint Pierre and Miquelon and the United States (the contiguous United States and Alaska only, excluding Hawaii, Navassa Island, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands, and other minor U.S. Pacific territories).^[3]^[4]

Definitions

Maps using the term Northern America date back to 1755, when the region was occupied by France, Great Britain, and Spain.^[5] The Solemn Act of the Declaration of Independence of Northern America in 1813 applied to Mexico. Today, Northern America includes the Canada–US dyad, developed countries that exhibit very high Human Development Indexes and intense economic integration while sharing many socioeconomic characteristics.^[6]

The World Geographical Scheme for Recording Plant Distributions has "Northern America" as the seventh of its nine "botanical continents". Its definition differs from the usual political one: Mexico is included, Bermuda is excluded (being placed in the Caribbean region), Hawaii is excluded (being placed in the Pacific botanical continent) and all of the Aleutian Islands, Russian as well as American, are included.^[7]

Countries and territories

Country / Territory	Population^[8]^[9]	Area (km²)^[10]	Density (people per km²)	Capital
Bermuda	64,185	53.2	1,206.48	Hamilton
Canada	38,155,012	9,984,670	3.82	Ottawa
Greenland	56,243	2,166,086	0.03	Nuuk
Saint Pierre and Miquelon	5,883	242	24.31	Saint Pierre
United States^[11]	336,997,624	9,826,675	34.29	Washington, D.C.

* indicates "Demographics of country or territory" links.

Demographics

Year	Population^[12]	% change	Canada	%	United States	%
1950	172,603,000	—	13,733,000	8.0%	158,804,000	92.0%
1960	204,649,000	+18.6%	17,847,000	8.7%	186,721,000	91.2%
1970	230,992,000	+12.9%	21,374,000	9.3%	209,513,000	90.7%
1980	254,007,000	+10.0%	24,417,000	9.6%	229,476,000	90.3%
1990	279,785,000	+10.1%	27,541,000	9.8%	252,120,000	90.1%
2000	312,427,000	+11.7%	30,588,000	9.8%	281,711,000	90.2%
2010	343,287,000	+9.9%	34,148,000	9.9%	309,011,000	90.0%
2020	368,870,000	+7.5%	37,742,000	10.2%	331,003,000	89.7%