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Laurentia

For the use of the surname "Laurentia", see Laurentum. For the bioregion of the same name, see Laurentia (bioregion). For the saint, see Palatias and Laurentia. For other uses, see Laurentia (disambiguation).

Laurentia basement rocks

Laurentia or the North American Craton is a large continental craton that forms the ancient geological core of North America. Many times in its past, Laurentia has been a separate continent, as it is now in the form of North America, although originally it also included the cratonic areas of Greenland and the Hebridean Terrane in northwest Scotland. During other times in its past, Laurentia has been part of larger continents and supercontinents and consists of many smaller terranes assembled on a network of early Proterozoic orogenic belts. Small microcontinents and oceanic islands collided with and sutured onto the ever-growing Laurentia, and together formed the stable Precambrian craton seen today.[1][2][3]

Etymology

The craton is named after the Laurentian Shield, through the Laurentian Mountains, which received their name from the St. Lawrence River, named after Saint Lawrence of Rome.[4]

Interior platform

In eastern and central Canada, much of the stable craton is exposed at the surface as the Canadian Shield, an area of Precambrian rock covering over a million square miles. This includes some of the oldest rock on Earth, such as the Archean rock of the Acasta Gneiss, which is 4.04 billion years (Ga) old, and the Istaq Gneiss Complex of Greenland, which is 3.8 Ga.[5] When subsurface extensions are considered, the wider term Laurentian Shield is more common, not least because large parts of the structure extend outside Canada. In the United States, the craton bedrock is covered with sedimentary rocks on the broad interior platform in the Midwest and Great Plains regions and is exposed only in northern Minnesota, Wisconsin, the New York Adirondacks, and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan.[6] The sequence of sedimentary rocks varies from about 1,000 m to in excess of 6,100 m (3,500–20,000 ft) in thickness. The cratonic rocks are metamorphic or igneous with the overlying sedimentary layers composed mostly of limestones, sandstones, and shales.[7] These sedimentary rocks were largely deposited 650–290 Ma.[8]

The oldest bedrock, assigned to the Archean Slave, Rae, Hearne, Wyoming, Superior, and Nain Provinces, is located in the northern two thirds of Laurentia. During the Early Proterozoic they were covered by sediments, most of which has now been eroded away.[1]

Greenland is part of Laurentia. The island is separated from North America by the Nares Strait, but this is a Pleistocene erosional feature. The strait is floored with continental crust and shows no indications of a thermal event or seaway tectonism.[9][10] Greenland is composed mostly of crust of Archean to Proterozoic age, with lower Paleocene shelf formations on its northern margin and Devonian to Paleogene formations on its western and eastern margins. The eastern and northern margins were heavily deformed during the Caledonian orogeny.[11][10]

The Isua Greenstone Belt of western Greenland preserves oceanic crust containing sheeted dike complexes. These provide evidence to geologists that mid-ocean ridges existed 3.8 Ga. The Abitibi gold belt in the Superior Province is the largest greenstone belt in the Canadian Shield.[12]

Tectonic history

Assembly

Laurentia first assembled from six or seven large fragments of Archean crust at around 2.0 to 1.8 Ga.[3][13] The assembly began when the Slave craton collided with the Rae-Hearne craton, and the Rae-Hearne craton collided shortly after with the Superior Craton. These then merged with several smaller fragments of Archean crust, including the Wyoming, Medicine Hat, Sask, Marshfield, and Nain blocks. This series of collisions raised the mountains of the Trans-Hudson orogenic belt, which likely were similar to the modern Himalayas,[3] and the Wopmay orogen of northwest Canada.[14] During the assembly of the core of Laurentia, banded iron formation was deposited in Michigan, Minnesota, and Labrador.[15]

The resulting nucleus of Laurentia was mostly reworked Archean crust but with some juvenile crust in the form of volcanic arc belts. Juvenile crust is crust formed from magma freshly extracted from the Earth's mantle rather than recycled from older crustal rock.[3] The intense mountain building of the Trans-Hudson orogeny formed thick, stable roots beneath the craton,[3] possibly by a process of "kneading" that allowed low density material to move up and high density material to move down.[16]

Over the next 900 million years, Laurentia grew by the accretion of island arcs and other juvenile crust and occasional fragments of older crust (such as the Mojave block). This accretion occurred along the southeastern margin of Laurentia, where there was a long-lived convergent plate boundary. Major accretion episodes included the Yavapai orogeny at 1.71 to 1.68 Gya, which welded the 1.8 to 1.7 Ga Yavapai province to Laurentia; the Mazatzal orogeny at 1.65 to 1.60 Gya, accreting the 1.71 to 1.65 Ga Mazatzal province;[3] the Picuris orogeny at 1.49 to 1.45 Gya,[17] which may have welded the 1.50 to 1.30 Ga Granite-Rhyolite province to Laurentia; and the Grenville orogeny at 1.30 to 0.95 Gya, which accreted the 1.30 to 1.00 Ga Llano-Grenville province to Laurentia.

The Picuris orogeny, in particular, was characterized by the intrusion of great volumes of granitoid magma into the juvenile crust, which helped mature the crust and stitch it together. Slab rollback at 1.70 and 1.65 Gya deposited characteristic quartzite-rhyolite beds on the southern margin of the craton. This long episode of accretion doubled the size of Laurentia but produced craton underlain by relatively weak, hydrous, and fertile (ripe for extraction of magma) mantle lithosphere.[3] The subduction under the southeast margin of the continent likely caused enrichment of the lithospheric mantle beneath the orogenic belts of the Grenville Province.[18] Around 1.1 Gya, the center of the craton nearly rifted apart along the Midcontinent Rift System. This produced the Keweenawan Supergroup, whose flood basalts are rich in copper ore.[19]

Formation and breakup of Rodinia

Laurentia was formed in a tectonically active world.[20][3] The subduction under the southeast margin of the continent is thought to have contributed to the formation of Rodinia.[18][21][22] According to the Southwest U.S. and East Antarctica or SWEAT hypothesis, Laurentia became the core of the supercontinent. It was rotated approximately 90 degrees clockwise compared with its modern orientation, with East Antarctica and Australia to the north (what is now the west), Siberia to the east (present north), Baltica and Amazonia to the south (present east), and Congo to the southwest (present southeast). The Grenville orogen extended along the entire southwest (present southeast) margin of Laurentia, where it had collided with Congo, Amazonia, and Baltica. Laurentia lay along the equator.[23]

Recent evidence suggests that South America and Africa never quite joined to Rodinia, though they were located very close to it. Newer reconstructions place Laurentia closer to its present-day orientation, with East Antarctica and Australia to the west, South China to the northwest, Baltica to the east, and Amazonia and Rio de la Plata to the south.[24]

The breakup of Rodinia began by 780 Ma, when numerous mafic dike swarms were emplaced in western Laurentia.[25] Early stages of rifting produced the Belt Supergroup, which is over 12 kilometers (7.5 mi) thick.[26] By 750 Ma the breakup was mostly complete, and Gondwana (composed of most of today's southern continents) had rotated away from Laurentia, which was left isolated near the equator.[25] The breakup of Rodinia may have triggered an episode of severe ice ages (the Snowball Earth hypothesis.)[24]

Pannotia and after

Pannotia 545 Ma, view centred on the South Pole.[27]

There is some evidence that the fragments of Rodinia gathered into another short-lived supercontinent, Pannotia, at the very end of the Proterozoic. This continent broke up again almost at once, and Laurentia rifted away from South America at around 565 Ma to once again become an isolated continent near the equator, separated from Gondwana by the western Iapetus Ocean. Sometime in the early Cambrian, around 530 Ma, Argentina rifted away from Laurentia and accreted onto Gondwana.[28]

The breakup of Pannotia produced six major continents: Laurentia, Baltica, Kazakhstania, Siberia, China, and Gondwana.[29] Laurentia remained an independent continent until the middle Silurian.[10] During the early to middle Ordovician, several volcanic arcs collided with Laurentia along what is now the Atlantic coast of North America. This caused an episode of mountain-building called the Taconic orogeny.[30] As the mountains raised by the Taconic orogeny were subsequently eroded, they produced the immense Queenston Delta, recorded in the rocks of the Queenston Formation.[29] There was also violent volcanic activity, including the eruption that produced the Millburg/Big Bentonite ash bed. About 1,140 cubic kilometers (270 cu mi) of ash erupted in this event. However, this does not seem to have triggered any mass extinction.[31][32]

Throughout the early Paleozoic, Laurentia was characterized by a tectonically stable interior flooded by the seas, with marginal orogenic belts.[29] An important feature was the Transcontinental Arch, which ran southwest from the lowlands of the Canadian Shield. The shield and the arch were the only portions of the continent that were above water through much of the early Paleozoic.[33] There were two major marine transgressions (episodes of continental flooding) during the early Paleozoic, the Sauk and the Tippecanoe. During this time, the Western Cordillera was a passive margin.[29] Sedimentary rocks that were deposited on top of the basement complex were formed in a setting of quiet marine and river waters. The craton was covered by shallow, warm, tropical epicontinental or epicratonic sea (meaning literally "on the craton") that had maximum depths of only about 60 m (200 ft) at the shelf edge.[34]

The position of the equator during the Late Ordovician epoch (c. 458 – c.  444 Ma) on Laurentia has been determined via extensive shell bed records.[35] Flooding of the continent that occurred during the Ordovician provided the shallow warm waters for the success of sea life and therefore a spike in the carbonate shells of shellfish. Today the beds are composed of fossilized shells or massive-bedded Thalassinoides facies and loose shells or nonamalgamated brachiopod shell beds.[35] These beds imply the presence of an equatorial climate belt that was hurricane free which lay inside 10° of the equator.[35] This ecological conclusion matches the previous paleomagnetic findings which confirms this equatorial location.[35]

Laurussia

Paleogeography of Earth in the middle Silurian, around 430 Ma. Avalonia and Baltica have fused with Laurentia to form Laurussia.

At the end of the Cambrian, about 490 Mya, Avalonia rifted away from Gondwana. By the end of the Ordovician, Avalonia had merged with Baltica, and the two fused to Laurentia at the end of the Silurian (about 420 Ma)[30] in the Caledonian orogeny. This produced the continent of Laurussia.[30][10]

During this time, several small continental fragments merged with other margins of the craton. These included the North Slope of Alaska, which merged during the Early Devonian.[36] Several small crust fragments accreted from the late Devonian through the Mesozoic to form the Western Cordillera.[37]

The Western Cordillera became a convergent plate margin during the Ordovician, and the Transcontinental Arch became submerged, only to reappear in the Devonian.[38] The Devonian also saw the deposition of the Chattanooga Shale[39] and the Antler Orogeny in the Western Cordillera.[40]

Formation of Pangaea

Paleogeography of Earth in the late Carboniferous, around 310 Ma. Laurussia has fused with Gondwana to form Pangea.

During the Carboniferous and Permian, Laurussia fused with Gondwana to form Pangaea. The resulting Alleghanian orogeny created the Central Pangean Mountains.[41][42][10] The mountains were located close to the equator and produced a year-round zone of heavy precipitation that promoted the deposition of extensive coal beds, including the Appalachian coal beds in the U.S.[43] Meanwhile, Gondwana had drifted onto the South Pole, and cycles of extensive glaciation produced a characteristic pattern of alternating marine and coal swamp beds called cyclothems.[44]

During the Pennsylvanian, the Ancestral Rocky Mountains were raised in the southwestern part of Laurentia. This has been attributed either to either the collision with Gondwana[45] or subduction under the continental margin from the southwest.[46] Two additional marine transgressions took place during the late Paleozoic: the Kaskaskia and Absaroka.[29]

The great continental mass of Pangaea strongly affected climate patterns.[43] The Permian was relatively arid, and evaporites were deposited in the Permian Basin.[47] Sedimentary beds deposited in the southwest in the early Triassic were fluvial in character, but gave way to eolian beds in the late Triassic.[48] Pangaea reached its height about 250 Ma, at the start of the Triassic.[49]

Breakup of Pangaea

The breakup of Pangaea began in the Triassic, with rifting along what is now the east coast of the U.S. that produced red beds, arkosic sandstone, and lake shale deposits.[48] The central Atlantic ocean basin began opening at about 180 Ma.[49] Florida, which had been a part of Gondwana before the assembly of Pangaea, was left with Laurentia during the opening of the central Atlantic. This former Gondwana fragment includes the Carolina Slate belt and parts of Alabama.[10]

The Gulf of Mexico opened during the Late Triassic and Jurassic. This was accompanied by deposition of evaporite beds that later gave rise to salt domes that are important petroleum reservoirs today.[48] Europe rifted away from North America between 140 and 120 Ma,[49] and Laurentia once again became the core of an independent continent with the opening of the North Atlantic in the Paleogene.[10]

Four orogenies occurred in the Mesozoic in the Western Cordillera: the Sonoma, Nevadan, Sevier, and Laramide. The Nevadan orogeny emplaced the extensive batholiths of the Sierra Nevada.[50] The regression of the Sundance Sea in the late Jurassic was accompanied by deposition of the Morrison Formation, notable for its vertebrate fossils.[48]

During Cretaceous times, the Western Interior Seaway ran from the Gulf of Mexico to the Arctic Ocean, dividing North America into eastern and western land masses. From time to time, land masses or mountain chains rose up on the distant edges of the craton and then eroded down, shedding their sand across the landscape.[51] Chalk beds of the Niobrara Formation were deposited at this time, and accretion of crustal fragments continued along the Western Cordillera.[48]

In the Cenozoic

Northeast Mexico was added to the North American craton relatively recently in geological time. This block was formed from the Mesozoic to nearly the present day, with only small fragments of earlier basement rock. It moved as a coherent unit after the breakup of Pangaea.[10] The Atlantic and Gulf Coasts experienced eight transgressions in the Cenozoic.[52] The Laramide orogeny continued to raise the present Rocky Mountains into the Paleocene.[52] The Western Cordillera continued to suffer tectonic deformation, including the formation of the Basin and Range Province in the middle Cenozoic and the uplift of the Colorado Plateau. The Colorado Plateau was uplifted with remarkably little deformation. The flood basalts of the Columbia Plateau also erupted during the Cenozoic.[52]

The southwestern portion of Laurentia consists of Precambrian basement rocks deformed by continental collisions. This area has been subjected to considerable rifting as the Basin and Range Province has been stretched up to 100% of its original width.[53] The area experienced numerous large volcanic eruptions. Baja California rifted away from North America during the Miocene.[49] This block of crust consists of Proterozoic to early Paleozoic shelf and Mesozoic arc volcano formations.[54][10] The Holocene being an interglacial, a warm spell between episodes of extensive glaciation.[52]

Paleoenvironmental change

Several climate events occurred in Laurentia during the Phanerozoic eon. During the late Cambrian through the Ordovician, sea level fluctuated with ice cap melt. Nine macro scale fluctuations of "global hyper warming", or high intensity greenhouse gas conditions, occurred.[55] Due to sea level fluctuation, these intervals led to mudstone deposits on Laurentia that act as a record of events.[55] The late Ordovician brought a cooling period, although the extent of this cooling is still debated.[56] More than 100 million years later, in the Permian, an overall warming trend occurred.[57] As indicated by fossilized invertebrates, the western margin of Laurentia was affected by a lasting southward bound cool current. This current contrasted with waters warming in the Texas region.[57] This opposition suggests that, during Permian global warm period, northern and northwestern Pangea (western Laurentia) remained relatively cool.[57]

Geological history

  • Around 4.03 to 3.58 Ga, the oldest intact rock formation on the planet, the Acasta Gneiss, was formed in what is now Northwest Territories (older individual mineral grains are known, but not whole rocks).[58]
  • Around 2.565 Ga, Arctica formed as an independent continent.
  • Around 2.72 to 2.45 Ga, Arctica was part of the supercontinent Kenorland.[clarification needed]
  • Around 2.1 to 1.84 Ga, when Kenorland broke apart, the Arctican craton was part of the landmass Nena along with Baltica and Eastern Antarctica.
  • Around 1.82 Ga, Laurentia was part of the supercontinent Columbia.
  • Around 1.35–1.3 Ga, Laurentia was an independent continent.
  • Around 1.3 Ga, Laurentia was part of the landmass Protorodinia.
  • Around 1.07 Ga, Laurentia was part of the supercontinent Rodinia.
  • Around 750 Ma, Laurentia was part of the landmass Protolaurasia. Laurentia nearly rifted apart.
  • In the Ediacaran (635 to 541 ±0.3 Ma), Laurentia was part of the supercontinent Pannotia.
  • In the Cambrian (541 ±0.3 to 485.4 ±1.7 Ma), Laurentia was an independent continent.
  • In the Ordovician (485.4 ± 1.7 to 443.8 ±1.5 Ma), Laurentia was shrinking and Baltica was expanding.
  • In the Devonian (419.2 ± 2.8 to 358.9 ±2.5 Ma), Laurentia collided against Baltica, forming the landmass Euramerica.
  • In the Permian (298.9 ± 0.8 to 252.17 ±0.4 Ma), all major continents collided against each other, forming the supercontinent Pangaea.
  • In the Jurassic (201.3 ± 0.6 to 145 ±4 Ma), Pangaea rifted into two landmasses: Laurasia and Gondwana. Laurentia was part of the landmass Laurasia.
  • In the Cretaceous (145 ± 4 to 66 Ma), Laurentia was an independent continent called North America.
  • In the Neogene (23.03 ± 0.05 Ma until today or ending 2.588 Ma), Laurentia, in the form of North America, collided with South America, forming the landmass America.


See also

References

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  2. ^ Dalziel, I.W.D. (1992). "On the organization of American Plates in the Neoproterozoic and the breakout of Laurentia" (PDF). GSA Today. Vol. 2, no. 11. pp. 237–241. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 October 2016. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
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Works cited

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Mamiek Prakoso

Mamiek PrakosoLahirMamiek Prakoso(1961-04-06)6 April 1961Salatiga, Jawa TengahMeninggal3 Agustus 2014(2014-08-03) (umur 53)Surakarta, Jawa TengahNama lainMamiek PodangPekerjaanAktor, pelawakTahun aktif1987-2014Suami/istriSuraniOrang tuaHadi Suranto (Ranto Edi Gudel) (ayah) dan Hj. Umiyati Siti Nurjanah (ibu)KerabatDidi Kempot (adik) Mamiek Prakoso (6 April 1961 – 3 Agustus 2014) adalah pemeran dan pelawak Indonesia. Ia mengawali karier sebagai pelawak melalui grup …

Fukusaki, Hyōgo

Fukusaki 福崎町Kota kecil BenderaLambangLokasi Fukusaki di Prefektur HyōgoNegara JepangWilayahKansaiPrefektur HyōgoDistrikKanzakiPemerintahan • Wali kotaYoshiharu OzakiLuas • Total45,8 km2 (17,7 sq mi)Populasi (Oktober 1, 2015) • Total19.738 • Kepadatan431,0/km2 (1,116/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+09:00Kode pos679-2280Simbol  • PohonIlex rotunda • BungaSalvia splendensNomor telepon079…

List of Netflix original films (2015–2017)

For Netflix original series and related specials, see List of Netflix original programming. For Netflix original stand-up comedy specials, see List of Netflix original stand-up comedy specials. For Netflix exclusive international distribution films, see Lists of Netflix exclusive international distribution programming. Netflix is an American global on-demand Internet streaming media provider, that has distributed a number of original programs, including original series, specials, miniseries, doc…

The Verve E.P.

1992 EP by VerveVerveEP by VerveReleased7 December 1992RecordedSeptember 1991 – July 1992GenrePsychedelic rock, shoegazing, dream pop, space rockLength31:29Label Vernon Yard (US) Hut (UK, HUTUS1) ProducerBarry Clempson, Paul Schroeder (A Man Called Sun)Verve chronology Wigan Demos(1991) Verve(1992) A Storm in Heaven(1993) Singles from Verve (EP) She's a SuperstarReleased: 22 June 1992 Gravity GraveReleased: 5 October 1992 Professional ratingsReview scoresSourceRatingAllMusic[1]…

Irene dari Athena

IreneΕιρήνηKoin emas IreneMaharani Romawi TimurBerkuasaAgustus 797 – 31 Oktober 802PendahuluKonstantinus VIPenerusNikēphoros IPermaisuri Kaisar Romawi TimurPeriode14 September 775 – 18 Juni 780Informasi pribadiKelahiransekitar 752AthenaKematian9 Agustus 803WangsaIsaurianus (melalui pernikahan)PasanganLeo IVAnakKonstantinus VIAgamaKristen Kalsedon Irene Sarantapechaina (bahasa Yunani: Ειρήνη Σαρανταπήχαινα), juga dikenal dengan nama Irene dari Athena atau Irene …

Panhard ERC

Panhard ERC ERC-90 Sagaie dari Angkatan Darat Prancis selama parade Jenis Mobil lapis baja, kendaraan bantuan tembakan Negara asal Prancis Sejarah pemakaian Masa penggunaan 1980-sekarang Pada perang Pasukan Sementara Perserikatan Bangsa-Bangsa di LebanonPerang TelukKonflik Chiapas[1]Perang BosniaPerang KosovoPerang Saudara Pantai Gading PertamaPerang Saudara Chad (2005–2010)Perang Saudara Pantai Gading KeduaMali UtaraPemberontakan Boko Haram [2] Sejarah produksi …

Hak LGBT di Arab Saudi

Hak LGBT di Arab Saudi Arab SaudiAktivitas sesama jenis legal?Ilegal -Hukum Syariah DiterapkanHukuman:Hukuman mati, hukuman lain dapat berlaku seperti hukuman cambuk, penjara, dan denda,1-tahun pembuangan, deportasi untuk warga asing. Orang yang terdakwa dua kali menghadapi eksekusi otomatis. Transeksual–Pengakuan pasangan sesama jenisTidak diakuinya hubungan seks sesama jenisAdopsi anak oleh pasangan sesama jenis–Karier militer–Perlindungan dari diskriminasiTidak ada Hak LGBT di Arab Saud…

Guard rail

Freestanding fixture meant to aid in pedestrian and vehicle safety For other uses, see Guard rail (disambiguation). Staircase railings in the Degré du roi, part of the Petit appartement du roi, in the Palace of Versailles, Versailles, France Guard rails, guardrails, railings or protective guarding,[1] in general, are a boundary feature and may be a means to prevent or deter access to dangerous or off-limits areas while allowing light and visibility in a greater way than a fence. Common …

Complete (album BtoB)

CompleteAlbum studio karya BTOBDirilis29 Juni 2015Direkam2015Genre K-pop dance-pop ballad Label Cube Entertainment Universal Music Group ProduserHong Seung SeongKronologi BTOB The Winter's Tale(2014)The Winter's Tale2014 Complete(2015) I Mean(2015)I Mean2015 Singel dalam album Complete 괜찮아요 (It's Okay)Dirilis: 29 Juni 2015 Complete adalah album berdurasi penuh pertama dari boy group Korea Selatan, BtoB. Album ini dirilis di Korea pada tanggal 29 Juni 2015 dan terdiri dari 13 lagu sec…

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II

Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning IIBerkas:PESAWAT GTAF-35A Angkatan Udara AS di lepas pantai FloridaTerbang perdana15 Desember 2006DiperkenalkanF-35B: 31 Juli 2015 (USMC) F-35A: 2 Agustus 2016 (USAF) SerikatStatusOperasionalPengguna utamaAngkatan Udara Amerika Serikat Angkatan Laut Amerika Serikat Marinir Amerika Serikat Angkatan Udara Britania RayaTahun produksi2006–SekarangJumlah produksi945+ per Juli 2023 [1]Biaya programUS$1,51 Triliun (Rp23.508,87 Triliun)Harga satuanF-35A: US$77,9 …

Gesta Danorum

Halaman buku Christiern Pedersen: Danorum Regum heroumque Historia, Paris 1514. Dari buku Apoteker Sibbernsens Saxobog, Reitzels Forlag, Kopenhagen Gesta Danorum (dalam bahasa Latin: Gesta Danorum atau Historia Danica) merupakan sebuah karya sejarahwan abad pertengahan Saxo Grammaticus, yang diterbitkan pada tahun 1200 di biara Sorø. Buku ini adalah buku Denmark pertama yang memiliki pengaruh besar dalam historiografi dan sastra Denmark. Sebuah tulisan besar yang terkenal secara internasional, …

Anti-pluralisme

Artikel ini sebagian besar atau seluruhnya berasal dari satu sumber. Tolong bantu untuk memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan rujukan ke sumber lain yang tepercaya.Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Anti-pluralisme – berita · surat kabar · buku · …

Dongfeng Motor Group

Dongfeng Motor Group (DFG)SebelumnyaDongfeng Motor Co., Ltd.Dongfeng Automobile Industry Investment Co., Ltd.JenisPerusahaan publikKode emitenBelum terdaftar(Saham A)SEHK: 489(Saham H)ISINCNE100000312IndustriOtomotifDidirikan18 Mei 2001; 22 tahun lalu (2001-05-18)PendiriDongfeng Motor CorporationKantorpusatJalan Dongfeng, Wuhan, TiongkokWilayah operasiTiongkok DaratanMerekDongfeng ChenglongDongfeng FengshenDongfeng FengxingDongfeng MengshiProduksi 3,306,086[1] (2017)Pendapatan …

Ōki, Fukuoka

Ōki 大木町Kota kecil BenderaLambangLocation of Ōki in Fukuoka PrefectureNegara JepangWilayahKyūshūPrefektur FukuokaDistrikMizumaLuas • Total18,4 km2 (71 sq mi)Populasi (Oktober 1, 2015) • Total14.176 • Kepadatan770,4/km2 (19,950/sq mi)Zona waktuUTC+9 (Waktu Standar Jepang)Simbol • PohonGinkgo biloba• BungaCosmos NarcissusSitus webSitus web resmi Ōki (大木町code: ja is deprecated , Ōki-machi) adalah kota k…

Cheryl Hines

Cheryl HinesLahirCheryl Ruth HinesTahun aktif1993 – Sampai SekarangSuami/istriPaul Young (30 Desember 2002 – Sampai Sekarang) Cheryl Ruth Hines atau lebih dikenal dengan nama Cheryl Hines (lahir 21 September 1965) merupakan seorang aktris berkebangsaan Amerika. Dia terkenal akan kemampuannya berimprovisasi, dia juga pemenang Gracie Allen Awards. Salah satu filmnya yang cukup terkenal adalah Curb Your Enthusiasm (2000 – 2011). Filmografi Swamp Thing TV Series, episode Heart of the Mant…

Kotak Seks

Verrichtungsboxen di Bonn, Jerman Pemandangan fasilitas drive-in seks di Amsterdam (di mana panel tidak sampai ke tanah), yang sekarang ditutup Sex Drive-in atau Kotak Seks adalah garasi kendaraan (atau lokasi tertutup) yang didesain untuk mempermudah pekerja seks komersial bekerja menggunakan mobil dan dapat ditemukan di beberapa negara di Eropa. Secara umum fasilitas ini dibuat oleh otoritas lokal untuk mengontrol dimana pekerja seks komersial bisa bekerja dan untuk meningkatkan keamanan. Lata…

FIFA 21

FIFA 21 PublikasiMicrosoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PS4, Xbox One9 Oktober 2020PS5, Xbox Series X/S3 Desember 2020Stadia17 Maret 2021GenreOlahragaKarakterDua Lipa Latar tempatFIFA universe (en) Bahasa Daftar Inggris 60 Karakteristik teknisPlatformPlayStation 4, Xbox One, Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 5 dan Xbox Series X dan S MesinFrostbite 3ModePermainan video pemain tunggal dan permainan video multipemain Formatdistribusi digital dan unduhan digital Format kode Daftar 30 Informasi pen…

Kelelesa macan

Kelelesa macan Furcifer pardalis MaleFemale, both Montagne d'Ambre National ParkRekaman Status konservasiRisiko rendahIUCN172955 TaksonomiKerajaanAnimaliaFilumChordataKelasReptiliaOrdoSquamataFamiliChamaeleonidaeGenusFurciferSpesiesFurcifer pardalis Cuvier, 1829 Tata namaSinonim takson Chamaeleo pardalis Cuvier 1829[1] Chamaeleo ater Lesson 1832 Cyneosaura pardalis Gray 1865 Chamaeleo guentheri Boulenger 1888 Chamaeleon longicauda Günther 1891 Chamaeleon axillaris Werner 1899 Chamaeleon…

His New Job

His New JobPoster rilis teatrikalSutradaraCharlie ChaplinProduserJess RobbinsDitulis olehCharlie ChaplinLouella Parsons[1]PemeranCharles ChaplinBen TurpinCharlotte MineauLeo WhiteRobert BolderCharles J. StineArthur W. BatesJess RobbinsPenyuntingBret HamptonCharlie ChaplinDistributorEssanay StudiosTanggal rilis 01 Februari 1915 (1915-02-01) Durasi32 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaBisuIntertitel Inggris Film lengkap His New Job adalah sebuah film komedi bisu pendek Amerika 1915 yang …

Botol air panas

Botol air panas yang terbuat dari metal dari tahun 1925 Dua botol air panas modern dengan penutupnya Botol air panas (atau hottie[1]) merupakan alat kompres berisi air panas yang dilengkapi dengan penutup untuk digunakan di tempat tidur atau bagian tubuh sebagai penghangat. Botol karet Botol air panas konvensional modern diciptakan pada 1903 dan terbuat dari karet alam atau PVC, yang dipatenkan oleh pencipta asal Kroasia yang bernama Eduard Penkala. Referensi ^ Lewis, Leo (November 29, 2…

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