More than one hundred million years ago during the Nevadan orogeny, granite formed deep underground. The range started to uplift less than five million years ago,[8] and erosion by glaciers exposed the granite and formed the light-colored mountains and cliffs that make up the range. The uplift caused a wide range of elevations and climates in the Sierra Nevada, which are reflected by the presence of five life zones (areas with similar plant and animal communities). Uplift continues due to faulting caused by tectonic forces, creating spectacular fault blockescarpments along the eastern edge of the southern Sierra.
The Sierra Nevada has played an important role in the history of California and the United States. The California Gold Rush occurred in the western foothills from 1848 through 1855. Due to its inaccessibility, the range was not fully explored until 1912.[9]: 81
The literal translation is "snowy mountains", from sierra "a range of mountains", 1610s, from Spanish sierra "jagged mountain range", lit. "saw", from Latin serra "a saw"; and from fem. of Spanish nevado "snowy".[13][14]
While many mountain ranges are unanimously referred to in the plural (Smokies, Rockies, Cascades, etc.), since Sierra is already pluralized in its native language, some locals who live in "the Sierra" are not hesitant to admonish those who refer to the area as "the Sierras".[15] However, there are historical and literary references that use the plural, such as the 1871 collection of Joaquin Miller poems, Songs of the Sierras.[15][16]Ansel Adams, in response to a publication of his photographs under the title Parmelian Prints of the High Sierras, commented, "The name Sierra is already a plural. To add an s is a linguistic, Californian, and mountaineering sin."[17]
Geography
The Sierra Nevada lies primarily in central and eastern California, with the Carson Range, a small but historically important spur, extending into Nevada. West-to-east, the Sierra Nevada's elevation increases gradually from 500 feet (150 m) in the Central Valley[18] to more than 14,000 feet (4,300 m) atop the highest peaks of its crest 50 to 75 miles (80 to 121 km) to the east. The east slope forms the steep Sierra Escarpment. Unlike its surroundings, the range receives a substantial amount of snowfall and precipitation due to orographic lift.
Physiographically, the Sierra is a section of the Cascade–Sierra Mountains province, which in turn is part of the larger Pacific Mountain Systemphysiographic division. The California Geological Survey states that "the northern Sierra boundary is marked where bedrock disappears under the Cenozoic volcanic cover of the Cascade Range."[22]
The height of the mountains in the Sierra Nevada increases gradually from north to south. Between Fredonyer Pass and Lake Tahoe, the peaks range from 5,000 feet (1,500 m) to more than 9,000 feet (2,700 m). The crest near Lake Tahoe is roughly 9,000 feet (2,700 m) high, with several peaks approaching the height of Freel Peak (10,881 ft or 3,317 m). Farther south, the highest peak in Yosemite National Park is Mount Lyell (13,120 ft or 3,999 m). The Sierra rises to almost 14,000 feet (4,300 m) with Mount Humphreys near Bishop, California. Finally, near Lone Pine, Mount Whitney is at 14,505 feet (4,421 m), the highest point in the contiguous United States.
South of Mount Whitney, the elevation of the range quickly dwindles. The crest elevation is almost 10,000 feet (3,000 m) near Lake Isabella, but south of the lake, the peaks reach only a modest 8,000 feet (2,400 m).[23]
Notable features
There are several notable geographical features in the Sierra Nevada:
Lake Tahoe is a large, clear freshwater lake in the northern Sierra Nevada, with an elevation of 6,225 ft (1,897 m) and an area of 191 sq mi (490 km2).[24] Lake Tahoe lies between the main Sierra and the Carson Range, a spur of the Sierra.[24]
Groves of giant sequoiasSequoiadendron giganteum occur along a narrow band of altitude on the western side of the Sierra Nevada. Giant sequoias are the largest trees in the world.[25]
The United States Forest Service and the Bureau of Land Management currently control 52% of the land in the Sierra Nevada.[4] Logging and grazing are generally allowed on land controlled by these agencies, under federal regulations that balance recreation and development on the land.
The California Bighorn Sheep Zoological Area near Mount Williamson in the southern Sierra was established to protect the endangered Sierra Nevada bighorn sheep. Starting in 1981, hikers were unable to enter the Area from May 15 through December 15, in order to protect the sheep. As of 2010, the restriction has been lifted and access to the Area is open for the whole year.[27]
The earliest rocks in the Sierra Nevada are metamorphicroof pendants of Paleozoic age, the oldest being metasedimentary rocks from the Cambrian in the Mount Morrison region.[28] These dark-colored hornfels, slates, marbles, and schists are found in the western foothills (notably around Coarsegold, west of the Tehachapi Pass) and east of the Sierra Crest.[29] The earliest granite of the Sierra started to form in the Triassic period. This granite is mostly found east of the crest and north of 37.2°N.[30] In the Triassic and into the Jurassic, an island arc collided with the west coast of North America and raised a chain of volcanoes, in an event called the Nevadan orogeny.[31] Nearly all subaerial Sierran Arc volcanoes have since disappeared; their remains were redeposited during the Great Valley Sequence and the subsequent Cenozoic filling of the Great Valley, which is the source of much of the sedimentary rock in California.
In the Cretaceous, a subduction zone formed at the edge of the continent.[32] This means that an oceanic plate started to dive beneath the North American plate. Magma, formed through the subduction of the ancient Farallon Plate, rose in plumes (plutons) deep underground, their combined mass forming what is called the Sierra Nevada batholith. These plutons formed at various times, from 115 Ma to 87 Ma.[33] The earlier plutons formed in the western half of the Sierra, while the later plutons formed in the eastern half of the Sierra.[30] The Sierra Nevada formed the western margin of a high plateau to the east, the Nevadaplano.[34]
Twenty million years ago, crustal extension associated with the Basin and Range Province caused extensive volcanism in the Sierra.[35] About 10 Ma, the Sierra Nevada started to form when a block of crust between the Coast Range and the Basin and Range Province started to tilt to the west[36] as heat from the Basin and Range extension thinned the eastern part of the block, making it more buoyant than the western portion of the block. Rivers started cutting deep canyons on both sides of the range. Lava filled some of these canyons, which have subsequently eroded leaving table mountains that follow the old river channels.[37]
About 2.5 Ma, the Earth's climate cooled, and ice ages started. Glaciers carved out characteristic U-shaped canyons throughout the Sierra. The combination of river and glacier erosion exposed the uppermost portions of the plutons emplaced millions of years before, leaving only a remnant of metamorphic rock on top of some Sierra peaks.
Uplift of the Sierra Nevada continues today, especially along its eastern side. This uplift causes large earthquakes, such as the Lone Pine earthquake of 1872.[38]
The climate of the Sierra Nevada is influenced by the Mediterranean climate of California. During the fall, winter and spring, precipitation in the Sierra ranges from 20 to 80 in (510 to 2,030 mm) where it occurs mostly as snow above 6,000 ft (1,800 m). Precipitation is highest on the central and northern portions of the western slope between 5,000 and 8,000 feet (1,500 and 2,400 m) elevation, due to orographic lift.[33]: 69 Above 8,000 feet (2,400 m), precipitation diminishes on the western slope up to the crest, since most of the precipitation has been wrung out at lower elevations. Most parts of the range east of the crest are in a rain shadow, and receive less than 25 inches of precipitation per year.[39] While most summer days are dry, afternoon thunderstorms are common, particularly during the North American Monsoon in mid and late summer. Some of these summer thunderstorms drop over an inch of rain in a short period, and the lightning can start fires. Summer high temperatures average 42–90 °F (6–32 °C). Winters are comparatively mild, and the temperature is usually only just low enough to sustain a heavy snowpack. For example, Tuolumne Meadows, at 8,600 feet (2,600 m) elevation, has winter daily highs about 40 °F (4 °C) with daily lows about 10 °F (−12 °C).[40] The growing season lasts 20 to 230 days, strongly dependent on elevation.[18] The highest elevations of the Sierra have an alpine climate.
The Sierra Nevada snowpack is the major source of water and a significant source of electric power generation in California.[41] Many reservoirs were constructed in the canyons of the Sierra throughout the 20th century, Several major aqueducts serving both agriculture and urban areas distribute Sierra water throughout the state. However, the Sierra casts a rain shadow, which greatly affects the climate and ecology of the central Great Basin. This rain shadow is largely responsible for Nevada being the driest state in the United States.[42]
Precipitation varies substantially from year to year. It is not uncommon for some years to receive precipitation totals far above or below normal.
The height of the range and the steepness of the Sierra Escarpment, particularly at the southern end of the range, produces a wind phenomenon known as the "Sierra Rotor". This is a horizontal rotation of the atmosphere just east of the crest of the Sierra, set in motion as an effect of strong westerly winds.[43]
Because of the large number of airplanes that have crashed in the Sierra Nevada, primarily due to the complex weather and atmospheric conditions such as downdrafts and microbursts caused by geography there, a portion of the area, a triangle whose vertices are Reno, Nevada; Fresno, California; and Las Vegas, Nevada, has been dubbed the "Nevada Triangle", in reference to the Bermuda Triangle. Some counts put the number of crashes in the triangle at 2,000,[44] including millionaire and record-breaking flyer Steve Fossett. Hypotheses that the crashes are related in some way to the United States Air Force's Area 51, or to the activities of extra-terrestrial aliens, have no evidence to support them.[45][46]
The Sierra Nevada is divided into a number of biotic zones, each of which is defined by its climate and supports a number of interdependent species.[33] Life in the higher elevation zones adapted to colder weather, and to most of the precipitation falling as snow. The rain shadow of the Sierra causes the eastern slope to be warmer and drier: each life zone is higher in the east.[33] A list of biotic zones, and corresponding elevations, is presented below:
The western foothill zone, 1,000–2,500 ft (300–760 m),[33]: 92 with grassland, oak-grass savanna and chaparral-oak woodland.[18]Gray pine (also known as Foothill pine) is intermixed with the oak woodland.[33]: 95
The Pinyon pine-Juniper woodland, 5,000–7,000 ft (1,500–2,100 m) east side only.[33]: 92
Archaeological excavations placed Martis people of Paleo-Indians in northcentral Sierra Nevada during the period of 3,000 BCE to 500 CE. The earliest identified sustaining indigenous people in the Sierra Nevada were the Northern Paiute tribes on the east side, with the Mono tribe and Sierra Miwok tribe on the western side, and the Kawaiisu and Tübatulabal tribes in the southern Sierra. Today, some historic intertribal trade route trails over mountain passes are known artifact locations, such as Duck Pass with its obsidianarrowheads. The California and Sierra Native American tribes were predominantly peaceful, with occasional territorial disputes between the Paiute and Sierra Miwok tribes in the mountains.[48]Washo and Maidu were also in this area prior to the era of European exploration and displacement.[49][50]
American exploration of the mountain range started in 1827. Although prior to the 1820s there were Spanish missions, pueblos (towns), presidios (forts), and ranchos along the coast of California, no Spanish explorers visited the Sierra Nevada.[51] The first Americans to visit the mountains were amongst a group led by fur trapper Jedediah Smith, crossing north of the Yosemite area in May 1827, at Ebbetts Pass.[51]
In 1833, a subgroup of the Bonneville Expedition led by Joseph Reddeford Walker was sent westward to find an overland route to California. Eventually the party discovered a route along the Humboldt River across present-day Nevada, ascending the Sierra Nevada, starting near present-day Bridgeport and descending between the Tuolumne and Merced River drainage. The group may have been the first non-indigenous people to see Yosemite Valley.[52] The Walker Party probably visited either the Tuolumne or Merced Groves of giant sequoia, becoming the first non-indigenous people to see the giant trees,[51] but journals relating to the Walker party were destroyed in 1839, in a print shop fire in Philadelphia.[53]
In the winter of 1844, Lt. John C. Frémont, accompanied by Kit Carson, was the first European American to see Lake Tahoe. The Frémont party camped at 8,050 ft (2,450 m).[55]
The California Gold Rush began at Sutter's Mill, near Coloma, in the western foothills of the Sierra.[56] On January 24, 1848, James W. Marshall, a foreman working for Sacramento pioneer John Sutter, found shiny metal in the tailrace of a lumber mill Marshall was building for Sutter on the American River.[57] Rumors soon started to spread and were confirmed in March 1848 by San Francisco newspaper publisher and merchant Samuel Brannan. Brannan strode through the streets of San Francisco, holding aloft a vial of gold, shouting "Gold! Gold! Gold from the American River!"[57]
On August 19, 1848, the New York Herald was the first major newspaper on the East Coast to report the discovery of gold. On December 5, 1848, President James Polk confirmed the discovery of gold in an address to Congress.[58]: 80 Soon, waves of immigrants from around the world, later called the "forty-niners", invaded the Gold Country of California or "Mother Lode". Miners lived in tents, wood shanties, or deck cabins removed from abandoned ships.[59] Wherever gold was discovered, hundreds of miners would collaborate to put up a camp and stake their claims.
Because the gold in the California gravel beds was so richly concentrated, the early forty-niners simply panned for gold in California's rivers and streams.[60]: 198–200 However, panning cannot take place on a large scale, and miners and groups of miners graduated to more complex placer mining. Groups of prospectors would divert the water from an entire river into a sluice alongside the river, and then dig for gold in the newly exposed river bottom.[61]: 90
By 1853, most of the easily accessible gold had been collected, and attention turned to extracting gold from more difficult locations. Hydraulic mining was used on ancient gold-bearing gravel beds on hillsides and bluffs in the gold fields.[58]: 89 In hydraulic mining, a high-pressure hose directed a powerful stream or jet of water at gold-bearing gravel beds. It is estimated that by the mid-1880s, 11 million troy ounces (340 metric tons) of gold (worth approximately US$16 billion in 2020 prices) had been recovered by "hydraulicking".[62] A consequence of these extraction methods was that large amounts of gravel, silt, heavy metals, and other pollutants were washed into streams and rivers.[61]: 32–36 As of 1999[update], many areas still bear the scars of hydraulic mining, since the resulting exposed earth and downstream gravel deposits do not support plant life.[61]: 116–121
It is estimated that by 1855, at least 300,000 gold-seekers, merchants, and other immigrants had arrived in California from around the world.[58]: 25 The huge numbers of newcomers brought by the Gold Rush drove Native Americans out of their traditional hunting, fishing and food-gathering areas. To protect their homes and livelihood, some Native Americans responded by attacking the miners, provoking counter-attacks on native villages. The Native Americans, out-gunned, were often slaughtered.[61]
Thorough exploration
The Gold Rush populated the western foothills of the Sierra Nevada, but even by 1860, most of the Sierra was unexplored.[9][63] The state legislature authorized the California Geological Survey to officially explore the Sierra (and survey the rest of the state). Josiah Whitney was appointed to head the survey. Men of the survey, including William H. Brewer, Charles F. Hoffmann and Clarence King, explored the backcountry of what would become Yosemite National Park in 1863.[9] In 1864, they explored the area around Kings Canyon. In 1869, John Muir started his wanderings in the Sierra Nevada range,[64] and in 1871, King was the first to climb Mount Langley, mistakenly believing he had summited Mount Whitney, the highest peak in the range.[65] In 1873, Mount Whitney was climbed for the first time by 3 men from Lone Pine, California, on a fishing trip.[9] From 1892 to 1897 Theodore Solomons made the first attempt to map a route along the crest of the Sierra.[9]
Logging in the Sierra Nevada has significantly impacted the landscape. The logging industry in the Sierra Nevada started in the early 1800s, when settlers relied on hand tools and ox-teams.[66]: 103, 127 Before the California Gold Rush, the industry was relatively small, and most of the lumber used in the state was imported. However, as the demand for lumber to support the mining industry increased, logging became a major industry in the region.
Initially, most of the lumber produced in California was used in mining. The Comstock Lode was a major center for logging, with operations supplying lumber for the construction of mine structures, such as tunnels, shafts, and buildings, as well as fuel for the mines. Dan DeQuille observed in 1876, "the Comstock Lode may truthfully be said to be the tomb of the forests of the Sierra. Millions upon millions of feet of lumber are annually buried in the mines, nevermore to be resurrected.”[67]
In the late 1800s, the logging industry moved westward due to the depletion of white pine forests in the upper Midwest.[68]: 9–14 This shift was encouraged by the positive portrayal of the Sierra Nevada as a promising timber region. In 1859, Horace Greely marveled, "I never saw anything so much like good timber in the course of any seventy-five miles' travel as I saw in crossing the Sierra Nevada."[69]
The logging industry experienced significant growth in the late 1800s due to several factors. The Timber and Stone Act of 1878 allowed individuals to claim ownership of old-growth timber tracts, which were later consolidated under joint-stock companies, such as those founded by Midwestern lumber magnates.[71]: 142–144 These companies had the financial resources to transport timber from remote locations and build sawmills near the tracks of the Southern Pacific railroad which connected the San Joaquin Valley to the rest of the state in the 1870s. This facilitated the nationwide distribution of lumber. In addition, technological advancements, such as the shay locomotive and the v-shaped log flume, made it easier to transport lumber across mountainous terrain.[66]
The tourism potential of the Sierra Nevada was recognized early in the European history of the range. Yosemite Valley was first protected by the federal government in 1864. The Valley and Mariposa Grove were ceded to California in 1866 and turned into a state park.[52] John Muir perceived overgrazing by sheep and logging of giant sequoia to be a problem in the Sierra. Muir successfully lobbied for the protection of the rest of Yosemite National Park: Congress created an Act to protect the park in 1890. The Valley and Mariposa Grove were added to the Park in 1906.[52] In the same year, Sequoia National Park was formed to protect the Giant Sequoia: all logging of the Sequoia ceased at that time.
Between 1912 and 1918, Congress debated three times to protect Lake Tahoe in a national park. None of these efforts succeeded, and after World War II, towns such as South Lake Tahoe grew around the shores of the lake. By 1980, the permanent population of the Lake Tahoe area grew to 50,000, while the summer population grew to 90,000.[74] The development around Lake Tahoe affected the clarity of the lake water. In order to preserve the lake's clarity, construction in the Tahoe basin is currently regulated by the Tahoe Regional Planning Agency.[75]
As the 20th century progressed, more of the Sierra became available for recreation; other forms of economic activity decreased. The John Muir Trail, a trail that followed the Sierra crest from Yosemite Valley to Mount Whitney, was funded in 1915 and finished in 1938.[76]Kings Canyon National Park was formed in 1940 to protect the deep canyon of the Kings River.
In the 1920s, automobile clubs and nearby towns started to lobby for trans-Sierra highways over Piute Pass[77] (which would have closed the gap in SR 168) and other locations. However, by end of the 1920s, the Forest Service and the Sierra Club decided that roadless wilderness in the Sierra was valuable, and fought the proposal. The Piute Pass proposal faded out by the early 1930s, with the Forest Service proposing a route over Minaret Summit in 1933.[77] The Minaret Summit route was lobbied against by California's Governor Ronald Reagan in 1972. The expansion of the John Muir and Ansel Adams Wildernesses in the 1980s sealed off the Minaret Summit route.[77]
A trans-Sierra route between Porterville and Lone Pine was proposed by local businessmen in 1923.[78] Eventually, a circuitous route across the Sierra was built across Sherman Pass by 1976.[79]
By 1964, the Wilderness Act protected portions of the Sierra as primitive areas where humans are simply temporary visitors. Gradually, 20 wilderness areas were established to protect scenic backcountry of the Sierra. These wilderness areas include the John Muir Wilderness (protecting the eastern slope of the Sierra and the area between Yosemite and Kings Canyon Parks), and wilderness within each of the National Parks.
The Sierra Nevada still faces a number of issues that threaten its conservation. Logging occurs on both private and public lands, including controversial clearcut methods and thinning logging on private and public lands.[80] Grazing occurs on private lands as well as on National Forest lands, which include Wilderness areas. Overgrazing can alter hydrologic processes and vegetation composition, remove vegetation that serves as food and habitat for native species, and contribute to sedimentation and pollution in waterways.[81] A recent increase in large wildfires like the Rim Fire in Yosemite National Park and the Stanislaus National Forest and the King Fire on the Eldorado National Forest, has prompted concerns.[80] A 2015 study indicated that the increase in fire risk in California may be attributable to human-induced climate change.[82] A study looking back over 8,000 years found that warmer climate periods experienced severe droughts and more stand-replacing fires and concluded that as climate is such a powerful influence on wildfires, trying to recreate presettlement forest structure may be difficult in a warmer future.[83]
^ abcdefRoper, Steve (1997). Sierra High Route: Traversing Timberline Country. The Mountaineers Press. ISBN978-0-89886-506-6.
^Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). "K". Place Names of the Sierra Nevada. San Francisco: Sierra Club. Archived from the original on March 13, 2006.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^Farquhar, Francis P. (1926). "S". Place Names of the Sierra Nevada. San Francisco: Sierra Club. Archived from the original on May 14, 2011.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link)
^"Sierra". Etymology Online. Archived from the original on August 6, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
^"Nevada". Etymology Online. Archived from the original on August 29, 2011. Retrieved February 27, 2011.
^"1872 Lone Pine Earthquake". Sierra Nevada Virtual Museum. Archived from the original on May 22, 2011. Retrieved May 31, 2010. Few people ever see a mountain range grow, but on March 26, 1872, the 300 residents of Lone Pine, California, did.
^Fites-Kauffman, J.; P. W. Rundel; N. Stephenson; D. A. Weixelman (2007). "Montane and subalpine vegetation of the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges". In Barbour, M.G.; Keeler-Wolf, T.; Schoenherr, A.A. (eds.). Terrestrial vegetation of California (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA, USA: University of California Press. pp. 460–501.
^Hoffmann, Charles F. (1868). "Notes on Hetch-Hetchy Valley". Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences. 1 (3:5): 368–370. Archived from the original on May 9, 2011. Retrieved September 27, 2006.
^"Prehistoric Context"(PDF). Idaho-Maryland Mine Project, Master Environmental Assessment. cityofgrassvalley.com. June 2006. p. 2. Archived from the original(PDF) on July 5, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2008.
^ abcSchaffer, Jeffrey P. (1999). Yosemite National Park: A Natural History Guide to Yosemite and Its Trails. Berkeley: Wilderness Press. ISBN978-0-89997-244-2.
^Kiver, Eugene P.; Harris, David V. (1999). Geology of U.S. Parklands (5th ed.). New York: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN978-0-471-33218-3.
^Brands, H. W. (2003). The age of gold: the California Gold Rush and the new American dream. New York: Anchor (reprint ed.).
^ abcdRawls, James J.; Orsi, Richard J., eds. (1999). A golden state: mining and economic development in Gold Rush California (California History Sesquicentennial Series, 2). Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
^ abJohnston, Hank (1997). The Whistles Blow No More. Stauffer Publishing. ISBN0-87046-067-6.
^Straka, Tom; Wynn, Bob (January 17, 2018). "Square-Set Timbering and the V-Flume Kept the Comstock Lode Running Strong". History.net. HistoryNet LLC. Archived from the original on December 27, 2022. Retrieved December 27, 2022. The Comstock Lode may truthfully be said to be the tomb of the Sierras. Millions upon millions of feet of lumber are annually buried in the mines, nevermore to be resurrected. When once it is planted in the lower levels, it never again sees the light of day. …For a distance of 50 or 60 miles, all the hills of the eastern slope of the Sierras have been to a great extent denuded of trees of every kind; those suitable only for wood as well those fit for the manufacture of lumber for use in the mines.
^Johnston, Hank (2011). Rails to the Minarets: The Story of the Sugar Pine Lumber Company (Fourth Edition (Revised) ed.). Fish Camp, California: Stauffer Publishing. ISBN978-0-9846848-0-9.
^Zimmerman, Robert (Fall 1998). "Log Flume". American Heritage's Invention and Technology. American Heritage. Archived from the original on November 20, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
^McDougall Weiner, Jackie (2009). Timely Exposures: The Life and Images of C.C. Curtis, Pioneer California Photographer. Tulare, California: Tulare County Historical Society.
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BB Airways IATA ICAO Kode panggil BO BBW BEEBEE AIRWAYS[1] DidirikanJanuari 2012Mulai beroperasi13 September 2012PenghubungBandar Udara Internasional TribhuvanArmada1Tujuan3Kantor pusatKathmandu, NepalTokoh utamaShisheer Bhatta (Direktur Pelaksana)Situs webwww.flybbairways.com BB Airways adalah maskapai penerbangan yang berbasis di Kathmandu, Nepal.[2] Maskapai penerbangan ini didirikan dan mulai beroperasi pada September 2012.[2] Maskapai penerbangan ini merupakan maskap…
Dante Gabriel RossettiLukisan Dante Gabriel Rossetti karya William Holman HuntLahir(1828-05-12)12 Mei 1828London, InggrisMeninggal9 April 1882(1882-04-09) (umur 53)Birchington, Kent, InggrisPekerjaanPenyair, Pelukis, PenerjemahSuami/istriElizabeth Siddal Dante Gabriel Rossetti - La damigella del Sanct Grael Dante Gabriel Rossetti (12 Mei 1828 – 9 April 1882) adalah seorang penyair, pelukis, dan penerjemah Inggris.[1] Beberapa karyanya antara lain: The Blessed Damozel…
The Best Of NaifFotografi Cover oleh Riki BlackAlbum kompilasi karya NaifDirilis3 Maret 2005Direkam1999-2005GenrePopDurasi59:22LabelBulletin RecordsKronologi Naif Titik Cerah (2002)Titik Cerah2002 The Best Of Naif (2005) Bonbinben (2008)Bonbinben2008 The Best Of Naif merupakan album musik karya Naif yang dirilis pada tahun 2005. Album ini adalah kompilasi lagu terbaik dari album-album sebelumnya ditambah dengan dua lagu baru Air dan Api dan Senang Bersamamu. Daftar lagu Air dan Api - 3:17 Pi…
American comic book writer Geoff JohnsJohns in 2011BornGeoffrey Johns[1] (1973-01-25) January 25, 1973 (age 51)Detroit, Michigan, U.S.Occupation Comic book writer screenwriter producer Alma materMichigan State UniversityYears active1997–presentEmployerDC EntertainmentNotable worksComics: JSA, The Flash, Teen Titans, Green Lantern, Infinite Crisis, 52, Action Comics, Blackest Night, Flashpoint, Doomsday Clock, The Avengers Television: The Flash, Titans, Doom Patrol, Batwo…
Kota Sa Đéc Thành phố Sa ĐécKota provinsialLetak di Provinsi Đồng ThápNegaraVietnamProvinsiĐồng ThápPemerintahan • Wali kotaPhan Van NhieuLuas • Total58 km2 (22 sq mi)Populasi (2011) • Total152.500 • Kepadatan2,600/km2 (6,800/sq mi) Registered residents onlyZona waktuUTC+7 (Vietnam) Sa Đéc adalah sebuah provinsial di Provinsi Đồng Tháp, Delta Mekong, selatan Vietnam. Kota tersebut merupakan pelabuh…
تمثل الأقلية الهنغارية في رومانيا أكبر أقلية عرقية في رومانيا، وتتألف من 1،227،623 شخصًا وتشكل 6.1% من إجمالي السكان، وفقًا لتعداد عام 2011.[1] يعيش معظم الهنغاريين من أصل روماني في مناطق كانت، قبل معاهدة تريانون عام 1920، أجزاء من المجر. تقع في منطقة تُعرف باسم ترانسيلفانيا، تُعر…
2005 American filmThe ReceptionDirected byJohn G. YoungWritten byJohn G. YoungStarringPamela Holden StewartDarien Sills-EvansWayne Lamont SimsMargaret BurkwitChris BurmesterCinematographyDerek WiesehahnEdited byJ. Blake FicheraDistributed byStrand ReleasingRelease date 2005 (2005) Running time80 minutesCountryUnited StatesLanguageEnglish The Reception is 2005 feature film directed and written by John G. Young and starring Pamela Holden Stewart, Darien Sills-Evans, Wayne Lamont Sims, Margare…
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Harol. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiHarol merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE Diarsipkan 2007-11-24 di Wayback Machine. lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville A…
The Baum, Rochdale The Baum is a pub at 33-37 Toad Lane, Rochdale, Greater Manchester, England. It was CAMRA's National Pub of the Year for 2013.[1][2][3][4] References ^ Rochdale 'boozer' The Baum crowned Britain's best pub. BBC News. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2016. ^ Camra Names Rochdale's The Baum National Pub of the Year. Ibtimes.co.uk. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 25 February 2016. ^ The Baum in Rochdale has won the national pub of the year compe…
NaturopatiPengobatan alternatifKlamObat AlamBidang terkaitPengobatan alternatifTahun dicetuskanawal abad ke-20Pencetus awalBenedict Lust; Sebastian KneippMeSHD009324 Naturopati atau pengobatan naturopatik adalah sebuah pengobatan alternatif yang menerapkan serangkaian praktek ilmu semu. Gagasan dan metode naturopati berdasarkan pada vitalisme dan pengobatan tradisional alih-alih pengobatan yang berlandaskan bukti.[1] Referensi ^ Jagtenberg, Tom; Evans, Sue; Grant, Airdre; Howden, Ian; et…
1918 film The VampFilm stillDirected byJerome StormWritten byC. Gardner SullivanIrvin J. Martin(intertitles)Produced byThomas H. InceStarringEnid BennettDouglas MacLeanCinematographyJohn S. StumarDistributed byFamous Players–LaskyParamount PicturesRelease datesJuly 14 (or 22), 1918Running time5 reelsCountryUnited StatesLanguagesSilentEnglish intertitles The Vamp is a lost[1] 1918 American silent wartime comedy-drama film directed by Jerome Storm and starring Enid Bennett and Douglas Ma…