Dargeçit

Dargeçit
Dargeçit
District and municipality
	Map showing Dargeçit District in Mardin Province
	Dargeçit Location in Turkey
	Coordinates: 37°32′38″N 41°43′12″E / 37.544°N 41.720°E
Country	Turkey
Province	Mardin
Area	519 km2 (200 sq mi)
Elevation	940 m (3,080 ft)
Population (2022)	27,147
• Density	52/km2 (140/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (TRT)
Area code	0482

Dargeçit (Arabic: كربوران, Kurdish: Kerboran,^[2] Syriac: ܟܦܪܒܘܪܐܢ, romanized: Karburan)^[3]^[a] is a municipality and district of Mardin Province, Turkey.^[6] Its area is 519 km²,^[7] and its population is 27,147 (2022).^[1] The town is principally populated by Kurds of the Erebiyan tribe.^[8] It is located in the historic region of Tur Abdin.^[9]

Etymology

The Syriac name of the village is derived from "kefr" ("village" in Syriac).^[10]

History

There was a Church of the East monastery of Mar Shallīṭā, located on the west bank of the Tigris near Karburan (today called Dargeçit), which was last mentioned in the eleventh century.^[11] A community of adherents of the Church of the East is known to have existed at Karburan from the scribe and deacon Masʿūd, who copied a manuscript there in 1429/1430 (AG 1741).^[12] It was recorded by the priest Yuhanna of Basibrina from the Qardash family that Karburan was set on fire by an emir called Bidayn in 1714.^[13] Muhammad Beg was killed at Karburan by Yezdanşêr and Musawwar Beg during their revolt in 1855.^[14]

In 1914, Karburan was inhabited by 2000 Assyrians, according to the list presented to the Paris Peace Conference by the Assyro-Chaldean delegation.^[15] The village was populated by 500 Christian families, including Assyrians and Armenians, and 60 Muslim families.^[16] The Assyrian population was divided between adherents of the Syriac Orthodox Church, the Syriac Catholic Church, and Protestants.^[16] There were more than 350 Syriac Orthodox families.^[17] Twelve Syriac priests, one monk, and Mor Antimos Ya’qub of Esfes, the Syriac Orthodox bishop of Dayro da-Slibo, resided at Karburan.^[18]

Amidst the Sayfo, in 1915, survivors of massacres in neighbouring villages fled to Karburan and informed the villagers of their plight.^[19] A council held by the Assyrian notables was unable to agree upon a course of action and Mor Antimos Ya’qub was taken to the town hall by the Turkish mudir (village-level government official), where he eventually converted to Islam, believing that this would spare him.^[19] The Assyrians were consequently forced to barricade themselves in seven large building complexes, popularly known as the "seven palaces", after coming under attack from Kurds led by Ömar and Mustafa, the sons of Ali Ramo.^[19] Some Assyrians who agreed to leave the buildings after having received assurances from the Turkish mudir were taken to the town hall and killed whereas another group that refused to leave their building was attacked by the Turkish gendarmes and massacred.^[19]

The Assyrian villagers managed to hold off the Turkish troops for four days until they ran out of ammunition and thus their building complexes were stormed one by one and, after each building was captured, the Turkish troops took the captive Assyrians outside and killed them in front of the other defenders.^[20] Mor Antimos Ya’qub, despite his conversion to Islam, was seized by Mustafa ibn Ali Ramo and was tortured on the roof of a building and either had his throat slit or he threw himself from the roof.^[21] The bodies were then collected and burned on a large fire.^[21] The French Armenian historian Raymond Kévorkian notes that 600 Assyrians were able to flee whilst the British historian David Gaunt attests that about 100 Assyrians from Karburan survived.^[22] Some Assyrians survived as they had fled to Hah whereas others had been away from Karburan when the massacres took place, and some children were kept as servants in Muslim households.^[21]

In the aftermath of the Sayfo, the Assyrians of Karburan largely adopted the Kurdish language as their mother tongue, whilst only a few continued to speak Syriac.^[23] The population was 1285 in 1960.^[24] In 1966, 875 Kurdish-speaking Christians in 150 families inhabited Karburan.^[24] In 1970, Karburan was inhabited by 2000 people, of whom two thirds were Assyrians.^[25] From 1970 onwards, as a result of the Kurdish–Turkish conflict, the Assyrians of Karburan were forced to emigrate to Sweden, particularly the city of Västerås, Germany, and Belgium to escape the violent living conditions and thus the population dropped from about 300 families in 1975 to only 20 families in 1976.^[26] The final Assyrian family left Karburan in 1979.^[25] The Church of Mar Cyriacus, which had been abandoned after the departure of the village's Assyrian population, was later confiscated by the state treasury.^[27]

Government

The district of Dargeçit was established in 1987.^[28] Dargeçit gained the status of town in 1989.^[29] Since the 2013 administrative reform, Dargeçit is a metropolitan district and municipality. Prior to the reform, the district comprised the main town of Dargeçit (four neighbourhoods: Bahçebaşı, Safa, Saray and Tepebaşı), two towns (Kılavuz and Sümer), thirty-six villages and twenty-six hamlets.^[30]

There are 41 neighbourhoods in Dargeçit District:^[31]

Akçaköy (Îzar)
Akyol (Derêca)
Alayunt (Arbayê)
Altınoluk (Gera Cafer)
Altıyol (Serdef)
Bağözü (Trîwa)
Bahçebaşı
Batur (Batêr)
Baysun (Êzdîna)
Beğendi (Gizre)
Belen (Bakvan)
Bostanlı (Wersikê)
Çatalan (Deyrik)
Çatalçam (Dayro da-Slibo)
Çavuşlu (Zêwkê)
Çelikköy (Çêlik)
Çukurdere (Gelîkur)
Değerli (Îwan)
Gürgen (Botijê)
Gürışık (Gundê Xace)
Ilısu (Germav)
Karabayır (Zengan)
Kartalkaya (Lîyan)
Kılavuz (Xelilan)
Kısmetli (Basiqil kêvil)
Korucu (Şikeftika)
Kumdere (Şibêbiyê)
Kuşluca (Kopraz)
Ormaniçi (Qawaqa)
Safa
Saray
Suçatı (Kerbent)
Sümer (Deywan)
Tanyeri (Rover)
Tavşanlı (Xirabê Qesrê)
Temelli (Emara)
Tepebaşı
Ulaş (Dîlan)
Yanılmaz (Guriza)
Yılmaz (Mêranê)
Yoncalı (Zivinga Çelik)

Notable people

Julius Abd al-Ahad Antar (r. 1882–1885), Syriac Orthodox bishop of the Monastery of the Cross.^[32]
Yusuf Çetin (b. 1954), Syriac Orthodox metropolitan and patriarchal vicar
Fuat Deniz (1967–2007), Assyrian-Swedish sociologist and writer

References

Notes

^ Alternatively transliterated as Kafarbūrān, Kafar Boran, Kärbōrān, Karboran, Karkh Buran, Keferboran, Kerburân, Kerburan, Kfar-Boran’da, Kfar-Boran, Kfarbūrān, Kferburan, or Kırbüran.^[4] Nisba: Kärbōrānī.^[5]

Citations

^ ^a ^b "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Avcıkıran (2009), p. 55.
^ Carlson, Thomas A. (9 December 2016). "Karburan - ܟܦܪܒܘܪܐܢ". The Syriac Gazetteer. Retrieved 2 October 2024.
^ Jongerden & Verheij (2012), p. 322; Wilmshurst (2000), p. 44; Courtois (2013), p. 144; Barsoum (2008), p. 15; Gaunt (2006), p. 232; Kévorkian (2011), p. 376; Tan (2018), p. 117; Palmer (1990), p. 258; Ritter (1967), p. 11; Travis (2018), p. 185; Courtois (2004), p. 185.
^ Ritter (1967), p. 11.
^ Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Tan (2018), p. 109.
^ Barsoum (2003), p. 559.
^ Keser Kayaalp (2021), p. 163.
^ Wilmshurst (2000), p. 91.
^ Wilmshurst (2000), pp. 44, 48; Carlson (2018), p. 113.
^ Barsoum (2008), p. 133.
^ Barsoum (2008), p. 131; Tan (2018), p. 118.
^ Gaunt (2006), pp. 232, 427.
^ ^a ^b Gaunt (2006), p. 232.
^ Courtois (2004), p. 186.
^ Gaunt (2006), p. 232; Takahashi (2011).
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Gaunt (2006), pp. 232–233.
^ Gaunt (2006), p. 233; Travis (2018), p. 185.
^ ^a ^b ^c Gaunt (2006), p. 233.
^ Gaunt (2006), p. 233; Kévorkian (2011), p. 376.
^ Atto (2011), p. 237.
^ ^a ^b Ritter (1967), p. 12.
^ ^a ^b Courtois (2013), p. 150.
^ Atto (2011), pp. 198, 236; Yacoub (2016), p. 198.
^ Palmer (1990), p. 134; Barsoum (2008), p. 17; Tozman (2012), p. 149.
^ "İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 62. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
^ Atto (2011), p. 198.
^ "Dargeçit Tarihçe" (in Turkish). Retrieved 3 October 2023.
^ Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.
^ Barsoum (2008), p. 39.

Bibliography

Atto, Naures (2011). Hostages in the Homeland, Orphans in the Diaspora: Identity Discourses Among the Assyrian/Syriac Elites in the European Diaspora (PDF). Leiden University Press. Retrieved 27 December 2019.
Avcıkıran, Adem (2009). Kürtçe Anamnez, Anamneza bi Kurmancî.
Barsoum, Aphrem (2003). The Scattered Pearls: A History of Syriac Literature and Sciences. Translated by Matti Moosa (2nd ed.). Gorgias Press. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
Barsoum, Aphrem (2008). The History of Tur Abdin. Translated by Matti Moosa. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 1 April 2021.
Carlson, Thomas A. (2018). Christianity in Fifteenth-Century Iraq (PDF). Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 12 November 2024.
Courtois, Sébastien de (2004). The Forgotten Genocide: Eastern Christians, The Last Arameans. Translated by Vincent Aurora. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
Courtois, Sébastien de (2013). "Tur Abdin : Réflexions sur l'état présent descommunautés syriaques du Sud-Est de la Turquie,mémoire, exils, retours". Cahier du Gremmamo (in French). 21: 113–150.
Gaunt, David (2006). Massacres, Resistance, Protectors: Muslim-Christian Relations in Eastern Anatolia during World War I. Gorgias Press. Retrieved 21 May 2023.
Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012). Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915. Brill. Retrieved 20 November 2024.
Keser Kayaalp, Elif (2021). Church Architecture of Late Antique Northern Mesopotamia.
Kévorkian, Raymond (2011). The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History.
Palmer, Andrew (1990). Monk and Mason on the Tigris Frontier: The Early History of Tur Abdin. Cambridge University Press. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
Ritter, Hellmut (1967). Turoyo: Die Volkssprache der Syrischen Christen des Tur 'Abdin (in German). Vol. 1. Franz Steiner Verlag.
Takahashi, Hidemi (2011). "al-Ṣalīb, Dayr". Gorgias Encyclopedic Dictionary of the Syriac Heritage: Electronic Edition. Gorgias Press.
Tan, Altan (2018). Turabidin'den Berriye'ye. Aşiretler - Dinler - Diller - Kültürler (in Turkish). Pak Ajans Yayincilik Turizm Ve Diş Ticaret Limited şirketi. ISBN 9789944360944.
Tozman, Markus (2012). "Cadastral Registration of Lands and Preservation Orders in Turkey's South-East: Subtle Forms of Discrimination?". In Pieter Omtzigt; Markus K. Tozman; Andrea Tyndall (eds.). The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery (PDF). LIT Verlag Münster. pp. 139–156. Retrieved 17 October 2024.
Travis, Hannibal, ed. (2018). The Assyrian Genocide: Cultural and Political Legacies (PDF). Routledge. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Wilmshurst, David (2000). The Ecclesiastical Organisation of the Church of the East, 1318–1913 (PDF). Peeters Publishers. Retrieved 30 October 2024.
Yacoub, Joseph (2016). Year of the Sword: The Assyrian Christian Genocide, A History. Translated by James Ferguson. Oxford University Press. Retrieved 21 November 2024.

[6] Alternatively transliterated as Kafarbūrān, Kafar Boran, Kärbōrān, Karboran, Karkh Buran, Keferboran, Kerburân, Kerburan, Kfar-Boran’da, Kfar-Boran, Kfarbūrān, Kferburan, or Kırbüran.^[4] Nisba: Kärbōrānī.^[5]

[tuik-1] "Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports" (XLS). TÜİK. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

[FOOTNOTEAvcıkıran200955-2] Avcıkıran (2009), p. 55.

[3] Carlson, Thomas A. (9 December 2016). "Karburan - ܟܦܪܒܘܪܐܢ". The Syriac Gazetteer. Retrieved 2 October 2024.

[FOOTNOTEJongerdenVerheij2012322Wilmshurst200044Courtois2013144Barsoum200815Gaunt2006232Kévorkian2011376Tan2018117Palmer1990258Ritter196711Travis2018185Courtois2004185-4] Jongerden & Verheij (2012), p. 322; Wilmshurst (2000), p. 44; Courtois (2013), p. 144; Barsoum (2008), p. 15; Gaunt (2006), p. 232; Kévorkian (2011), p. 376; Tan (2018), p. 117; Palmer (1990), p. 258; Ritter (1967), p. 11; Travis (2018), p. 185; Courtois (2004), p. 185.

[FOOTNOTERitter196711-5] Ritter (1967), p. 11.

[7] Büyükşehir İlçe Belediyesi, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

[8] "İl ve İlçe Yüz ölçümleri". General Directorate of Mapping. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

[FOOTNOTETan2018109-9] Tan (2018), p. 109.

[FOOTNOTEBarsoum2003559-10] Barsoum (2003), p. 559.

[FOOTNOTEKeser_Kayaalp2021163-11] Keser Kayaalp (2021), p. 163.

[FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200091-12] Wilmshurst (2000), p. 91.

[FOOTNOTEWilmshurst200044,_48Carlson2018113-13] Wilmshurst (2000), pp. 44, 48; Carlson (2018), p. 113.

[FOOTNOTEBarsoum2008133-14] Barsoum (2008), p. 133.

[FOOTNOTEBarsoum2008131Tan2018118-15] Barsoum (2008), p. 131; Tan (2018), p. 118.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006232,_427-16] Gaunt (2006), pp. 232, 427.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006232-17] Gaunt (2006), p. 232.

[FOOTNOTECourtois2004186-18] Courtois (2004), p. 186.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006232Takahashi2011-19] Gaunt (2006), p. 232; Takahashi (2011).

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006232–233-20] Gaunt (2006), pp. 232–233.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006233Travis2018185-21] Gaunt (2006), p. 233; Travis (2018), p. 185.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006233-22] Gaunt (2006), p. 233.

[FOOTNOTEGaunt2006233Kévorkian2011376-23] Gaunt (2006), p. 233; Kévorkian (2011), p. 376.

[FOOTNOTEAtto2011237-24] Atto (2011), p. 237.

[FOOTNOTERitter196712-25] Ritter (1967), p. 12.

[FOOTNOTECourtois2013150-26] Courtois (2013), p. 150.

[FOOTNOTEAtto2011198,_236Yacoub2016198-27] Atto (2011), pp. 198, 236; Yacoub (2016), p. 198.

[FOOTNOTEPalmer1990134Barsoum200817Tozman2012149-28] Palmer (1990), p. 134; Barsoum (2008), p. 17; Tozman (2012), p. 149.

[29] "İl İdaresi ve Mülki Bölümler Şube Müdürlüğü İstatistikleri - İl ve İlçe Kuruluş Tarihleri" (PDF) (in Turkish). p. 62. Retrieved 27 December 2022.

[FOOTNOTEAtto2011198-30] Atto (2011), p. 198.

[tari-31] "Dargeçit Tarihçe" (in Turkish). Retrieved 3 October 2023.

[32] Mahalle, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 19 September 2023.

[FOOTNOTEBarsoum200839-33] Barsoum (2008), p. 39.

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Dargeçit

Etymology

History

Government

Notable people

References

Bibliography

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