Australia has had a history of racial discrimination against Indigenous Australians in many areas, including education. In 1966, Australia signed the Convention against Discrimination in Education. Each state now has comprehensive anti-discrimination laws that prohibit such discrimination.[1] In 1992, Australia enacted the Disability Discrimination Act 1992 (Cwth) to outlaw discrimination against students with disabilities.[2]
China
Although all people are entitled to nine years of compulsory education in China, there are reports showing that minorities including people with disabilities are discriminated against in basic education.[3] An example of such discrimination that is reflected in the 2013 Human Rights Watch report is of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and intellectual disability who were denied enrollment in nearby schools due to their disabilities. Their parents then had to travel long distances from home to find a place for their disabled children for basic education.
There are also policies for geographical allocation of available sits in higher education system which led to regional discrimination in the Higher Education Entrance Examination. In China every person has a place of origin in connection to his/her birthplace, and moving or resettlement to provinces/zones other than the ones of origin are subject to receive permits from the authorities. The students subject to regional discrimination are those who managed to have a better record in the relevant exams but are denied studying at top universities due to their place of origin.
Cuba
Cuba has a diverse and multicultural society and there is potentially an available arena for various forms of racial discrimination to grow. Some believe the Cuban educational system suffers from racial discrimination, especially against Afro-Cubans,[4][5] but the existence of counterparts who believe otherwise[6] can not be neglected.
In the 1960s and 1970s, when the sexual minority groups were sentenced to stay in rehabilitation camps, they automatically lost the opportunity for higher education and were bound to "re-education" by the state. In 2010, Fidel Castro acknowledged such discrimination during his rule, regretting that he did not pay enough attention to the "great injustice" suffered.[7]
Islamic Republic of Iran
After the Islamic revolution, the new government focused on the Islamization of the country's educational system. Ruhollah Khomeini was in strong favor of single-sex schools and expressed it in his speech at the anniversary of the birth of Fatimah bint Muhammad, which soon became policy in the country. The political figure stated:
"As the religious leaders have influence and power in this country, they will not permit girls to study in the same school with boys. They will not permit women to teach at boys' schools. They will not permit men to teach at girls' schools. They will not allow corruption in this country."[8]
The current constitution of Iran states in Article 4 that: "All civil, penal, financial, economic, administrative, cultural, military, political, and other laws and regulations must be based on Islamic criteria. This principle applies absolutely and generally to all articles of the Constitution as well as to all other laws and regulations" The cultural and religious embodiments of Androcentrism can be seen throughout the countries infrastructure and policies. For instance, Iran still considers household and childcare as women's primary responsibility,"[9] as shown through the difference in school criteria between the two sexes. In addition, Bahá'í students have been systematically expelled from Iranian universities on grounds of religion.[10]
The United States is not a signatory to the Convention against Discrimination in Education. The United States has always had institutional discrimination, with very high discrimination rates.[citation needed] Discrimination in education is not only performed by one individual but by big organizations as well. [citation needed] Discrimination can also take place by a teacher which might have higher standards for one students than the other.[citation needed] Segregating schools is a way in which low income students may be isolated from higher income students, which causes them to have a much less efficient education.[citation needed] In 2004 many schools had a very disproportionate number of minority students specific schools, in a Seattle neighborhood where the population was 95% Caucasian the schools population was 99% black and Hispanic. (Kozol, 22)[11] In San Diego CA, Rosa Parks school has 86% black and Hispanic students and only 2% white, and in Los Angeles CA there is a school that bears the name of Dr. King and it has 99% black and Hispanic students. (Kozol, 24)[11]
In the 1970s when the number of students attending New York's schools were still substantially non-equal white, the number of doctors was around 400. As the number of white students started to decline so did the number of doctors available to attend to the needs of students. By 1993 the number of doctors had been cut to 23 and most of them were part-time doctors, children in the Bronx where all these doctors had been removed from were 20 more times more likely than those children living in the city to develop asthma.[12] Another example of discrimination that occurs still today is also seen based on how each student is categorized with a price tag on them a soon as they started attending school: The students living in a low income community with low income families are valued at a lower priced then students that attend rich a schools and live in a higher class community. What this labeling means is that if you are born in a low income community you might receive for example $8,000 a year but if you are born in a rich community and attend a school at a rich community you might be receiving $16,000 a year for school education. "In 1998, New York's Board of Education spent about $8,000 yearly on the education of a third grade child in a New York City public school". (Kozol, 45)[13] If you were to lift that same child and put them in a typical white suburb of New York he/she would be worth about $12,000, if you were to pick that child up once again and put him/her in one of the wealthiest white suburbs of New York their price tag goes up to $18,000. (Kozol, 45) [13] This labeling of students and how much they will be receiving towards school education is an example of discriminations and the way in which the poor stay poor and the rich keep getting chances to get richer. Teachers at schools also get discriminated against, the wages they get paid in a low income school is far less than those working in wealthy neighborhoods, the conditions in which schools are maintained is also discriminatory because students can't learn the materials and score high on tests if they don't have the proper teachers, proper materials, proper nutrition and adequate class rooms. All of these examples mentioned beforehand are explained with much more detailed information in the book The Shame of the Nation by Jonathan Kozol.
There is discrimination in education among schools that are in areas of lower income (generally students of color). This level of discrimination amongst marginalized groups can increase the "learning gap." This in turn already forces these specific people behind in their future endeavors. In The Shame of the Nation the author provides us with examples of students who come from lower income residences attend school with required work related workshops, instead of AP classes.[14] Kozol provides an example of a student named Mireya, a black student, who wanted to be a doctor or a social worker, but was required to take a sewing class as well "Life Skill" class (Kozol, 178).[15] In addition Mireya had plans to attend college, Kozol asked the teacher why she was not able to skip these subject and take classes that would help her pursue her college goals, Kozol was faced with the teachers response "It isn't a question of what students want. It's what the school may have available (Kozol, 179).[16] Mireya was face with a confrontation of another student that made a claim "You're ghetto-so you sew!" (Kozol, 180).[17] From this example students of color who are also low income, attend school that appear to be programmed to get them to the workforce (job), as opposed to other privileged schools who are able to provide their students with AP classes, getting them ready for college.
Teacher bias in grading
In several countries, teachers were shown to systematically give students different grades for an identical work, based on categories like ethnicity or gender.[18]
According to the Education Longitudinal Study, "teacher expectations [are] more predictive of college success than most major factors, including student motivation and student effort".[19]
Grading bias can be detected by comparing the outcome of exams where the teacher knows the student's characteristics with blind exams where the student is anonymous. This method may underestimate the bias since, for written exams, the handwriting style might still convey information about the student.[20] According to the Experimental Evidence on Teachers' Racial Bias in Student Evaluation, "teachers rated a student's writing sample lower when it was randomly signaled to have a black author versus a white author. This study found that this bias was dependent on the teacher and their relationship and attitude towards race.[21]
Other studies apply the same method to cohorts spanning multiple years, to measure each teacher's individual biases.[22]
Alternatively, teacher's grading bias can be measured experimentally, by giving teachers a fabricated assignment where only the name (and thus gender and ethnicity) of the student differs.[23]
Sexism
Multiple studies in various disciplines and countries found that teachers systematically give higher grades to girls and women.
This bias is present at every level of education, in elementary school (United States[24][25]), middle school (France,[26] Norway,[27] United Kingdom,[28] United States[25]) and high school (Czech Republic[29]).
Grading discrimination is also present in university admission exams: in the United States, the counselors who evaluate students for college admission favor women over men.[30]
In France, it was shown that in the admission exam for elite school École Normale Supérieure, juries were biased against men in male-dominated disciplines (such as mathematics, physics or philosophy) and biased against women in female-dominated ones (such as biology or literature).[20]
Similar results were obtained for teacher's accreditation exams at the end of university.[31] Female teachers tend to have a stronger pro-female bias than male teachers.[32]
Using individual teacher effects, Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Camille Terrier showed that teachers' bias affects male students' motivation and impairs their future progress.[33]
It can also significantly affect the students' career decisions.[29]
There is some evidence that students are aware of the unfair grading. For example, middle school boys tend to expect lower grades from female teachers.[34]
Racism
According to a study from Germany, students from the Turkish ethnic minority are given lower grades than native Germans.[23]
In 1999, National Union of Students (NUS) had called for the introduction of anonymous marking and claimed racial and sexual discrimination had impacted the results of students. NUS cited a study which showed "the marks awarded to black students at one London university were 4.2 per cent lower than those given to their white peers. And at a Welsh university, 42 per cent of men got first class or upper second degrees compared with 34 per cent of women. In Scotland, Asian students comprised 20 per cent of those on a particular course, but represented 80 per cent of those who had failed".[35]
One study conducted in 2009 starts by stating, "Teachers' expectations seem to affect students' behavior." This indicates that discrimination beginning in classrooms perhaps includes teachers' perspectives.[36]
Accordint to a 2015 US study, lassroom discussion around race today much less negative than one would find in the past. [37] This article discusses a process called anti-bias curriculum. This advocates for classroom and parent discussion around issues of discrimination, privilege, oppression, and racism with young children. This allows room for children to develop skills with these topics. [38]
A 2015 study showed that African American middle and high school students who heard messages from teachers about ignoring race felt less connected to others at school
and held a more negative view of their academic abilities. [39][40]
A 2017 UK study found that anonymous marking had a neligible impact in reducing performance differences between student populations from differing ethnic, sexual and socio-economic backgrounds.[41]
A 2019 report by Universities UK found that student’s race and ethnicity significantly affect their degree outcomes. According to this report from 2017–18, there was a 13% gap between the likelihood of white students and Black and Minority Ethnic (BAME) students graduating with a first or 2:1 degree classification.[42][43]
^Ehteshami, Anoushiravan. (2002). After Khomeini : the Iranian Second Republic. London: Routledge. ISBN020329775X. OCLC50322313.
^Vakil, Sanam. (2013). Women and politics in the Islamic republic of Iran : action and reaction. London: Bloomsbury Academic. ISBN9781441192141. OCLC818460967.
^ abBreda, Thomas; Ly, Son Thierry (October 2015). "Professors in Core Science Fields Are Not Always Biased against Women: Evidence from France". American Economic Journal: Applied Economics. 7 (4): 53–75. doi:10.1257/app.20140022. ISSN1945-7782.
^ abRobinson, Joseph Paul; Lubienski, Sarah Theule (2011-04-01). "The Development of Gender Achievement Gaps in Mathematics and Reading During Elementary and Middle School: Examining Direct Cognitive Assessments and Teacher Ratings". American Educational Research Journal. doi:10.3102/0002831210372249. S2CID16370254.
^
Terrier, Camille (2016-11-14). Boys Lag Behind: How Teachers' Gender Biases Affect Student Achievement. Rochester, NY: Social Science Research Network. SSRN2868309.
^Farago, Flora; Sanders, Kay; Gaias, Larissa (1 January 2015). "Addressing Race and Racism in Early Childhood: Challenges and Opportunities". Discussions on Sensitive Issues. Advances in Early Education and Day Care. 19: 29–66. doi:10.1108/S0270-402120150000019004. ISBN978-1-78560-293-1.
^Farago, Flora; Sanders, Kay; Gaias, Larissa (3 October 2015). "Addressing Race and Racism in Early Childhood: Challenges and Opportunities". Advances in Early Education and Day Care. 19: 29–66. doi:10.1108/S0270-402120150000019004. ISBN978-1-78560-293-1.
^Farago, Flora; Sanders, Kay; Gaias, Larissa (3 October 2015). "Addressing Race and Racism in Early Childhood: Challenges and Opportunities". Advances in Early Education and Day Care. 19: 29–66. doi:10.1108/S0270-402120150000019004. ISBN978-1-78560-293-1.
^Farago, Flora; Sanders, Kay; Gaias, Larissa (1 January 2015). "Addressing Race and Racism in Early Childhood: Challenges and Opportunities". Discussions on Sensitive Issues. Advances in Early Education and Day Care. 19: 29–66. doi:10.1108/S0270-402120150000019004. ISBN978-1-78560-293-1.
This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: List of supermarket chains in the Philippines – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (November 2023) (Learn how and when to remove this template message) This is a list of supermarket chains in Philippines. A SM Hypermarket store in Rosario, Batangas, Phili…
Komputer catur dengan layar LCD pada 1990-an Catur komputer adalah arsitektur komputer yang memuat perangkat keras dan perangkat lunak komputer yang mampu bermain catur tanpa kendali manusia. Catur komputer berfungsi sebagai alat hiburan sendiri (yang membolehkan pemain latihan atau hiburan jika lawan manusia tidak ada), sebagai alat bantu kepada analisis catur, untuk pertandingan catur komputer dan penelitian untuk kognisi manusia.
Invasi Britania-Soviet ke IranBagian dari Perang Dunia IIWilayah pendudukan Soviet dan Britania di IranTanggal25 Agustus 1941-17 September 1941LokasiIranHasil Kemenangan sekutu Reza Shah Pahlavi turun tahtaPerubahanwilayah Soviet menduduki Iran utara Britania menduduki Iran selatanPihak terlibat United Kingdom Kemaharajaan Britania Uni Soviet IranTokoh dan pemimpin Edward Quinan Dmitri T. Kozlov Reza Shah PahlaviKekuatan 3 angkatan bersenjata 2 divisi,3 brigade 9 divisiKorban 22 tewas[…
Tingkat kematian bayi, di bawah usia 1 tahun, pada 2013 Kematian bayi adalah kematian anak kurang dari satu tahun. Kematian bayi diukur sebagai tingkat kematian bayi, yang merupakan jumlah kematian anak di bawah satu tahun per 1000 kelahiran. Penyebab utama dari kematian bayi adalah asfiksia kelahiran, pneumonia, komplikasi kelahiran infeksi neonatal, diare, malaria, campak dan malagizi.[1] Beberapa faktor berkontribusi pada kematian bayi seperti tingkat pendidikan ibu, kondisi lingkunga…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Sebagai bagian dari Europa Jupiter System Mission – Laplace (EJSM/Laplace), Jupiter Europa Orbiter (JEO) adalah probe pengorbit diusulkan dijadwalkan untuk lift-off pada tahun 2020 dan direncanakan untuk studi rinci bulan Jupiter Europa dan Io juga seb…
Hamburger Flugzeugbau GmbHJenisGmbHIndustriDirgantaraNasibMergerPendahuluBlohm & VossPenerusMesserschmitt-Bölkow-BlohmDidirikan1933PendiriRudolf dan Walther BlohmDitutup1969KantorpusatHamburg, JermanProdukPesawat TerbangArtikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Hamburger Flugzeu…
Organisasi Negara-Negara Karibia TimurOrganisation of Eastern Caribbean Statescode: en is deprecated (Inggris)Organisation des États de la Caraïbe orientalecode: fr is deprecated (Prancis) Logo Anggota protokol Anggota AsosiasiKomisiCastriesBahasaInggrisPrancisTipePolitik dan Kesatuan EkonomiKeanggotaan 7 protokol Antigua dan Barbuda Dominika Grenada Montserrat Saint Kitts dan Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent dan Gr…
Artikel ini bukan mengenai Stasiun Tamana. Stasiun Tamanan Tamanan+345 m Tampak samping Stasiun Tamanan, 2024. Dipotret saat penelusuran bersama antara Direktorat Jenderal Perkeretaapian dan Indonesian Railway Preservation Society (IRPS)LokasiJalan Stasiun TamananTamanan Timur, Tamanan, Bondowoso, Jawa Timur 68263IndonesiaKoordinat8°0′55″S 113°49′38″E / 8.01528°S 113.82722°E / -8.01528; 113.82722Koordinat: 8°0′55″S 113°49′38″E / 8.015…
Empire of Silver Empire of Silver first edition cover.AuthorConn IgguldenIllustratorConn IgguldenCountryUnited KingdomLanguageEnglishSeriesConqueror seriesGenreHistorical novelPublisherHarperCollins (UK)Delacorte Press (US)Publication date2010Media typePrint (Hardback)Pages448 pp (first edition)ISBN0-00-720180-XPreceded byBones of the Hills Followed byConqueror Empire of Silver (known as Ogedai: Empire of Silver in America) is the fourth book of the Conqueror series, ba…
Warner Music Group Corp.Sebelumnya Warner Bros. Records (1958–1967, 1970–1971) Warner Bros.-Seven Arts (1967–1970) Warner-Elektra-Atlantic (1971–1991) Warner Music (1991–2001) JenisPublikKode emitenNasdaq: WMGIndustriMusikEntertainmentDidirikan6 April 1958; 65 tahun lalu (1958-04-06)PendiriWarner Bros.KantorpusatNew York City, New York, United StatesWilayah operasiWorldwideTokohkunciMichael Lynton(Chairman)Len Blavatnik(Vice Chairman)Stephen Cooper(CEO)Pendapatan US$4.475 bil…
Ilustrasi kinnara. Kinnara adalah makhluk surgawi berwujud setengah manusia setengah burung dalam mitologi Hindu dan Buddha. Mereka pandai memainkan alat-alat musik, seperti veena atau kecapi. Relief Kinnara di candi Prambanan Kinnara berjenis kelamin wanita disebut Kinnari. Kinnari berwujud wanita cantik dari kepala sampai pinggang, tetapi bagian tubuh ke bawah berwujud angsa. Mereka pandai bersyair, memainkan alat musik, dan menari. Mitologi tentang Kinnara banyak muncul di wilayah Asia Tengga…
STMicroelectronics N.V.JenisNaamloze vennootschapKode emitenBIT: STM NYSE: STM Euronext: STMIndustriSemikonduktorDidirikan1957 sebagai Società Generale Semiconduttori, 1987 sebagai SGS-ThomsonKantorpusatAmsterdam, BelandaTokohkunciCarlo Bozotti (Presiden dan CEO), Didier Lombard (Ketua komite pengawasan)ProdukSirkuit terpadu untuk aplikasi spesifik, memori (termasuk EEPROM), pengendali mikro, transistor, kartu pintarPendapatan AS$10,35 miliar (2010)[1]Laba operasi AS$476 juta …
Artikel ini tidak memiliki referensi atau sumber tepercaya sehingga isinya tidak bisa dipastikan. Tolong bantu perbaiki artikel ini dengan menambahkan referensi yang layak. Tulisan tanpa sumber dapat dipertanyakan dan dihapus sewaktu-waktu.Cari sumber: Koko Liem – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Gaya atau nada penulisan artikel ini tidak mengikuti gaya dan nada penulisan ensiklopedis yang diberlakukan di Wikipedia. Bantulah memperbaikiny…
Nama ini menggunakan cara penamaan Spanyol: nama keluarga pertama atau paternalnya adalah Mel dan nama keluarga kedua atau maternalnya adalah Pérez. Pepe Mel Mel pada 2011Informasi pribadiNama lengkap José Mel PérezTanggal lahir 28 Februari 1963 (umur 61)Tempat lahir Madrid, SpanyolTinggi 1,79 m (5 ft 10+1⁄2 in)Posisi bermain StrikerInformasi klubKlub saat ini Deportivo La Coruña (pelatih)Karier junior1974–1982 Real MadridKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1…
Every Breath You TakeSingel oleh The Policedari album SynchronicitySisi-BMurder by NumbersDirilis20 Mei 1983Format7-inch 45 rpm recordDirekamDesember 1982 – Februari 1983[1]GenreNew wave[2]soft rock[3]Durasi4:13 (Album version)3:56 (Single version)LabelA&M (AM 117)PenciptaStingProduserThe PoliceHugh PadghamKronologi singel The Police Secret Journey (1982) Every Breath You Take (1983) Wrapped Around Your Finger (1983) Video musikEvery Breath You Tak…
Joseph ChamberlainJoseph Chamberlain Informasi pribadiLahir(1836-07-08)8 Juli 1836Camberwell, London, InggrisMeninggal2 Juli 1914(1914-07-02) (umur 77)InggrisMakamKey Hill Cemetery, Birmingham52°29′28″N 1°54′52″W / 52.4911841°N 1.9143426°W / 52.4911841; -1.9143426AnakAusten ChamberlainNeville ChamberlainPekerjaanNegarawan, Politisi, PengusahaTanda tanganJulukanOur JoeSunting kotak info • L • B Joseph Chamberlain (lahir di London, 8 Juli 1836…