Sizeism

Sizeism or size discrimination is unjust or prejudicial treatment directed at people based on their size.

Discrimination

This type of discrimination can take a number of forms, ranging from refusing to hire someone because they are considered to be too short or too tall, to treating overweight and underweight individuals with disdain.

There are not currently any specific anti-discrimination laws to prohibit sizeism, despite the issue being extremely prevalent.^[1] Sizeist stereotypes (such as "overweight people are lazy" or "underweight people starve themselves") are often ingrained in modern society.^{[citation needed]}

In the US, the list of anti-discrimination acts does not explicitly include sizeism as an offense (though "any other factor unrelated to merit" is included).^[2]

The EOCC website states:^[3]

Height and weight requirements tend to disproportionately limit the employment opportunities of some protected groups and unless the employer can demonstrate how the need is related to the job, it may be viewed as illegal under federal law. A number of states and localities have laws specifically prohibiting discrimination on the basis of height and weight unless based on actual job requirements. Therefore, unless job-related, inquiries about height and weight should be avoided.

Therefore, size discrimination in the workplace can be illegal under federal law if it is not a job requirement.^[3]

Characteristics

Sizeism can be based on height, weight or both, and so is often related to height and weight-based discrimination but is not synonymous with either. Depending on where in the world one is and how one lives their life, people may have a tendency to be especially tall, slender, short, or plump, and many societies have internalized attitudes about size. Another manifestation of body variance is muscle mass and skeletal size, often with associations of degree of compliance to one's born sex, but do not necessarily affect gender to deviate from sex. As a general rule, sizeist attitudes imply that someone believes that their size is superior to that of other people and treat people of other sizes negatively. Examples of sizeist discrimination might include a person being fired from a job for being overweight or exceptionally short though their work was unaffected. Sizeism often takes the form of a number of stereotypes about people of particular heights and weights. Sizeist attitudes can also take the form of expressions of physical disgust when confronted with people of differing sizes and can even manifest into specific phobias such as cacomorphobia (the fear of fat people), or a fear of tall or short people.

Sizeism is aligned with the social construction of the ideal or "normal" body shape and size and how that shapes our environment. In the U.S. we can observe many public facilities shaped by this "normative" body, including: telephone booths, drinking fountains, bleachers, bathroom outlets (sinks, toilets, stalls), chairs, tables, turnstiles, elevators, staircases, vending machines, and doorways. Design assumptions are drawn about the size and shape of the users (height, weight, proportionate length of arms and legs, width of hips and shoulders).^[4]

Body-shaming, more specifically weight-shaming of men and women, is a widely known characteristic of sizeism, shown in the form of prejudice and discrimination can include both skinny shaming^[5] and fat shaming.^[6]

Prevalence

Based on data analysis done on a survey of over 3,000 Americans, weight and height discrimination, a form of sizeism, was ranked just behind gender, age, and race as a highly experienced factor of discrimination. Among female respondents, weight and height discrimination exceeds race-based discrimination as the third most prevalent form of experienced discrimination. This discrimination was experienced in multiple settings, including from employers, interactions within the health-care field, in educational atmospheres, as well as within personal and familial relationships.^[7]

Greater prevalence was found to exist within those respondents who were self-reported as female, with 10% of female respondents reporting having experienced weight and height discrimination, compared to 5% of male respondents . For younger women, these numbers illustrated still an increase: 14.1% of women with a reported age range of 35–44 years old expressed experiencing weight and height based discrimination, and women who identified between 45 and 54 years of age were nearly five times more likely to have experienced weight and height based discrimination than their 65–74 year old counterparts. The study also found that African-American women were more likely to experience weight and height discrimination, with 23.9% of respondents having reported an incident.^[7]

The women most affected are those who identify as belonging to the highest weight category. Those women reported as moderately obese, or those with a body mass index of 30–35, were found to be three times more likely than their male counterparts of a similar weight to experience weight based discrimination.^[7]

Countermeasures

Despite substantial research documenting weight discrimination and its negative impact on the lives of those targeted,^[8]^[9]^[10]^[11]^[12]^[13]^[14]^[15] under the US Constitution and federal law, it is legal to discriminate on the basis of weight. With the exception of the state of Michigan and several localities that have passed legislation explicitly prohibiting weight-based discrimination (i.e., San Francisco and Santa Cruz in California; Washington, DC; Binghamton, New York; Urbana, Illinois; New York City, New York (in employment, housing, and public accommodations);^[16] and Madison, Wisconsin), Americans have no viable means for seeking legal recourse in the face of weight discrimination, and existing US civil rights laws prohibit discrimination only on the basis of age, race, color, religion, sex, and national origin.^[17] Some individuals have attempted to file discrimination lawsuits under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA), but plaintiffs must prove that their weight is a disability or perceived to be a disability according to ADA definitions, which is not the case for many people.^[18]^[19] Thus, few cases have been successful under this law and most of these successes have occurred since 2009, after Congress passed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008, which expanded the definitions of disability to include "severe obesity" (but not moderate obesity, overweight or underweight) as an impairment. For example, in 2012, the US Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) successfully settled 2 cases for employees who were terminated from their jobs because their employers regarded them to be disabled based on their obesity and their severe obesity was now a covered disability under the new amendment. Despite these few recent successes, not all weight discrimination occurs in the context of disability or perceived disability, and legal remedies that can directly address weight discrimination as a legitimate social injustice remain absent.^[18]

Notes

^ "Weight Bias Is As Prevalent As Racial Discrimination, Study Suggests". www.sciencedaily.com. Yale University. March 28, 2008. Retrieved 2016-08-18.
^ Antidiscrimination (EEO) Law Information, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. June 15, 2011. Web. 26 April 2012.
^ ^a ^b "Pre-Employment Inquiries and Height & Weight".
^ Susan M. Shaw, Janet Lee, Oregon State University. Women's Voices, Feminist Visions : Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York, NY :McGraw-Hill, 2015. Print.^{[page needed]}
^ "Skinny Shaming is Just as Inappropriate as Fat Discrimination". 10 October 2014.
^ "Both Fat and Thin People Experience Weight Shaming, So Who Wins?". 16 May 2014.
^ ^a ^b ^c Puhl, R. M.; Andreyeva, T.; Brownell, K. D. (June 2008). "Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America". International Journal of Obesity. 32 (6): 992–1000. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.22. PMID 18317471.
^ Carr, Deborah; Friedman, Michael A. (2005-09-01). "Is Obesity Stigmatizing? Body Weight, Perceived Discrimination, and Psychological Well-Being in the United States". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 46 (3): 244–259. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.407.990. doi:10.1177/002214650504600303. ISSN 0022-1465. PMID 16259147. S2CID 8396227.
^ Wardle, Jane; Cooke, Lucy (2005). "The impact of obesity on psychological well-being". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19 (3): 421–440. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2005.04.006. PMID 16150384.
^ Krukowski, Rebecca A.; Smith West, Delia; Philyaw Perez, Amanda; Bursac, Zoran; Phillips, Martha M.; Raczynski, James M. (2009). "Overweight children, weight-based teasing and academic performance". International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. 4 (4): 274–280. doi:10.3109/17477160902846203. ISSN 1747-7166. PMID 19922042.
^ Alexander, KE; Alexander, RG (2021). "Evidence of Weight Bias in the College Classroom: A Call for Inclusive Teaching Practices for Students of All Sizes". College Teaching. 70 (4): 461–468. doi:10.1080/87567555.2021.1978378. S2CID 239199555.
^ Puhl, Rebecca M.; Heuer, Chelsea A. (2009-05-01). "The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update". Obesity. 17 (5): 941–964. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636. ISSN 1930-739X. PMID 19165161. S2CID 152352.
^ Giel, Katrin Elisabeth; Thiel, Ansgar; Teufel, Martin; Mayer, Jochen; Zipfel, Stephan (March 2010). "Weight Bias in Work Settings – a Qualitative Review". Obesity Facts. 3 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1159/000276992. PMC 6452122. PMID 20215793.
^ "Weight bias plagues U. S. elections". Michigan State University. MSUToday. May 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2021.
^ Hebl, M; Xu, J. (August 2001). "Weighing the care: physicians' reactions to the size of a patient". International Journal of Obesity. 25 (8): 1246–1252. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801681. PMID 11477511.
^ "Mayor Adams Signs Legislation To Prohibit Height Or Weight Discrimination In Employment, Housing, An". The official website of the City of New York. May 26, 2023.
^ "Ethnic/National Origin | U.S. Department of Labor". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-01.
^ ^a ^b Puhl, Rebecca M; Latner, Janet D; O’brien, Kerry S; Luedicke, Joerg; Danielsdottir, Sigrun; Salas, Ximena Ramos (December 2015). "Potential Policies and Laws to Prohibit Weight Discrimination: Public Views from 4 Countries". The Milbank Quarterly. 93 (4): 691–731. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12162. PMC 4678937. PMID 26626983.
^ Malone, Michael D. (10 September 2019). "Obesity Alone Is Not a Disability Under the ADA". SHRM.

References

Tirosh, Yofi (12 September 2012). "The Right to Be Fat". Yale Journal of Health Policy, Law, and Ethics. 12 (2): 264–335. PMID 23175917. SSRN 2145577.

[1] "Weight Bias Is As Prevalent As Racial Discrimination, Study Suggests". www.sciencedaily.com. Yale University. March 28, 2008. Retrieved 2016-08-18.

[DescriminationLaw-2] Antidiscrimination (EEO) Law Information, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission. June 15, 2011. Web. 26 April 2012.

[:0-3] "Pre-Employment Inquiries and Height & Weight".

[4] Susan M. Shaw, Janet Lee, Oregon State University. Women's Voices, Feminist Visions : Classic and Contemporary Readings. New York, NY :McGraw-Hill, 2015. Print.^{[page needed]}

[5] "Skinny Shaming is Just as Inappropriate as Fat Discrimination". 10 October 2014.

[6] "Both Fat and Thin People Experience Weight Shaming, So Who Wins?". 16 May 2014.

[puhl-7] Puhl, R. M.; Andreyeva, T.; Brownell, K. D. (June 2008). "Perceptions of weight discrimination: prevalence and comparison to race and gender discrimination in America". International Journal of Obesity. 32 (6): 992–1000. doi:10.1038/ijo.2008.22. PMID 18317471.

[8] Carr, Deborah; Friedman, Michael A. (2005-09-01). "Is Obesity Stigmatizing? Body Weight, Perceived Discrimination, and Psychological Well-Being in the United States". Journal of Health and Social Behavior. 46 (3): 244–259. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.407.990. doi:10.1177/002214650504600303. ISSN 0022-1465. PMID 16259147. S2CID 8396227.

[9] Wardle, Jane; Cooke, Lucy (2005). "The impact of obesity on psychological well-being". Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 19 (3): 421–440. doi:10.1016/j.beem.2005.04.006. PMID 16150384.

[10] Krukowski, Rebecca A.; Smith West, Delia; Philyaw Perez, Amanda; Bursac, Zoran; Phillips, Martha M.; Raczynski, James M. (2009). "Overweight children, weight-based teasing and academic performance". International Journal of Pediatric Obesity. 4 (4): 274–280. doi:10.3109/17477160902846203. ISSN 1747-7166. PMID 19922042.

[11] Alexander, KE; Alexander, RG (2021). "Evidence of Weight Bias in the College Classroom: A Call for Inclusive Teaching Practices for Students of All Sizes". College Teaching. 70 (4): 461–468. doi:10.1080/87567555.2021.1978378. S2CID 239199555.

[12] Puhl, Rebecca M.; Heuer, Chelsea A. (2009-05-01). "The Stigma of Obesity: A Review and Update". Obesity. 17 (5): 941–964. doi:10.1038/oby.2008.636. ISSN 1930-739X. PMID 19165161. S2CID 152352.

[13] Giel, Katrin Elisabeth; Thiel, Ansgar; Teufel, Martin; Mayer, Jochen; Zipfel, Stephan (March 2010). "Weight Bias in Work Settings – a Qualitative Review". Obesity Facts. 3 (1): 33–40. doi:10.1159/000276992. PMC 6452122. PMID 20215793.

[14] "Weight bias plagues U. S. elections". Michigan State University. MSUToday. May 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2021.

[15] Hebl, M; Xu, J. (August 2001). "Weighing the care: physicians' reactions to the size of a patient". International Journal of Obesity. 25 (8): 1246–1252. doi:10.1038/sj.ijo.0801681. PMID 11477511.

[16] "Mayor Adams Signs Legislation To Prohibit Height Or Weight Discrimination In Employment, Housing, An". The official website of the City of New York. May 26, 2023.

[17] "Ethnic/National Origin | U.S. Department of Labor". www.dol.gov. Retrieved 2021-08-01.

[:Puhl2015-18] Puhl, Rebecca M; Latner, Janet D; O’brien, Kerry S; Luedicke, Joerg; Danielsdottir, Sigrun; Salas, Ximena Ramos (December 2015). "Potential Policies and Laws to Prohibit Weight Discrimination: Public Views from 4 Countries". The Milbank Quarterly. 93 (4): 691–731. doi:10.1111/1468-0009.12162. PMC 4678937. PMID 26626983.

[19] Malone, Michael D. (10 September 2019). "Obesity Alone Is Not a Disability Under the ADA". SHRM.

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Sizeism

Discrimination

Characteristics

Prevalence

Countermeasures

See also

Notes

References

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