George Hawi

George Hawi
جورج حاوي
George Hawi ; جورج حاوي
Born	5 November 1938; Bteghrine, Greater Lebanon
Died	21 June 2005 (aged 66); Beirut, Lebanon
Occupation	General Secretary (1979–1993)
Predecessor	Nicolas Shawi
Successor	Farouk Dahrouj
Political party	Lebanese Communist Party; Democratic Left Movement[citation needed]

George Hawi (Arabic: جورج حاوي; born 5 November 1938 – 21 June 2005) was a Lebanese politician and former secretary general of the Lebanese Communist Party (LCP). An outspoken critic of Syrian interference in Lebanese affairs, he was killed in 2005 by a bomb placed under the passenger seat of his car. Lebanese people accused the Syrian government of assassinating him. He was the stepfather of the Lebanese Armenian politician Rafi Madayan, who also has a stepson, Charbel Khalifeh Hachem.^[1]

Early life and career

George Hawi was born in the village of Bteghrine, Lebanon on 5 November 1938 to a Lebanese family.^[2] Although born into an Antiochian Greek Orthodox Christian family, Hawi professed to be an atheist.^[3]^[4]

He became active in student politics in his early years at university, participating in numerous strikes and demonstrations and in several popular movements. He joined the LCP in 1955^[2] and became one of the main leaders of its Student League by the end of the decade. In 1955 he became a member of the LCP which had been illegal in Lebanon.^[4]

In 1964, he was imprisoned for his involvement in a strike against Lebanon's state-controlled tobacco manufacturer. In 1969 he was again in prison for participation in a demonstration on 23 April in support of the Palestinian cause, and again in 1970 for his part in attacking an army detachment.

Hawi was briefly expelled from the LCP in 1967 for calling for more independence from the policies of the Soviet Union. He rejoined the Party and was elected a member of its political bureau in the second and third congresses in 1968 and 1972. Hawi was elected as the general secretary of the Lebanese Communist Party after its fourth congress in 1979 – a position he kept until 1993 when he resigned.^[2] He was the fourth general secretary of the party following Fuad Shemali, Farajallah el-Helou and Nicolas Shawi. He was succeeded by Farouk Dahrouj.

During the Lebanese Civil War Hawi, who used the kunya-style nom de guerre "Abu Anis", established the Popular Guard, the LCP militia, which was aligned with the Lebanese National Movement (LNM) of Druze leader Kamal Jumblatt in its opposition to the Maronite-dominated government and Christian-backed militias.

The LCP was also active in the guerrilla warfare against Israel and its proxy militia, the South Lebanon Army (SLA), in southern Lebanon, after the Israeli invasion in 1982. During the invasion he created the Lebanese National Resistance Front together with Muhsin Ibrahim. LNRF was commanded by Elias Atallah. At later stages of the war, the LCP under Hawi allied with Syria, which had entered Lebanon in 1976, but was to stay in the country for nearly 30 years.

He became a critic of the influence of Damascus on Lebanon late in his life, after having left the LCP in 2000. In 2004, he supported the foundation of the leftist Democratic Left Movement (DLM)^{[citation needed]}, that was against the Syrian presence in Lebanon and participated in the Independence Uprising of 2005. Murdered journalist Samir Kassir was a prominent member and co-founder of this group.

In June 2005, Hawi claimed in an interview with Al Jazeera, that Rifaat al-Assad, brother of Hafez al Assad and uncle of Syria's current President Bashar al-Assad, had been behind the killing of Jumblatt.^[5]

Assassination

George Hawi was assassinated on 21 June 2005 when a bomb planted in his Mercedes car was detonated by remote control, as he travelled through Beirut's Wata Musaitbi neighbourhood.^[6]^[7]^[8] A nearly one-pound charge was placed under his seat,^[9] and was detonated by remote control.^[8] His driver survived, but Hawi was mortally wounded in the blast.^[8] Several sources including the March 14 Alliance and members of the Western media immediately blamed Syria for his killing and for the other explosions in the capital though a definitive culprit has yet to be found.

In August 2011, the Special Tribunal for Lebanon informed members of Hawi's family that they had found a link between his murder and that of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafic Hariri.^[10] The STL had previously issued indictments against members of Hezbollah for the Hariri killing.

References

^ Short, Ramsay (22 June 2006). "Fierce critic of Syria killed in Beirut blast". The Telegraph. London. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ ^a ^b ^c Karim Mruah (23–29 June 2005). "The price of ideals". Al Ahram Weekly. 748. Archived from the original on 25 March 2013.
^ Lawrence Joffe. 22 June 2005. 'Obituary: George Hawi: Lebanese communist leader who espoused Muslim-Christian dialogue', The Guardian (London), p. 29. "What united them was opposition to a supposedly corrupt and pro-western administration, unfairly dominated by factions of Lebanon's Maronite Christian community. Notwithstanding his own professed atheism, Hawi, Greek Orthodox by birth, was valued as an iconic Christian figure within a coalition often painted as sectarian Muslim."
^ ^a ^b Lianne P. Elise Wood-Vostermans (2020). Debating 'Religious Violence' in Lebanon: A Comparative Perspective on the Mobilisation of Religious and Secular Militias during the Lebanese Civil War (1975-1990) (PhD thesis). Durham University. p. 79.
^ "George Hawi knew who killed Kamal Jumblatt". Ya Libnan. 22 June 2005. Archived from the original on 7 June 2012. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ Mallat, Chibli. Lebanon's Cedar Revolution An essay on non-violence and justice (PDF). Mallat. p. 124. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2 February 2012.
^ "Chronology Of Events: 2005". Mediterranean Politics. 11 (2): 279–308. 2006. doi:10.1080/13629390600683048. S2CID 220378402.
^ ^a ^b ^c "Hariri Reaches Out to Opponents, As Another anti-Syrian politician is Killed". Asharq Alawsat. 21 June 2005. Archived from the original on 16 January 2014. Retrieved 23 April 2013.
^ Noueihed, Lin (22 June 2006). "Anti-Syrian Politician Killed in Lebanon". The Washington Post. Beirut. Reuters. Retrieved 17 March 2013.
^ "STL Delegation informs Hawi's family of link to Hariri killing". Daily Star. 13 August 2011. Archived from the original on 8 October 2012. Retrieved 13 August 2011.