Great snipe

Great snipe
Conservation status
	; Near Threatened (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Charadriiformes
Family:	Scolopacidae
Genus:	Gallinago
Species:	G. media
Binomial name
	Gallinago media; (Latham, 1787)
	Range of G. media Breeding range Non-breeding range
Synonyms
	Capella media (Latham, 1787); Gallinago major; Scolopax media Latham, 1787

The great snipe (Gallinago media) is a small stocky wader in the genus Gallinago. This bird's breeding habitat is marshes and wet meadows with short vegetation in north-eastern Europe, including north-western Russia. Great snipes are migratory, wintering in Africa. The European breeding population is in steep decline.

Taxonomy

The great snipe was described by the English naturalist John Latham in 1787 with the binomial name Scolopax media.^[2]^[3]^[4] The name of the current genus Gallinago is Neo-Latin for a woodcock or snipe from Latin gallina, "hen" and the suffix -ago, "resembling". The specific media is Latin for "intermediate", because this species is intermediate in size between the woodcock and the common snipe.^[5]

Description

At 26–30 cm (10–12 in) in length and a 42–50 cm (17–20 in) wingspan, adults are only slightly larger, but much bulkier, than the common snipe and have a shorter bill. The body is mottled brown on top and barred underneath. They have a dark stripe through the eye. The wings are broad, and a pale wingbar is visible in flight.

The voice is described as a faint yeah. Mating display calls of groups can be heard at long distances (more than 300 m (330 yd)) and sound like a mixture of firecracker wind-up xylophone sounds.

Behaviour and ecology

The birds are noted for their fast, non-stop flying capabilities over huge distances.^[6] They can fly up to 97 km/h (60 mph), with researchers finding little evidence of wind assistance. Some have been recorded to fly non-stop for 84 hours over 6,760 km (4,200 mi) at altitudes up to 8700 metres.^[7] Their wings are not especially aerodynamic, lacking pointed tips, and they typically do not stop to feed despite having opportunities. The birds instead rely on stores of fat.^[6]

At dusk during the breeding season, the males display at a lek (arena), standing erect with chest puffed and tail fanned out. They may jump into the air, and will produce a variety of rattles, clicks, buzzes and whistles while displaying. Three to four eggs are laid in a well-hidden nest on the ground.

These birds forage in soft mud, probing or picking up food by sight. They mainly eat insects and earthworms, and occasional plant material. They are difficult to see, being well camouflaged in their habitat. When flushed from cover, they fly straight for a considerable distance before dropping back into vegetation.

Migration

In their seasonal migrations between Sweden and sub-Saharan Africa, great snipes make non-stop flights of 4,000–7,000 km, lasting 60–90 h. During these flights, great snipes repeatedly changed altitudes around dawn and dusk, between average cruising heights about 2,000 m (above sea level) at night and around 4,000 m during daytime. Most birds regularly flew at 6,000 m and one bird reached 8,700 m, possibly the highest altitude ever recorded for a migrating bird.^[8]

Fossils

Fossils of the great snipe have been uncovered in North Carolina, dating back to about 4.465 Ma ±0.865M. This suggests that the bird must have at some point relocated across the Atlantic Ocean.^[9]

Status

In 2012, there were estimated to be between 15,000 and 40,000 great snipe in Scandinavia and between 450,000 and 1,000,000 in western Siberia and northeastern Europe. The species is experiencing a population decline, owing primarily to habitat loss, as well as to hunting in eastern Europe and in its African wintering range. The species is classified by the International Union for Conservation of Nature as "Near Threatened".^[1] The great snipe is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b BirdLife International (2017). "Gallinago media". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2017: e.T22693093A111105264. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22693093A111105264.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ Latham, John (1787). Supplement to the General synopsis of birds. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 292.
^ Latham, John (1785). A general synopsis of birds. Volume 3 Part 1. Vol. 3. London: Leigh & Sotheby. p. 133.
^ Peters, J.L, ed. (1934). Check-list of Birds of the World. Volume 2. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 275.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 170, 244. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ ^a ^b Klaassen, Raymond H.G.; Alerstam, Thomas; Carlsson, Peter; Fox, James W.; Lindström, Åke (25 May 2011). "Great flights by great snipes: long and fast non-stop migration over benign habitats". Biology Letters. 7 (6): 833–835. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2011.0343. PMC 3210655. PMID 21613283.
^ Liljemalm, Anna (30 June 2021). "Dubbelbeckasinen slår höjdrekord". Forskning & Framsteg (in Swedish). Retrieved 30 June 2021.
^ Lindström, Åke; Alerstam, Thomas; Andersson, Arne; Bäckman, Johan; Bahlenberg, Peter; Bom, Roeland; Ekblom, Robert; Klaassen, Raymond H.G.; Korniluk, Michał; Sjöberg, Sissel; Weber, Julia K.M. (August 2021). "Extreme altitude changes between night and day during marathon flights of great snipes". Current Biology. 31 (15): 3433–3439.e3. Bibcode:2021CBio...31E3433L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2021.05.047. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 34197730.
^ "†Capella media Latham 1787 (snipe)". Fossilworks: Gateway to The Paleobiology Database. 3 January 2009. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 17 December 2021.
^ "Agreement Text and Annexes" (PDF). Agreement on the Conservation of African - Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA). November 2015. Retrieved 25 June 2016.