Hajji Gawhar Khanum (Persian: حاجیه گوهر خانم) is the first Qajar era female poet and astronomer whose poetry has been printed. Her father was Musa Khan Qavanlu, and her mother Tiqun Khanum - was the 12th daughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. lrzá Ahmad Khán Fátih al-Molk, Isfahan's major constitutional supporter, funded her divan (large collection of poems) to be printed in May 1902 in the city. Her writings are composed of Shi’i religious poetry, giving praise to the Prophet, Imams, and Fatima. Gawhar also praises Qajar women.^[1][2]

Mahd-e Olia, mother of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, played a significant role in Gawhar's poetic journey, whereas poetry dedicated both to the mother and the son, circulates. When Mahd-e Olia's attention fell on Gawhar's literary work, she invited her to participate in a women-only gathering, composing the poetry for them. Gawhar also wrote about the sister of the Shah - 'Izzat al-Dawla. She described her relationship with the princess as a “heteroerotic romance between her as lover and the princess as the perfect embodiment of human beauty”.^[1] In her writings she also referred to the shah's daughter as the “pearl of the kingly sea”, ‘the light of the whole world”, praising her beauty, her “silvery chest”, and her “sun-like face”.^[1]