Harmane

Harmane
Names
	Preferred IUPAC name 1-Methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole
	Other names Harman, Aribine, Aribin, Locuturine, Locuturin, Loturine, Passiflorin, 1-Methylnorharman, NSC 54439
Identifiers
CAS Number	486-84-0 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEBI	CHEBI:5623;
ChemSpider	4444755;
ECHA InfoCard	100.006.948
EC Number	207-642-2;
KEGG	C09209;
PubChem CID	5281404;
UNII	82D6J0535P ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID80197568 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C12H10N2/c1-8-12-10(6-7-13-8)9-4-2-3-5-11(9)14-12/h2-7,14H,1H3 Key: PSFDQSOCUJVVGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N; InChI=1/C12H10N2/c1-8-12-10(6-7-13-8)9-4-2-3-5-11(9)14-12/h2-7,14H,1H3 Key: PSFDQSOCUJVVGF-UHFFFAOYAA;
	SMILES CC1=NC=CC2=C1NC3=CC=CC=C23;
Properties
Chemical formula	C12H10N2
Molar mass	182.226 g·mol−1
Melting point	235–238 °C (455–460 °F; 508–511 K)
Solubility in water	Soluble to 10 mM in 1 eq. HCl methanol: soluble 50 mg/ml
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). Infobox references

Harmane (harman) is a heterocyclic amine found in a variety of foods including coffee,^[1] sauces,^[2] and cooked meat.^[3] It is also present in tobacco smoke.^[4]

Harmane is related to other alkaloids, harmine and harmaline, found in 1837 in the plant Peganum harmala.^[5] The name derives from the Arabic word for the plant, حَرْمَل (ḥarmal).

In humans, harmane is a potent tremor-producing neurotoxin.^[6] Harmane has been found to inhibit the early stages of the growth of the malaria parasite in the gut of mosquitoes infected by the bacterium Delftia tsuruhatensis, and can be absorbed by the mosquitoes upon contact.^[7]^[8]^[9]

Chemistry

Harmane is a methylated derivative of β-carboline with the molecular formula C₁₂H₁₀N₂.

Sources

Plant sources
Family	Plant
Rubiaceae	Coffea arabica^[1]
Solanaceae	Nicotiana tabacum^[10]
Theaceae	Camellia sinensis^[11]

In 1962, Poindexter et al. found that there was very little harmane in tobacco, but a significant amount in tobacco smoke. They showed that it is produced from tryptophan by the heat of burning the tobacco.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b Herraiz, T; Chaparro, C (2006). "Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and beta-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee". Life Sciences. 78 (8): 795–802. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074. PMID 16139309.
^ Herraiz, T. (2004). "Relative exposure toβ-carbolines norharman and harman from foods and tobacco smoke". Food Additives and Contaminants. 21 (11): 1041–50. doi:10.1080/02652030400019844. PMID 15764332. S2CID 216644379.
^ Louis, E. D.; Zheng, W; Jiang, W; Bogen, K. T.; Keating, G. A. (2007). "Quantification of the neurotoxic beta-carboline harmane in barbecued/grilled meat samples and correlation with level of doneness". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 70 (12): 1014–9. Bibcode:2007JTEHA..70.1014L. doi:10.1080/15287390601172015. PMC 4993204. PMID 17497412.
^ Herraiz, Tomas; Chaparro, Carolina (2005). "Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by tobacco smoke: β-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible inhibitors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 326 (2): 378–86. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.033. PMID 15582589.
^ Claude Lotfi (1967). "Contribution à l'étude du Peganum harmala (L.) (Hermel)".
^ Louis, Elan D; Jiang, Wendy; Pellegrino, Kathryn M; Rios, Eileen; Factor-Litvak, Pam; Henchcliffe, Claire; Zheng, Wei (2008). "Elevated blood harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) concentrations in essential tremor". Neurotoxicology. 29 (2): 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.12.001. PMC 2291546. PMID 18242711.
^ Huang, Wei; Rodrigues, Janneth; Bilgo, Etienne; Tormo, José R.; Challenger, Joseph D.; De Cozar-Gallardo, Cristina; Pérez-Victoria, Ignacio; Reyes, Fernando; Castañeda-Casado, Pablo; Gnambani, Edounou Jacques; Hien, Domonbabele François de Sales; Konkobo, Maurice; Urones, Beatriz; Coppens, Isabelle; Mendoza-Losana, Alfonso (2023-08-04). "Delftia tsuruhatensis TC1 symbiont suppresses malaria transmission by anopheline mosquitoes". Science. 381 (6657): 533–540. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..533H. doi:10.1126/science.adf8141. hdl:10044/1/105278. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37535741. S2CID 260440907.
^ Offord, Catherine (3 August 2023). "Microbe stops mosquitoes from harboring malaria parasite". Science.
^ Naomi Grimley (Aug 4, 2023). "Chance discovery helps fight against malaria". BBC.
^ ^a ^b Poindexter, E.H.; Carpenter, R.D. (1962). "The isolation of harmane and norharmane from tobacco and cigarette smoke". Phytochemistry. 1 (3): 215–221. Bibcode:1962PChem...1..215P. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82825-3. ISSN 0031-9422.
^ Jiao, Ye; Yan, Yan; He, Zhiyong; Gao, Daming; Qin, Fang; Lu, Mei; Xie, Mingyong; Chen, Jie; Zeng, Maomao (2018-06-20). "Inhibitory effects of catechins on β-carbolines in tea leaves and chemical model systems". Food & Function. 9 (6): 3126–3133. doi:10.1039/c7fo02053h. ISSN 2042-650X. PMID 29789822.

[pmid16139309-1] Herraiz, T; Chaparro, C (2006). "Human monoamine oxidase enzyme inhibition by coffee and beta-carbolines norharman and harman isolated from coffee". Life Sciences. 78 (8): 795–802. doi:10.1016/j.lfs.2005.05.074. PMID 16139309.

[2] Herraiz, T. (2004). "Relative exposure toβ-carbolines norharman and harman from foods and tobacco smoke". Food Additives and Contaminants. 21 (11): 1041–50. doi:10.1080/02652030400019844. PMID 15764332. S2CID 216644379.

[ReferenceA-3] Louis, E. D.; Zheng, W; Jiang, W; Bogen, K. T.; Keating, G. A. (2007). "Quantification of the neurotoxic beta-carboline harmane in barbecued/grilled meat samples and correlation with level of doneness". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 70 (12): 1014–9. Bibcode:2007JTEHA..70.1014L. doi:10.1080/15287390601172015. PMC 4993204. PMID 17497412.

[4] Herraiz, Tomas; Chaparro, Carolina (2005). "Human monoamine oxidase is inhibited by tobacco smoke: β-carboline alkaloids act as potent and reversible inhibitors". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 326 (2): 378–86. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.11.033. PMID 15582589.

[5] Claude Lotfi (1967). "Contribution à l'étude du Peganum harmala (L.) (Hermel)".

[6] Louis, Elan D; Jiang, Wendy; Pellegrino, Kathryn M; Rios, Eileen; Factor-Litvak, Pam; Henchcliffe, Claire; Zheng, Wei (2008). "Elevated blood harmane (1-methyl-9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indole) concentrations in essential tremor". Neurotoxicology. 29 (2): 294–300. doi:10.1016/j.neuro.2007.12.001. PMC 2291546. PMID 18242711.

[7] Huang, Wei; Rodrigues, Janneth; Bilgo, Etienne; Tormo, José R.; Challenger, Joseph D.; De Cozar-Gallardo, Cristina; Pérez-Victoria, Ignacio; Reyes, Fernando; Castañeda-Casado, Pablo; Gnambani, Edounou Jacques; Hien, Domonbabele François de Sales; Konkobo, Maurice; Urones, Beatriz; Coppens, Isabelle; Mendoza-Losana, Alfonso (2023-08-04). "Delftia tsuruhatensis TC1 symbiont suppresses malaria transmission by anopheline mosquitoes". Science. 381 (6657): 533–540. Bibcode:2023Sci...381..533H. doi:10.1126/science.adf8141. hdl:10044/1/105278. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 37535741. S2CID 260440907.

[8] Offord, Catherine (3 August 2023). "Microbe stops mosquitoes from harboring malaria parasite". Science.

[9] Naomi Grimley (Aug 4, 2023). "Chance discovery helps fight against malaria". BBC.

[Poindexter-10] Poindexter, E.H.; Carpenter, R.D. (1962). "The isolation of harmane and norharmane from tobacco and cigarette smoke". Phytochemistry. 1 (3): 215–221. Bibcode:1962PChem...1..215P. doi:10.1016/s0031-9422(00)82825-3. ISSN 0031-9422.

[11] Jiao, Ye; Yan, Yan; He, Zhiyong; Gao, Daming; Qin, Fang; Lu, Mei; Xie, Mingyong; Chen, Jie; Zeng, Maomao (2018-06-20). "Inhibitory effects of catechins on β-carbolines in tea leaves and chemical model systems". Food & Function. 9 (6): 3126–3133. doi:10.1039/c7fo02053h. ISSN 2042-650X. PMID 29789822.

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Harmane

Chemistry

Sources

See also

References

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