Sources of precolonial history include archeological findings; records from contact with the Song dynasty, the Brunei Sultanate, Korea, Japan, and Muslim traders; the genealogical records of Muslim rulers; accounts written by Spanish chroniclers in the 16th and 17th centuries; and cultural patterns that at the time had not yet been replaced through European influence.
Societal categories
Early Philippine society was composed of such diverse subgroups as e.g., fishermen, farmers and hunter/gatherers, with some living in mountainside swiddens,
some on houseboats and some in commercially developed coastal ports. Some subgroups were economically self-sufficient, and others had symbiotic relationships with neighboring subgroups.[5]: 138 Society can be classified into four categories as follows:[5]: 139
Classless societies, societies with no terms which distinguish one social class from another;
Warrior societies, societies with a recognized class distinguished by prowess in battle;
Petty plutocrats, societies with a recognized class characterized by inherited real property; and
Principalities, societies with a recognized ruling class with inherited rights to assume political office, or exercise central authority
The Laguna Copperplate Inscription (LCI) is the earliest record of a Philippine language and the presence of writing in the islands.[6] The document measures around 20 cm by 30 cm and is inscribed with ten lines of writing on one side.
Text
The text of the LCI was mostly written in Old Malay with influences of Sanskrit, Old Javanese and Old Tagalog using the Kawi script. Dutch anthropologist Antoon Postma deciphered the text. The date of the inscription is in the "Year of Saka 822, month of Vaisakha", corresponding to April–May in 900 AD.
The text notes the acquittal of all descendants of a certain honorable Namwaran from a debt of 1 kati and 8 suwarna, equivalent to 926.4 grams of gold, granted by the Military Commander of Tundun (Tondo) and witnessed by the leaders of Pailah, Binwangan and Puliran, which are places likely also located in Luzon. The reference to the contemporaneous Medang Kingdom in modern-day Indonesia implies political connections with territories elsewhere in the Maritime Southeast Asia.
Depiction of a noble Visayan couple in the 16th-century (Boxer Codex)
Locations of pre-colonial principalities, polities, kingdoms and sultanates in the Philippine archipelago
Early settlements, referred to as barangays, ranged from 20 to 100 families on the coast, and around 150–200 people in more interior areas. Coastal settlements were connected over water, with much less contact occurring between highland and lowland areas.[7] By the 1300s, a number of the large coastal settlements had emerged as trading centers, and became the focal point of societal changes.[8] Some polities had exchanges with other states across Asia.[9][10][11][12][13]
Polities founded in the Philippines from the 10th–16th centuries include Maynila,[14]Tondo, Namayan, Pangasinan, Cebu, Butuan, Maguindanao, Buayan, Lanao, Sulu, and Ma-i.[15] Among the nobility were leaders called datus, responsible for ruling autonomous groups called barangay or dulohan.[8] When these barangays banded together, either to form a larger settlement[8] or a geographically looser alliance group,[9] the more esteemed among them would be recognized as a "paramount datu",[8][16]rajah, or sultan[17] which headed the community state.[18] There is little evidence of large-scale violence in the archipelago prior to the 2nd millennium AD,[19][better source needed] and throughout these periods population density is thought to have been low.[20]
Social classes
The fourth societal category above can be termed the datu class, and was a titled aristocracy.[5]: 150–151 [21]
The early polities were typically made up of three-tier social structure: a nobility class, a class of "freemen", and a class of dependent debtor-bondsmen:[8][9]
In the Cagayan Valley, the head of the Ilongot city-states was called a benganganat, while for the Gaddang it was called a mingal.[24][25][26]
The Ilocano people in northwestern Luzon were originally located in modern-day Ilocos Sur and were led by a babacnang. Their polity was called Samtoy which did not have a royal family but, rather, was a collection of certain barangays (chiefdoms).
In Mindanao
The Lumad people from inland Mindanao are known to have been headed by a datu.
The Subanon people in the Zamboanga Peninsula were ruled by a timuay until they were overcame by the Sultanate of Sulu in the 13th century.
The Sama-Bajau people in Sulu who were not Muslims nor affiliated with the Sultanate of Sulu were ruled by a nakurah before the arrival of Islam.
Trade
Trade with China is believed to have begun during the Tang dynasty, but grew more extensive during the Song dynasty.[27] By the 2nd millennium CE, some Philippine polities were known to have sent trade delegations which participated in the Tributary system enforced by the Chinese imperial court, trading but without direct political or military control.[28][page needed][9] The items much prized in the islands included jars, which were a symbol of wealth throughout South Asia, and later metal, salt and tobacco. In exchange were traded feathers, rhino horns, hornbill beaks, beeswax, bird's-nests, resin, and rattan.
Indian cultural traits, such as linguistic terms and religious practices, began to spread within the Philippines during the 10th century, likely via the Hindu Majapahit empire.[12][8][29]
There were at least three varieties of baybayin in the late 16th century. These are comparable to different variations of Latin which use slightly different sets of letters and spelling systems.[31][better source needed]
In 1521, the chronicler Antonio Pigafetta from the expedition of Ferdinand Magellan noted that the people that they met in Visayas were not literate. However, in the next few decades the Baybayin script seemed to have been introduced to them. In 1567 Miguel López de Legaspi reported that "they [the Visayans] have their letters and characters like those of the Malays, from whom they learned them; they write them on bamboo bark and palm leaves with a pointed tool, but never is any ancient writing found among them nor word of their origin and arrival in these islands, their customs and rites being preserved by traditions handed down from father to son without any other record."[32]
The Sultanate of Sulu once encompassed parts of modern-day Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines. Its royal house claims descent from Muhammad.[citation needed]
This article or section appears to contradict itselfon leaders of the expeditions subsequent to Magellen's expedition in 1521. Please see the talk page for more information.(September 2020)
The following table summarizes expeditions made by the Spanish to the Philippine archipelago.
Spanish expeditions reaching the Philippine archipelago
Although the archipelago may have been visited before by the Portuguese (who conquered Malacca City in 1511 and reached Maluku Islands in 1512),[citation needed] the earliest European expedition to the Philippine archipelago was led by the Portuguese navigator Ferdinand Magellan in the service of King Charles I of Spain in 1521.[38]
The Magellan expedition sighted the mountains of Samar at dawn on March 17, 1521, making landfall the following day at the small, uninhabited island of Homonhon at the mouth of Leyte Gulf.[39] On Easter Sunday, March 31, 1521, in the island of Mazaua, Magellan planted a cross on the top of a hill overlooking the sea and claimed the islands he had encountered for the King of Spain, naming them Archipelago of Saint Lazarus as stated in "First Voyage Around The World" by his companion, the chronicler Antonio Pigafetta.[40]
Magellan sought alliances among the people in the islands beginning with Datu Zula of Sugbu (Cebu) and took special pride in converting them to Christianity. Magellan got involved in the political conflicts in the islands and took part in a battle against Lapulapu, chief of Mactan and an enemy of Datu Zula.
At dawn on April 27, 1521, Magellan with 60 armed men and 1,000 Visayan warriors had great difficulty landing on the rocky shore of Mactan where Lapulapu had an army of 1,500 waiting on land. Magellan waded ashore with his soldiers and attacked Lapulapu's forces, telling Datu Zula and his warriors to remain on the ships and watch. Magellan underestimated the army of Lapulapu, and, grossly outnumbered, Magellan and 14 of his soldiers were killed. The rest managed to reboard the ships.[citation needed]
The battle left the expedition with too few crewmen to man three ships, so they abandoned the "Concepción". The remaining ships – "Trinidad" and "Victoria" – sailed to the Spice Islands in present-day Indonesia. From there, the expedition split into two groups. The Trinidad, commanded by Gonzalo Gómez de Espinoza tried to sail eastward across the Pacific Ocean to the Isthmus of Panama. Disease and shipwreck disrupted Espinoza's voyage and most of the crew died. Survivors of the Trinidad returned to the Spice Islands, where the Portuguese imprisoned them. The Victoria continued sailing westward, commanded by Juan Sebastián Elcano, and managed to return to Sanlúcar de Barrameda, Spain in 1522.
Philip II became King of Spain on January 16, 1556, when his father, Charles V, abdicated both the Spanish and HRE thrones, the latter went to his uncle, Ferdinand I. On his return to Spain in 1559, the king ordered an expedition to the Spice Islands, stating that its purpose was "to discover the islands of the west".[43] In reality its task was to conquer the Philippine islands.[44]
On November 19 or 20, 1564, a Spanish expedition of a mere 500 men led by Miguel López de Legazpi departed Barra de Navidad, New Spain, arriving at Cebu on February 13, 1565.[45] It was this expedition that established the first Spanish settlements. It also resulted in the discovery of the tornaviaje return route to Mexico across the Pacific by Andrés de Urdaneta,[46] heralding the Manila galleon trade, which lasted for two and a half centuries.
^ ab*Scott, William Henry (1994). Barangay: Sixteenth Century Philippine Culture and Society. Quezon City: Ateneo de Manila University Press. ISBN971-550-135-4.
^Legarda, Benito Jr. (2001). "Cultural Landmarks and their Interactions with Economic Factors in the Second Millennium in the Philippines". Kinaadman (Wisdom) A Journal of the Southern Philippines. 23: 40.
^Carley, Michael (November 4, 2013) [2001]. "7". Urban Development and Civil Society: The Role of Communities in Sustainable Cities. Routledge. p. 108. ISBN9781134200504. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Each boat carried a large family group, and the master of the boat retained power as leader, or datu, of the village established by his family. This form of village social organization can be found as early as the 13th century in Panay, Bohol, Cebu, Samar and Leyte in the Visayas, and in Batangas, Pampanga and Tondo in Luzon. Evidence suggests a considerable degree of independence as small city-states with their heads known as datu, rajah or sultan.
^Newson, Linda (2009) [2009]. "2". Conquest and Pestilence in the Early Spanish Philippines. University of Hawaii Press. p. 18. doi:10.21313/hawaii/9780824832728.001.0001. ISBN9780824832728. Retrieved September 11, 2020. Given the significance of the size and distribution of the population to the spread of diseases and their ability to become endemic, it is worth commenting briefly on the physical and human geography of the Philippines. The hot and humid tropical climate would have generally favored the propagation of many diseases, especially water-borne infections, though there might be regional or seasonal variations in climate that might affect the incidence of some diseases. In general, however, the fact that the Philippines comprise some seven thousand islands, some of which are uninhabited even today, would have discouraged the spread of infections, as would the low population density.
^de San Agustin, Caspar (1646). Conquista de las Islas Filipinas 1565–1615. 'Tienen sus letras y caracteres como los malayos, de quien los aprendieron; con ellos escriben con unos punzones en cortezas de caña y hojas de palmas, pero nunca se les halló escritura antinua alguna ni luz de su orgen y venida a estas islas, conservando sus costumbres y ritos por tradición de padres a hijos din otra noticia alguna.'
^ abPatanne, E. P. (1996). The Philippines in the 6th to 16th Centuries. San Juan: LSA Press. ISBN971-91666-0-6.
^Scott, William Henry. (1984). "Societies in Prehispanic Philippines". Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. Quezon City: New Day Publishers. p. 70. ISBN971-10-0226-4.
Scott, William Henry. (1984). Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History (Revised Edition). New Day Publishers, Quezon City. ISBN9711002264.
Rationalist Association of IndiaAbbreviationRAIFounded1930; 94 years ago (1930)TypeNon-profitPurposeAdvocacy of rationalism, atheism, secularism, humanismLocationIndiaFounder PresidentDr. D' AvoineCurrent ChairmanSreeni PattathanamAffiliationsVoting member at International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) Rationalist Association of India (RAI) is an Indian rationalist organization that was established in 1930.[1] Dr. D' Avoine was the President of the Rationalist Assoc…
Ground level manifestation of space weather Geomagnetically induced currents (GIC) are electrical currents induced at the Earth's surface by rapid changes in the geomagnetic field caused by space weather events. GICs can affect the normal operation of long electrical conductor systems such as electric transmission grids and buried pipelines. The geomagnetic disturbances which induce GICs include geomagnetic storms and substorms where the most severe disturbances occur at high geomagnetic latitud…
This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page. (Learn how and when to remove these template messages) This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.Find sources: Haystak & Oktaine, Double Jeopardy – news · newspapers · books · scholar · JSTOR (October 2019) (Learn how…
Overview of and topical guide to Louisiana See also: Index of Louisiana-related articles The Flag of the State of LouisianaThe Great Seal of the State of Louisiana The location of the state of Louisiana in the United States of America The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to the U.S. state of Louisiana: Louisiana – U.S. state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions te…
Revolusi Industri 4.0 merupakan transformasi komprehensif dari keseluruhan aspek produksi di industri melalui penggabungan teknologi digital dan internet dengan industri konvensional menurut Angela Merkel (2014).[1] sedangkan menurut Schlechtendahl dkk (2015) revolusi industri 4.0 menekankan definisi kepada unsur kecepatan dari ketersediaan informasi, yaitu sebuah lingkungan industri di mana seluruh entitasnya selalu terhubung dan mampu berbagi informasi satu dengan yang lain. Pengertian…
Artikel ini berisi konten yang ditulis dengan gaya sebuah iklan. Bantulah memperbaiki artikel ini dengan menghapus konten yang dianggap sebagai spam dan pranala luar yang tidak sesuai, dan tambahkan konten ensiklopedis yang ditulis dari sudut pandang netral dan sesuai dengan kebijakan Wikipedia.PT Cerdas Digital NusantaraNama dagangCakapIndustriE-learning, Pendidikan, AplikasiDidirikan2019; 5 tahun lalu (2019) di JakartaPendiriTomy Yunus (Founder and CEO)Yohan Limerta (Founder and CTO)Kanto…
Maryland negara bagian di Amerika Serikat State of Maryland (en) flag of Maryland (en) Lagu kebangsaantanpa nilai (2021) Moto«Strong deeds, gentle words (en)» Lambang resmiBaltimore Oriole (en) dan Pasang putih Nama panggilanOld Line State Dinamakan berdasarkanHenriette Marie Tempat <mapframe>: Judul Maryland.map .map bukan merupakan halaman data peta yang sahcategoria:Articles mancats de coordenades Negara berdaulatAmerika Serikat NegaraAmerika Serikat Ibu kotaAnnapolis Pembagian admini…
Polikarpov I-5 adalah biplan kursi tunggal yang menjadi pejuang Soviet utama antara diperkenalkan pada tahun 1931 melalui 1936, setelah itu menjadi standar pelatih canggih. Setelah Operasi Barbarossa, yang menghancurkan sebagian besar Angkatan Udara Soviet (VVS), I-5 yang bertahan dilengkapi dengan empat senapan mesin dan rak bom dan ditekan menjadi layanan sebagai pesawat pembom serangan darat dan malam pada tahun 1941. Mereka pensiun pada awal tahun 1942 karena produksi pesawat Soviet mulai pu…
Toyota Avensis 2.4 T-Spirit Toyota Avensis adalah mobil kelas menengah berbentuk sedan dan station wagon yang pasar utamanya adalah Eropa. Avensis pertama kali diperkenalkan pada tahun 1997-2018 sebagai pengganti dari Carina E yang berbasis Corona. Sedangkan Avensis Verso MPV adalah mobil yang berbeda meski menggunakan nama Avensis, ini sebenarnya adalah Toyota Ipsum atau Picnic. Generasi Pertama (1997-2002) Avensis Sedan Avensis dengan platform T220 disebut Corona di Amerika Latin. Generasi Ked…
CongerRentang fosil: 55–0 jtyl PreЄ Є O S D C P T J K Pg N Eosen Awal sampai Saat Ini[1] Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Animalia Filum: Chordata Kelas: Actinopterygii Ordo: Anguilliformes Famili: Congridae Genus: CongerOken, 1817 Spesies Lihat teks. Anago (穴子, atau アナゴcode: ja is deprecated ) adalah kata Jepang untuk sidat air asin, biasanya merujuk kepada ma-anago (Conger myriaster). Ma-anago dipakai untuk hidangan makanan laut di Jepang. Mereka sering kali direbus (sus…
Buckskin CouncilOwnerBoy Scouts of AmericaHeadquartersCharleston, West VirginiaLocationKentucky, Ohio, Virginia, West VirginiaCountryUnited States Websitehttp://www.buckskin.org Scouting portal The Buckskin Council is the local council of the Boy Scouts of America (BSA) that serves Scouts in Kentucky, Ohio, Virginia and West Virginia.[1] Organization The council is divided into several districts: Adena District Chief Cornstalk District Mountain Dominion District Seneca District Shaw…
Piala FA 1959–1960Negara Inggris WalesJuara bertahanNottingham ForestJuaraWolverhampton Wanderers(gelar ke-4)Tempat keduaBlackburn Rovers← 1958–1959 1960–1961 → Piala FA 1959–1960 adalah edisi ke-79 dari penyelenggaraan Piala FA, turnamen tertua dalam sepak bola di Inggris. Edisi ini dimenangkan oleh Wolverhampton Wanderers setelah mengalahkan Blackburn Rovers pada pertandingan final dengan skor 3–0. Final Artikel utama: Final Piala FA 1960 Wolverhampton Wanderers v Black…
Catholic ecclesiastical territory in Belgium Diocese of NamurDioecesis NamurcensisDiocèse de Namur (French)Bistum Namur (German)Bisdom Namen (Dutch)St. Aubin's Cathedral in NamurLocationCountryBelgiumEcclesiastical provinceMechelen-BrusselsMetropolitanArchdiocese of Mechelen-BrusselsCoordinates50°27′49″N 4°51′33″E / 50.463583°N 4.859234°E / 50.463583; 4.859234StatisticsArea8,100 km2 (3,100 sq mi)Population- Total- Catholics(as of 2019…
Sekumpulan daun sirih yang tumbuh pada tangkai daun. Daun sirih adalah bagian daun pada sirih. Bentuk daun sirih menyerupai bentuk hati. Secara umum, kromosom pada daun sirih bersifat diploid dengan formula rata-rata yakni 2n = 64. Kandungan utama pada daun sirih ialah minyak asiri, seskuiterpen, diastase, tannin, gula dan pati. Daun sirih telah dimanfaatkan sebagai pengobatan tradisional sejak zaman kuno. Jenis penyakit yang dapat disembuhkan menggunakan daun sirih antara lain penyakit gigi dan…
In the hyperbolic plane, as in the Euclidean plane, each point can be uniquely identified by two real numbers. Several qualitatively different ways of coordinatizing the plane in hyperbolic geometry are used. This article tries to give an overview of several coordinate systems in use for the two-dimensional hyperbolic plane. In the descriptions below the constant Gaussian curvature of the plane is −1. Sinh, cosh and tanh are hyperbolic functions. Polar coordinate system Points in the pola…
SMA Negeri 1 SawahluntoInformasiDidirikan15 Oktober 1959JenisNegeriAkreditasiANomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional10303691Kepala SekolahDrs. Jafrizal, M.Pd.Jumlah kelas7 kelas setiap tingkatJurusan atau peminatanIlmu alam, Ilmu sosial dan Ilmu bahasaRentang kelasX-XIIKurikulumKurikulum Tingkat Satuan PendidikanStatusNegeri (Rintisan SMA Kategori Mandiri)AlamatLokasiJalan Sudirman No. 7, Kubang Sirakuak Selatan, Lembah Segar, Sawahlunto 27417, Sumatera Barat, IndonesiaTel./Faks.(0754) - 61007/ …
PausSergius IIAwal masa kepausan844Akhir masa kepausan847PendahuluGregorius IVPenerusLeo IVInformasi pribadiNama lahirtidak diketahuiLahirtanggal tidak diketahuiRoma, ItaliaWafat847tempat tidak diketahuiPaus lainnya yang bernama Sergius Paus Sergius II (???-847) adalah Paus Gereja Katolik Roma sejak 844 hingga 847. Didahului oleh:Gregorius IV Paus844 – 847 Diteruskan oleh:Leo IV Artikel bertopik Paus dalam Gereja Katolik Roma ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia denga…
Toy StoryDiciptakan olehPixar Animation StudiosKarya asliToy Story (1995)Publikasi tercetakKomikLihat di bawahFilm dan televisiFilm Toy Story (1995) Toy Story 2 (1999) Toy Story 3 (2010) Toy Story 4 (2019) Film pendek Hawaiian Vacation (2011) Small Fry (2011) Partysaurus Rex (2012) Seri televisi Buzz Lightyear of Star Command (2000–2001) Toy Story Treats (1996) Acara televisi spesial Toy Story of Terror! (2013) Toy Story That Time Forgot (2014) Direct-to-videoBuzz Lightyear of Star Command: Th…
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Golbey. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiGolbey merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE Diarsipkan 2007-11-24 di Wayback Machine. lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville…
Peta infrastruktur dan tata guna lahan di Komune Remomeix. = Kawasan perkotaan = Lahan subur = Padang rumput = Lahan pertanaman campuran = Hutan = Vegetasi perdu = Lahan basah = Anak sungaiRemomeix merupakan sebuah komune di departemen Vosges yang terletak pada sebelah timur laut Prancis. Lihat pula Komune di departemen Vosges Referensi INSEE lbsKomune di departemen Vosges Les Ableuvenettes Ahéville Aingeville Ainvelle Allarmont Ambacourt Ameuvell…