Ihsan Nuri

Ihsan Nuri

1326-P. 27
Ihsan Nuri; 1326-P. 27
Born	1892; Bitlis, Ottoman Empire
Died	25 March 1976 (aged 83–84); Tehran, Pahlavi Iran
Allegiance	Ottoman Empire; Turkey; Kurdistan;
Years of service	Ottoman: 1910–1919; Turkey: 1919–3-4 September 1924; Kurdistan: October 1927–September 1930;
Rank	Turkey: Captain; Kurdistan: Generalissimo;
Battles/wars	First World War; Turkish War of Independence; Beytussebab rebellion; Ararat rebellion;

Ihsan Nuri, also known as Ihsan Nuri Pasha (Kurdish: Îhsan Nûrî Paşa ,ئیحسان نووری پاشا,^[1]^[2] 1892 or 1893, Bitlis – 25 March 1976, Tehran) was a Kurdish soldier and politician, former officer of the Ottoman and Turkish Army, and one of the leaders of the Ararat rebellion as the generalissimo of the Kurdish National Forces.^[3]

Early life and education

Ihsan Nuri was born in the house of his father Elî Qulî^[4] in Bitlis in 1893. He came from a branch of the Jalali tribe. After finishing primary education at the Gök Meydan mosque in Bitlis, he was registered in the Erzincan Military School (Erzincan Askerî Rüştiyesi). After completing secondary education, he entered in the Ottoman Military Academy.^[5] While at the academy, he joined the Hevî, a Kurdish association of students.^[6] In 1910, he graduated from this academy as a lieutenant and joined the Ottoman Army.

Ottoman military career

After he participated in the counterinsurgency operations in Albania, he was sent to Yemen and served there for 33 months. After returning from Yemen, he was appointed the aide-de-camp of Ottoman 93rd Infantry Regiment and was sent to Beyzon.^[5] In the early stage of the First World War, he was injured at Nerman and sent back to the rear area for treatment. On the way to Erzincan, he suffered from frostbite near Karaburun. After treatment in Erzincan, he was assigned to the Ottoman Ninth Army, and then appointed the member of the administration committee of Ozurgeti in Georgia, briefly occupied by the Turkish troops during the Caucasus Campaign of 1918^[5] and served as the commander of the mobile gendarmerie of the town.^[4]

Political career

After the First World War, he got in contact with the Society for the Rise of Kurdistan, who delivered him the task to establish relations amongst the Kurdish notables in area around Diarbakır, Siirt and Bitlis.^[6] He wrote an article about Woodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points, which was published on 30 March 1919 in the Jîn magazine. When he arrived at Trabzon, Rushdi Bey, who was the commander of the 9th Caucasian Division, sent him to Baku to meet authorities of the Red Army.^[7] He was a commander of the crushed Beytüssebab revolt in September 1924^[8] in which he demanded other Kurdish tribal militiamen to support the uprising.^[9] He also supported the Sheikh Said rebellion in 1925^[10] but did not take part in it in a leading position as he was in exile in Persia in February 1925.^[11] After the rebellion in Beytüssebap was subdued, the Turks intelligence undertook an attempt to portray Nuri as a Turkish spy to the British.^[12] But the British dismissed the attempt.^[8]

Beytüşşebap rebellion

The first Kurdish rebellion in the Turkish Republic was the Beytüşşebap Rebellion in 1924. The revolt was led by Halid Beg Cibran,^[13] and as commanders were Ihsan Nuri and Yusuf Ziya Bey.^[14] Its causes laid in opposition to the abolition of the Ottoman Caliphate by Atatürk on 3 March 1924, the repressive Turkish policies towards Kurdish identity, the prohibition of public use and teaching of the Kurdish languages, and the resettling of Kurdish landowners and tribal chiefs in the west of the country.^[15]

Numerous officers of the Turkish army deserted for the rebellion.^[16] The rebellion began in August 1924, when the garrison of Beytüşşebap revolted against the Turkish government.^[15] The rebellion proved unsuccessful, and ended shortly after it began. Yusuf Ziya Bey was arrested on the 10 October 1924 and reportedly accused Halid Beg Cibran of having been also involved in the revolt.^[17] Halid Beg Cibran was captured in Erzurum in December 1924.^[18] Both were courtmartialed in Bitlis.^[17]

Republic of Ararat

In 1926, before the Ararat revolt, Ibrahim Heski led the Hesenan, Jalali and Haydaran tribes in a rebellion (May 16–June 17, 1926).^[20] On 16 May, the Kurdish forces fought against the 28th Infantry Regiment of the 9th Infantry Division of the Turkish army and a Gendarmerie regiment in the Demirkapı region. The Turkish forces were defeated and the scattered 28th Regiment had to retreat towards Doğubeyazıt.^[21] On June 16/17, Heski and his forces were surrounded by the 28th and 34th regiments of the Turkish army and had to retreat over Yukarı Demirkapı to Iran.^[22] Kurdish nationalists met in October 1927 and not only proclaimed the independence of Kurdistan, but also formed Xoybûn (Independence), a “supreme national organ … with full and exclusive national and international powers”.

Cognizant of the need for a proper military structure, Xoybûn promoted Ihsan Nuri to general (pasha) and nominated him Commander-In-Chief of the Kurdish National Army. Ihsan Nuri was a former Kurdish member of the Young Turks. By 1928, Ihsan Nuri had assembled a small group of soldiers armed with modern weapons and trained in infantry tactics.^[10] This force initiated the Xoybûn revolt, marching towards Mount Ararat. Ihsan Nuri and his men not only achieved success in reaching Mount Ararat, but they were able to secure the towns of Bitlis,^[10] Van province, and most of the countryside around Lake Van, establishing a notable area of Kurdish resistance.^[10]

On 11 June 1930, armed responses under the leadership of Salih Pasha to the rebellion were initiated by the Turkish military against the Ağrı insurgents.^[23] According to Wadie Jwaideh, Xoybûn, the Kurmanci Kurdish nationalistorganization co-ordinating the rebellion, urgently appealed for help from Kurds. It was a Kurdish rebellion by mostly Kurmancî Kurds, which greatly outnumbered the Qizilbash of Dersim. That is why, much to the Turks' dismay, Xoybûn's appeal was answered on a wide front by a counteroffensive at Mount Tendürek, Iğdır, Erciş, Mount Süphan, Van and Bitlis, forcing the Turks to temporarily abandon their offensive against Ağrı.^[24]^[25]

Capitulation

By the end of summer 1930 the Turkish Air Force was bombing Kurdish positions around Ağrı Dağı from all directions. According to Gen. Ihsan Nuri, the military superiority of the Turkish Air Force demoralized Kurds and led to their capitulation.^[26]

During the insurrection, the Turkish Air Force also bombed several Kurdish tribes and villagers. For instance, Halikanli and Herki tribes were bombed on July 18 and August 2, respectively. Rebel villages were continually bombed from August 2–29.^[27] From June 10–12 Kurdish positions were extensively bombed, and this forced the Kurds to retreat to higher positions around Ağrı Dağı. On July 9 the newspaper Cumhuriyet reported that the Turkish air force was "raining down" Ağrı Dağı with bombs.^[28] Kurds, who escaped the bombings, were captured alive. On July 13, the rebellion in Zilan was suppressed.^[29] Squadrons of 10–15 aircraft were used in crushing the revolt. On July 16, two Turkish planes were downed.^[29] Aerial bombardment continued for several days and forced Kurds to withdraw to the height of 5,000 m (16,000 ft). By July 21, bombardment had destroyed many Kurdish forts. During these operations, Turkish military mobilized 66,000 soldiers (contrary to this Robert W. Olson gives the number of 10,000–15,000 troops in another work, other works state these numbers as well) and 100 aircraft.^[30] The last reported major offensive by the Kurds was directed at Diyarbakır on the 2 September.^[31] The rebels were gradually crushed by the superior numbers of the Turkish military.^[32]^[33] The campaign against the Kurds was over by September 17, 1930.

The insurrection was defeated in 1931, and Turkey resumed control over the territory.

In exil

During the 1930s, Generalissimo İhsan Nuri arrived as a refugee in Tehran. The government restricted his movements for years in Tehran. In 1960, his situation became better and he was permitted to settle in the Kurdish region around Urmia. In 1962, he undertook a journey to West Berlin to a Kurdish language congress and, while he stayed in Berlin, he also met Kamuran Bedir Khan. While in Europe, he also visited the cities of Cologne and Vienna, and at both locations he was received by Iranian diplomats.^[34] He returned to Iran in mid 1962, where he returned to Urmia.^[34] In the summer of 1976, he was injured when he was hit by a motorcyclist directly in front of his home at around 10:00 am. He was taken to a local hospital where he died of his wounds during the day. The culprit who hit him while driving the motorcycle was never identified or apprehended.

References

^ Mehmet Bayrak (2007). Bi gravur, wêne û kartpostalan jinên kurd di serdema osmanî de (in Kurdish). p. 91.
^ "ڕێبەری شۆڕشی ئاگری لە سینگی مێژوودا مایەوە" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.
^ Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, IHSAN NOURI PACHA Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes (in French)
^ ^a ^b Mehmet Kemal Işık (Torî), "İhsan Nuri Paşa", Ünlü Kürt Bilgin ve Birinci Kuşak Aydınlar, Sorun Yayınları, İstanbul, Kasım 2000, ISBN 975-431-111-0, p. 169. (in Turkish)
^ ^a ^b ^c İhsan Nuri Paşa, Ağrı Dağı İsyanı, Med Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992, p. 7. (in Turkish)
^ ^a ^b Olson, Robert (1989). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. p. 46. ISBN 0292776195.
^ Mehmet Kemal Işık (Torî), "İhsan Nuri Paşa", p. 170. (in Turkish)
^ ^a ^b Olson, Robert (1989). pp,46–47
^ Nouri, Ihsan (2019). Mon destin de Kurde (in French). Éditions Orient-réalités. p. 94. ISBN 978-2-940325-01-6.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Strohmeier, Martin (2003). Crucial Images in the Presentation of a Kurdish National Identity: Heroes and Patriots, Traitors and Foes. Brill. p. 97. ISBN 978-90-04-12584-1.
^ Behrendt, Günter (1993). Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925 (in German). Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 266. ISBN 3-89173-029-2.
^ Olson, Robert (1989). p.175
^ Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 231. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
^ Olson, Robert (1989). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0292776195.
^ ^a ^b Zürcher, Erik J. (2004-09-04). Turkey: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 170, 171. ISBN 9781860649585.
^ Olson, Robert (1989), p.172
^ ^a ^b Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.
^ Olson, Robert (1989), p.92
^ Rohat Alakom, Hoybûn örgütü ve Ağrı ayaklanması, Avesta, 1998, ISBN 975-7112-45-3, p. 180. (in Turkish)
^ Faik Bulut, Devletin Gözüyle Türkiye'de Kürt İsyanları, Yön Yayıncılık, 1991, p. 79. (in Turkish)
^ Bulut, ibid, p. 80. (in Turkish)
^ Bulut, ibid, p. 83. (in Turkish)
^ Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.
^ Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7, p. 78. (in English)
^ Gorgas, Jordi Tejel (2007). Le mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil: continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925–1946) (in French). Peter Lang. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-3-03911-209-8.
^ (Olson 2000, p. 81)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 82)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 83)
^ ^a ^b (Olson 2000, p. 84)
^ (Olson 2000, p. 86)
^ Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 081563093X.
^ White, Paul J. (1995). "Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza". Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies. 2 (2): 67–90.
^ Jwaideh, Wadie (1960). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Its Origins and Development. Unpublished PhD thesis. Syracuse University, New York, p. 623. ISBN 0-8156-3093-X
^ ^a ^b Nouri, Ihsan (2019). Mon destin de Kurde (in French). Éditions Orient-réalités. pp. 213–215. ISBN 978-2-940325-01-6.

External links

Ağrı Dağı İsyanı'nın lideri İhsan Nuri Paşa'yı anlatıyor, Navenda Lêkolînan Kurdistan (in Turkish)

[1] Mehmet Bayrak (2007). Bi gravur, wêne û kartpostalan jinên kurd di serdema osmanî de (in Kurdish). p. 91.

[2] "ڕێبەری شۆڕشی ئاگری لە سینگی مێژوودا مایەوە" (in Kurdish). Retrieved 21 December 2019.

[3] Bletch Chirguh, La Question Kurde: ses origines et ses causes, Le Caire, Impimerie Paul Barbey, 1930, front cover, IHSAN NOURI PACHA Généralissime des forces nationales Kurdes (in French)

[Tori169-4] Mehmet Kemal Işık (Torî), "İhsan Nuri Paşa", Ünlü Kürt Bilgin ve Birinci Kuşak Aydınlar, Sorun Yayınları, İstanbul, Kasım 2000, ISBN 975-431-111-0, p. 169. (in Turkish)

[Isyan7-5] İhsan Nuri Paşa, Ağrı Dağı İsyanı, Med Yayınları, İstanbul, 1992, p. 7. (in Turkish)

[:1-6] Olson, Robert (1989). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. p. 46. ISBN 0292776195.

[Tori170-7] Mehmet Kemal Işık (Torî), "İhsan Nuri Paşa", p. 170. (in Turkish)

[:0-8] Olson, Robert (1989). pp,46–47

[9] Nouri, Ihsan (2019). Mon destin de Kurde (in French). Éditions Orient-réalités. p. 94. ISBN 978-2-940325-01-6.

[:2-10] Strohmeier, Martin (2003). Crucial Images in the Presentation of a Kurdish National Identity: Heroes and Patriots, Traitors and Foes. Brill. p. 97. ISBN 978-90-04-12584-1.

[:12-11] Behrendt, Günter (1993). Nationalismus in Kurdistan: Vorgeschichte, Entstehungsbedingungen und erste Manifestationen bis 1925 (in German). Hamburg: Deutsches Orient-Institut. p. 266. ISBN 3-89173-029-2.

[12] Olson, Robert (1989). p.175

[:03-13] Üngör, Umut. "Young Turk social engineering : mass violence and the nation state in eastern Turkey, 1913- 1950" (PDF). University of Amsterdam. p. 231. Retrieved 9 April 2020.

[14] Olson, Robert (1989). The Emergence of Kurdish Nationalism and the Sheikh Said Rebellion, 1880–1925. University of Texas Press. pp. 48–49. ISBN 0292776195.

[:02-15] Zürcher, Erik J. (2004-09-04). Turkey: A Modern History. I.B.Tauris. pp. 170, 171. ISBN 9781860649585.

[16] Olson, Robert (1989), p.172

[:22-17] Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. pp. 52–53. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.

[18] Olson, Robert (1989), p.92

[19] Rohat Alakom, Hoybûn örgütü ve Ağrı ayaklanması, Avesta, 1998, ISBN 975-7112-45-3, p. 180. (in Turkish)

[20] Faik Bulut, Devletin Gözüyle Türkiye'de Kürt İsyanları, Yön Yayıncılık, 1991, p. 79. (in Turkish)

[21] Bulut, ibid, p. 80. (in Turkish)

[22] Bulut, ibid, p. 83. (in Turkish)

[23] Chaliand, Gérard (1993). A People Without a Country: The Kurds and Kurdistan. Zed Books. p. 55. ISBN 978-1-85649-194-5.

[Paul-24] Paul J. White, Primitive rebels or revolutionary modernizers?: the Kurdish national movement in Turkey, Zed Books, 2000, ISBN 978-1-85649-822-7, p. 78. (in English)

[25] Gorgas, Jordi Tejel (2007). Le mouvement kurde de Turquie en exil: continuités et discontinuités du nationalisme kurde sous le mandat français en Syrie et au Liban (1925–1946) (in French). Peter Lang. pp. 257–258. ISBN 978-3-03911-209-8.

[26] (Olson 2000, p. 81)

[27] (Olson 2000, p. 82)

[28] (Olson 2000, p. 83)

[Olson_2000_p=84-29] (Olson 2000, p. 84)

[30] (Olson 2000, p. 86)

[31] Jwaideh, Wadie (2006). The Kurdish National Movement: Its Origins and Development. Syracuse University Press. ISBN 081563093X.

[White1995-32] White, Paul J. (1995). "Ethnic Differentiation among the Kurds: Kurmancî, Kizilbash and Zaza". Journal of Arabic, Islamic & Middle Eastern Studies. 2 (2): 67–90.

[33] Jwaideh, Wadie (1960). The Kurdish Nationalist Movement: Its Origins and Development. Unpublished PhD thesis. Syracuse University, New York, p. 623. ISBN 0-8156-3093-X

[:3-34] Nouri, Ihsan (2019). Mon destin de Kurde (in French). Éditions Orient-réalités. pp. 213–215. ISBN 978-2-940325-01-6.

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Ihsan Nuri

Early life and education

Ottoman military career

Political career

Beytüşşebap rebellion

Republic of Ararat

Capitulation

In exil

References

External links

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