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Hispanics and Latinos in Arizona

Hispanic and Latino Arizonans are residents of the state of Arizona who are of Hispanic or Latino ancestry. As of the 2010 U.S. Census, Hispanics and Latinos of any race were 30% of the state's population.[1]

History

Main article: History of Arizona

After the Marcos de Niza expedition in south-eastern Arizona in 1539, Coronado also explored several regions of the present state in 1540–1542, while searching for Cíbola. In 1604, Juan de Oñate travelled to the Colorado River from New Mexico. The Oñate expedition traveled by way of Zuñi and Hopi territories, and the Bill Williams River to the Colorado River. Arizona was incorporated into New Spain. Northern Arizona belonged to Las Californias, the Southwest belonged to Sonora, particularly Pimería Alta, and the southeast belonged to Santa Fe de Nuevo Mexico. However, only a small settler community formed in Arizona. Father Kino's expedition to Arizona established a mission in Tumacacori, located in modern-day Santa Cruz County, Arizona, in 1687. Ten Spaniards members of the expeditionary team settled in the region, although the mission did not prosper. However, this was the first place to have Hispanic occupation in present-day Arizona. The next Hispanic settlements were at San Xavier del Bac and Guevavi. A total of 100 Spanish people may have settled in both areas combined. In 1736 silver mines were discovered in the region, prompting the arrival of possibly 100 traders and miners. However, in 1741, the Viceroy of New Spain prohibited the exploitation of the silver mines, which were being depleted. In 1750, the population may have grown to 1,000 people.[2]

The settler community in Arizona dwindled in 1751 because of the problems it faced: Arizona's main economic source, the silver mines, ran out, so settlers lost interest in the territory. In addition, the Pima people frequently attacked the Spanish communities, causing riots and murders (100 settlers were murdered), as well as many other problems – they burned the settlers' land, poisoned the wells, etc. All this made life in Arizona untenable for the settlers, so most of them left Arizona. So only a small settler community remained in Arizona, including the farmer José Romo de Vivar.[3] In 1752 Tubac was founded by 300 Spanish (mostly soldiers). In 1779 a garrison was established at Tubac. The garrison was occupied by 80 soldiers and possibly their families. In that year the Arizona population grew to 1,120 people, although from 1779 to 1821 the population remained at zero growth.[2]

After the New Spain independence from Spain in 1821, Southern Arizona was incorporated into the Mexican state of Sonora in 1822, although the Hispanic population remained small. Sonora became in the Estado de Occidente in 1824.

Arizona was thinly colonized by Mexico in the 1840s, with little protection from much larger Amerindian population. The U.S. won the Mexican–American War (1846–1848) and Mexico ceded to the U.S. the northern 70% of modern-day Arizona through the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848). On June 8, 1854 the United States bought 29,670-square-mile of land from Mexico. This purchase, called Gadsden Purchase, consisted of the present-day southern Arizona and southwestern New Mexico. Since the second half of the 19th century, thousands of Mexicans have migrated to Arizona.

Arizona's first decades as part of the US (1850–1870) were characterised by the fact that most of its immigrants were Mexican. From 1870 to 1900 Arizona's population grew to 122,000 from just 10,000. Part of this growth was due to Mexican migration. Mexicans accounted for one out of every three immigrants in Arizona in that period.[4]

Demographics

Hispanics made up 32% of Arizona's population.[5][6] The largest ancestry group in Arizona is Mexican (26%).[7] The southern and central parts of the state are predominantly Mexican American, especially in Santa Cruz County and Yuma County near the Mexican border. In addition, there are an estimated 45,000 people residing in Arizona who are natives of Puerto Rico or of Puerto Rican descent.[8]

In 2003, for the first time, there were slightly more births to Hispanics in the state than births to non-Hispanic whites. Since then, the gap has widened. In 2007, Hispanics accounted for 45% of all newborns whereas non-Hispanic whites accounted for 41% of all births. However by 2011 those trends reversed. By 2011, non-Hispanic whites accounted for 46% of all births while Hispanics births fell to 39%.[9] After 2011, the number of Hispanic births has once again surpassed that of non-Hispanic whites. Arizona was projected to become a minority-majority state by the year 2015 if population growth trends continued. As of 2010, 21% (1,202,638) of Arizona residents age 5 and older spoke Spanish at home as a primary language.[10]

(self-identified ethnicity, not by birthplace)[11]
Ancestry by origin (2019 surveys) Population %
Argentine 3,007
Bolivian 735
Chilean 2,526
Colombian 10,410
Costa Rican 2,455
Cuban 18,147
Dominican 6,267
Ecuadorian 3,257
Guatemalan 22,694
Honduran 7,853
Mexican 2,024,770
Nicaraguan 4,822
Panamanian 4,137
Paraguayan 528
Peruvian 9,122
Puerto Rican 48,793
Salvadoran 19,556
"Spanish" 24,727
"Spaniard" 32,278
"Spanish American" 417
Uruguayan 364
Venezuelan 3,171
All other 116,649
Total 2,310,592
Ancestry by region[12][13] Number %
Mexicans 1,657,668 25.9%
Caribbeans 48,582 0.8%
Central Americans 36,642 0.6%
South Americans 21,895 0.3%
Other Hispanic 130,362 2.0%
Total

Spanish language in Arizona

Spanish language in Arizona by county.

The state (like its southwestern neighbors) has had close linguistic and cultural ties with Mexico. The state outside the Gadsden Purchase of 1853 was part of the New Mexico Territory until 1863, when the western half was made into the Arizona Territory. The area of the former Gadsden Purchase contained a majority of Spanish-speakers until the 1940s, although the Tucson area had a higher ratio of anglophones (including Mexican Americans who were fluent in English); the continuous arrival of Mexican settlers increases the number of Spanish speakers.

Historic Hispanic/Latino population

Colonial and Mexican Arizona

Arizona Arizona Number of people of Hispanic Origin in Arizona[2] +% of Population of Hispanic Origin in Arizona
1687 10
(Spanish settlers in Tumacacori,
first Spanish foundation in modern-day Arizona) 		N/A
1732 100 N/A
1736 200 N/A
1741 1,000 N/A
1751 100
(The revolt of the native Pima people resulted in the murder of 100 people,
while most of the settlers must have left the area to flee the Pima)
1752 300
1757 500
1768 800
1779–1820 1,120
(Zero population growth)
1831 + 768
(Mexican population in Tucson and Tubac, the main cities of Arizona in term of Mexican population; after Arizona's independence and Amerindian attacks, the population had declined)[14]

American Arizona

Arizona Arizona Number of Mexican Origin (1870–1930)
and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940–2020) in Arizona[15][16][17][18][a] 		+% of Population of Mexican Origin (1870–1930)
and of Hispanic/Latino Origin (1940–2020) in Arizona
1850 1,000[19] + 51% [20]
1860 + 3,200 + 51%[20]
1870 5,891 61%[21]
1880 20,281[22] 50%
1890 17,648 20%[23]
1900 32,000[22] – 40,000 (Mexican ethnics)[24] N/A
1910 Variable estimates:
49,044 – 58,445 – 67,041[22] 		24.0% (fist data[25]) – 28.6% (second data)
1920 Variable estimates:
88,552 – 101,585 – 109,851[22] 		26.5% (first data[25]) – 30.4% (second data)
1930 Variable estimates:
114,120 – 121,955[22] – 131,543 		26.2%(fist data[25]) – 30.2% (third data)
1940 101 902 20.4%
1950 128,928 17.2%
1960 194,021 14.9%
1970 306,609 (15% sample) 17.3%
1980 440,701 16.2%
1990 688,338 18.8%
2000 1,295,617 25.3%
2010 1,895,149 29.6%
2020 2,192,253 30.2%

Cities and town with Hispanic majority

Places with between 25,000 and 100,000 people

Places with between 10,000 and 25,000 people

Places with fewer than 10,000 people

See also

References

  1. ^ "Arizona QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau". Quickfacts.census.gov. 2011. Archived from the original on February 19, 2016. Retrieved January 21, 2014. (Note: All percentage figures rounded.)
  2. ^ a b c David P. Coulson; Linda Joyce (August 2003). "United States state-level population estimates: Colonization to 1999" (PDF). USDA. p. 32. The data were estimated by Coulson and Joyce.
  3. ^ Martínez Laínez, Fernando and Canales Torres, Carlos. Banderas lejanas: La exploración, conquista y defensa por parte de España del Territorio de los actuales Estados Unidos (in Spanish: Far flags. The exploration, conquest and defense by Spain of the Territory of the present United States). pp. 145–46. Fourth edition: September 2009.
  4. ^ Arizona Migration History 1860–2017. Published by University of Washington.
  5. ^ "Arizona – Fact Sheet – American FactFinder". Archived from the original on 2020-02-11. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  6. ^ "Arizona – ACS Demographic and Housing Estimates: 2005–2007". Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  7. ^ "Arizona – Selected Social Characteristics in the United States: 2005–2007". Archived from the original on 2020-02-10. Retrieved 2015-02-07.
  8. ^ "Puerto Rican Lives Matter". July 25, 2019.
  9. ^ "Births: Prelimanary Data for 2011" (PDF). National Vital Statistics Reports. 61 (5). U. S. Department of Health and Human Services. 3 October 2012.
  10. ^ "Arizona". Modern Language Association. Retrieved October 15, 2013.
  11. ^ "Hispanic or Latino Origin by Specific Origin: 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates". United States Census Bureau. 2019.
  12. ^ US Census Bureau: "Redistricting Data, First Look at Local 2010 Census Results" Archived 2013-10-20 at the Wayback Machine
  13. ^ US Census Bureau, Systems Support Division. "Population by Race and Hispanic or Latino Origin for the United States: 1990 and 2000 (PHC-T-1)". Census.gov. Archived from the original on 20 January 2012. Retrieved 16 January 2018.
  14. ^ David J. Weber (1982). The Mexican Frontier, 1821–1846: The American Southwest Under Mexico. University of New Mexico Press. p. 183. ISBN 978-0-8263-0603-6. The data were estimated by Coulson and Joyce.
  15. ^ "Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States". Census.gov. p. 35. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-08-12. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  16. ^ "U.S. Census of Population: 1960" (PDF). Www2.census.gov. Retrieved 2012-09-30.
  17. ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2000" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  18. ^ "The Hispanic Population: 2010" (PDF). US Census Bureau. Retrieved 2015-07-30.
  19. ^ Stephen S. Birdsall; Jon C. Malinowski; Wiley C. Thompson (January 2017). Regional Landscapes of the US and Canada (eight ed.). Wiley. p. 288. ISBN 978-1-118-79034-2.
  20. ^ a b Evelyn Nakano Glenn (2002). Unequal Freedom: How Race and Gender shaped American citizenship and Labor. Harvard University Press. p. 145. ISBN 978-0-674-03764-9.
  21. ^ Jens Manuel Krogstad; Mark Hugo Lopez (June 10, 2014). "For three states, share of Hispanic population returns to the past". Pew Research Center.
  22. ^ a b c d e José A. Cobas; Joe R. Feagin; Daniel J. Delgado; Maria Chávez (2009). Latino Peoples in the New America: Racialization and Resistance. New Critical Viewpoints On Society Series. p. 3. ISBN 978-0-429-75363-3.
  23. ^ Sarah Deutsch (2002). Making a Modern U.S. West: The Contested Terrain of a Region and Its Borders, 1898–1940. University of Nebraska Press. p. 67. ISBN 978-1-4962-2956-4.
  24. ^ Pablo R. Mitchell (2018). Understanding Latino History: Excavating the Past, Examining the Present. Greenwood. p. 76. ISBN 978-1-4408-4169-9.
  25. ^ a b c Lisa Magaña; Erik Lee (2013). Latino Politics and Arizona's Immigration Law SB 1070. Springer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 978-1-4614-0296-1.
  26. ^ American factfinder 2010 census date retrieved March 12, 2013
  27. ^ Census 2010 data finder date for Arivaca Junction retrieved March 12, 2013
  28. ^ factfinder for the 2010 census data retrieved 12 March 2013]

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