Zimbabwean Americans

Zimbabwean Americans
Total population
	Zimbabwean ancestry or ethnic origin; 2019 American Community Survey; 9,485; ; Zimbabwean-born, 2008-2012; American Community Survey Briefs; 19,000;
Regions with significant populations
	Found in California; Texas; New York; Atlanta; other places;
Languages
	Regional languages of Zimbabwe, British English and American English
Religion
	Christianity

Zimbabwean Americans are Americans of full or partial Zimbabwean ancestry. The Zimbabwean communities are localized, among other places, in California and Texas.

History

The first great wave of immigration from Rhodesia (modern-day Zimbabwe) took place during and after the Rhodesian Bush War in the 1970s, a time when many white Rhodesian families emigrated due to political and economic conditions.^[3] Although initially they emigrated mostly to neighboring South Africa, because they shared English language and heritage, and the United Kingdom, the former colonial power, subsequently they increasingly emigrated to the United States and Australia, countries that, like the above, shared language and heritage.^[4] Following the independence of Zimbabwe from the UK in 1980, these immigrants identified themselves as Rhodesians, united by their shared struggles experienced during the Bush War.^[5]

In the 1980s, a second group of people from Zimbabwe came to the United States, mostly students that returned to their country after completing their studies. This emigration of students was increased in the 1990s and included both white and black people. Due to the difficulty in accessing university in your country, many Zimbabwean students emigrated to other countries to complete their studies. Most of them sought degrees linked to technology and business. Unlike earlier Zimbabwean students, many in the 1990s decided to live in the United States for good after completing their studies, given the negative economic situation in Zimbabwe and the job opportunities that they could find in the United States. Thus, the majority of Zimbabweans who have migrated to the United States during the past few decades have been students and young professionals.^[6]

Demographics

In 2014, the Zimbabwean population in the United States was noted as one of "a strong skilled and non-skilled diaspora population" that is also focused in South Africa, the UK and Australia.^[7] Thus, Zimbabweans in the United States make up just a small part of the Zimbabwean diaspora compared to the larger communities in South Africa and the United Kingdom.^[8] However, of Zimbabweans who have not yet emigrated but are considering it, a somewhat higher proportion state that the United States, rather than the United Kingdom, is their preferred destination; this may be due to harassment and discrimination that Zimbabweans have faced in the UK.^[9]

There are various conflicting unofficial figures regarding the number of Zimbabweans in the United States. The RAND Corporation estimated in 2000 that there were 59,000 Zimbabweans in the state of New York alone.^[10] In contrast, a 2008 estimate from the Association of Zimbabweans Based Abroad put the population of Zimbabweans in the entire United States at just 45,000.^[8]

There is a small community of Zimbabweans in Chicago, consisting primarily of former students at area universities.^[11] Other cities with Zimbabwean communities include Washington, D.C., New York City, Indianapolis, Dallas, Houston, Atlanta and Detroit.

White Zimbabweans were concentrated in greater Los Angeles, San Diego, Philadelphia, Dallas-Fort Worth, Houston, Tampa, and Atlanta in 2000. Black Zimbabwean immigrants were concentrated in the greater metropolitan areas of Washington, D.C., Atlanta and Dallas-Fort Worth.^[12]

Organizations

There is an important organization in Indianapolis of Zimbabwean having annual celebrations of Independence Day (April 18) and other events, such as the first Annual Convention and Business Expo Zimbabwe in 2002. Due to the limited success of the Zimbabwean living in Chicago to create organizations (because their community is dispersed through the city), they have formed ties with the organization of Zimbabwe in Indianapolis.^[6] Other Zimbabwean association is the Zimbabwe-United States of America Alumni Association (ZUSAA).^[13]

Notable people

References

^ "People Reporting Ancestry, 2019 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates, United States Census Bureau".
^ "The Foreign-Born Population From Africa: 2008–2012" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ Ottaway, David B. (18 December 1978). "More Rhodesian Whites Seek Greener Pastures Abroad". Washington Post. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
^ King, Tony (2003). "Rhodesians in kyperspace". In Karim Haiderali, Karim (ed.). The Media of Diaspora. Psychology Press. pp. 177–178. ISBN 9780415279307. Retrieved 8 September 2014.
^ Uusihakala, Katja (12 February 2008). Memory Meanders: Place, Home and Commemoration in an Ex-Rhodesian Diaspora Community (PDF) (Academic Dissertation). University of Helsinki. p. 49. OCLC 435374612. Docket Research series in anthropology. Retrieved 28 June 2019.
Josiah Brownell (30 October 2010). Collapse of Rhodesia: Population Demographics and the Politics of Race. I.B.Tauris. p. 18. ISBN 978-0-85771-889-1.
^ ^a ^b Encyclopedia of Chicago: Zimbabweans in Chicago Archived August 29, 2008, at the Wayback Machine. Tracy Steffes. Retrieved September 4, 2012.
^ "Zimbabwe: Diaspora remittances in decline". The Africa Report.
^ ^a ^b "Returning will take more than politics". IRIN News. Retrieved 2009-04-18.
^ Tevera & Crush 2003, pp. 19–20
^ Firger, Jessica (2008-05-13). "The Heartbeat of Africa in New York". Daily News (New York). Retrieved 2009-04-18.
^ Steffes 2005
^ The New Americans: A Guide to Immigration since 1965. p. 316.
^ Embassy of the United States: Harare Zimbabwe

Bibliography

Tevera, Daniel S.; Crush, Jonathan (2003), The New Brain Drain from Zimbabwe (PDF), Migration Policy Series, vol. 29, Cape Town, South Africa/Ontario, Canada: The Southern African Migration Project, ISBN 1-919798-48-X, archived from the original (PDF) on 6 June 2011, retrieved 18 April 2009
Steffes, Tracy (2005), "Zimbabweans", in Reiff, Janice L.; Keating, Ann Durkin; Grossman, James (eds.), Electronic Encyclopedia of Chicago, Chicago Historical Society, archived from the original on 29 August 2008, retrieved 18 April 2009