3,369,976 (2021) [1][2] 1% of U.S. Population[3](2016 Public Religion Research Institute data) 0.7% of the U.S. Population (2015 Pew Research Center data)[4]
The number of Hindus living in the United States did not grow substantially until the passage of the Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965.[5] Prior to 1965, fewer than 50,000 Hindus from India had immigrated to the United States. As a result of U.S. immigration policies in favor of educated and highly skilled migrants,[6] Hindu-Americans are the most likely to hold college degrees and earn high incomes of all religious communities in the United States.
Many concepts of Hinduism, such as meditation, karma, ayurveda, reincarnation, and yoga, have been adopted into mainstream American beliefs and lifestyles.[7]Om is a widely chanted mantra, particularly among millennials and those who practice yoga and subscribe to the New Age philosophy. According to the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life survey of 2009, 24% of Americans believe in reincarnation, a core concept of Hinduism.[8][9] The Hindu practices of vegetarianism and ahimsa are also becoming more widespread.
Demographics
The Pew Research Center estimated that as of 2015, about 1.7 million adherents of Hinduism live in the United States. The Hindu population of the United States is the eighth-largest in the world. Ten percent of Asian Americans, who together account for 5.8% of the U.S. population, are followers of the Hindu faith.[10]
Most Hindus in America are immigrants (87%) or the children of immigrants (9%). The remainder are converts.[11] The majority of Hindus are immigrants from South Asia. There are also Hindus from the Caribbean, Southeast Asia, Canada, Oceania, Africa, Europe and the Middle East. In the U.S. there are also about 900 ethnic Cham people from Vietnam, one of the few remaining non-Indic Hindus in the world, 55% of whom are Hindus.[12] In the 1990s, Buddhist Bhutan expelled most of its Hindu population, amounting to one-fifth of the country's population.[13][14] As of February 2017[update], more than 92,000 exiled Bhutanese refugees have been resettled in the United States since 2008, the majority of whom are Hindu. [15][16]
Many Afghan Hindus have also settled in United States, mainly after Soviet–Afghan War and the rise of the Taliban.[17][18] A number of Hindu-Americans immigrated twice, first from former British colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, Fiji or East Africa to the United Kingdom, and then to the United States.[19]
According to the Association of Statisticians of American Religious Bodies, in 2017 Hindus were the largest minority religion in 92 of the 3143 counties in the world.[20]
Although Hinduism is practiced mainly by people of South Asian descent, a sizable number of Hindus in United States are converts to Hinduism. According to the Pew Research Center, 9% of Hindus in United States belong to a non-Asian ethnicity: White (4%), Black (2%), Latino (1%) and mixed (2%).[21] Converts to Hinduism include Hollywood actors Julia Roberts and Russell Brand.[22][23]
Contemporary status and public opinions
American Hindus have the highest rates of educational attainment and highest household income among all religious communities, and the lowest divorce rates.[24] In 2008, according to Pew Research Center, 80% of American adults who were raised as Hindus continued to adhere to Hinduism, which is the highest retention rate for any religion in America.[25]
Public opinions of Hindus
Hindus have relatively high acceptance of homosexuality. In 2019, 71% of Hindus believe that homosexuality should be accepted, which is higher than the general public (62%).[21] About 68% of Hindus supported same-sex marriage, vs. 53% of the general public.[21] Hindus in the United States also support abortion (68%). About 69% of Hindus supported strict laws and regulations to protect the environment and nature.[21]
According to the Pew Research Center, only 15% of the Americans identifed the Vedas as a Hindu religious text. Roughly half of Americans knew that yoga has roots in Hinduism.[26][27]
Religiosity
According to a 2014 Pew Research survey, 88% of the American Hindu population believed in God (versus 89% of adults overall). However, only 26% believed that religion is very important in their life. About 51% of the Hindu population reported praying daily.[21] Eighty-eight percent of Hindus say they believe in God.[21]
History of Hindu immigrants in the United States
Early Hindu visitors
Anandibai Joshi is believed to be the first Hindu woman to set foot on American soil, arriving in New York in June 1883 at the age of 19. She graduated with a medical degree from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania in March 1886, becoming the first female of South Asian origin to graduate with a degree in Westernmedicine in the United States. Joshi returned to India in late 1886 but died within months of her return.[28]
Although most of these immigrants were PunjabiSikhs, they were incorrectly referred to as "Hindoo" by many Americans, as well as in some official immigration documents.[31]
Ram Dass was a Harvardprofessor known as Richard Alpert who traveled to India in 1967 and studied under Neem Karoli Baba. He returned the West as a Hindu teacher and changed his name to Ram Dass, which means servant of Rama (one of the Hindu gods). A student of Ram Dass, Jeffery Kagel, devoted his life to Hinduism in the sixties, and is now an American vocalist known for his performances of Hindu devotional music known as kirtan (chanting the names of God). He has released seventeen albums since 1996.
Beatles member George Harrison [33] became a devotee of Swami Prabhupada. Harrison started to record songs with the words "Hari Krishna" in the lyrics and was widely responsible for popularizing Hinduism in America in the 1960s and 1970s. His song, My Sweet Lord, became the biggest-selling single of 1971 in the United Kingdom. Allen Ginsberg, the author of Howl, was heavily involved with Hinduism in the 1960s and it was said that he chanted "Om" at The Human Be-in of 1967 for hours on end. Other influential Indians of Hindu faith in counter-culture movement are Mata Amritanandamayi, Chinmoy and Maharishi Mahesh Yogi.[34]
Contemporary influence
Adaption to Western culture
Hindu Americans, as well as Hindu immigrants, have often adapted their practice and places of worship in accordance with the world around them. Many of the early Hindu emissaries to the United States drew on ideological confluences between Christian and Hindu universalism.[35] Hindu temples in the United States tend to house more than one deity corresponding with a different tradition, unlike those in India which tend to house deities from a single tradition.[36] Yoga become part of many American's lifestyle, but its meaning has shifted. While Hindus in the United States may refer to the practice as a form of meditation that has different forms (i.e. karma yoga, bhakti yoga, kriya yoga), it is used in reference to the physical aspect of the word.[37]
Political recognition
In September 2000, a joint session of Congress was opened with a prayer in Sanskrit (with some Hindi and English added), by Venkatachalapathi Samudrala to honor the visit of Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee. The gesture was an initiative by Ohio Congressman Sherrod Brown, who requested the U.S. Congress House Chaplain to invite the Hindu priest from the Shiva Vishnu Hindu Temple in Parma, Ohio.[38] A Hindu prayer was read in the Senate on July 12, 2007, by Rajan Zed, a Hindu chaplain from Nevada.[39] His prayer was interrupted by a couple and their daughter who claimed to be Christianpatriots, which prompted a criticism of candidates in the upcoming presidential election for not condemning the interruption.[40] In October 2009, President Barack Obama lit a ceremonial Diwali lamp at the White House to symbolize victory of light over darkness.
In April 2009, President Obama appointed Anju Bhargava, a management consultant and pioneer community builder, to serve as a member of his inaugural Advisory Council on Faith Based and Neighborhood Partnership. In collaboration with the White House, Hindu American Seva Communities was formed to bring the Hindu seva voices to the forefront in the public arena and to bridge the gap between U.S. government and Hindu and Dharmic people and places of worship.
In 2021, the State of New Jersey joined with the World Hindu Council to declare October as Hindu Heritage Month.[41]
The Vedanta Society was responsible for building the earliest temples in the United States starting in 1905 with the Old Temple in San Francisco,[42][43][44] but they were not considered formal temples.[45][citation needed] The earliest traditional Mandir in the United States is Shiva Kartikeya Temple in Concord, California. Built in 1957 and known as Palanisamy Temple, it is one of the few temples that is run by public elected members.[46] The Maha Vallabha Ganapathi Devastanam, owned by the Hindu Temple Society of North America in Flushing, New York, was consecrated on July 4, 1977.[47]
There are over 1450 Hindu temples across the United States,[48] with a majority on the East Coast. The New York region has more than 1135 temples;[49] Texas has 128[50] and Massachusetts has 127.[51]
In Tampa, South Florida, the Sri Vishnu Temple was consecrated in November 2001.[57]
Parashakthi Temple[58] in Pontiac, Michigan, is a tirtha peetham for Goddess "Shakthi," or the "Great Divine Mother" in Hinduism. The temple was envisioned in 1994 by Dr. G. Krishna Kumar in a deep meditative kundalini experience of "Adi Shakthi".[59]
In 2010, the Bharatiya Temple of Northwest Indiana temple was opened[61] next to the Indian American Cultural Center in Merrillville, Indiana. The Bharatiya Temple allows four different Hindu groups as well as a Jain group to worship together. [62]
Tulsi Gabbard, a Hawaiian of Samoan and European descent and the daughter of a Roman Catholic father and a Hindu mother, became in 2012 the first-ever Hindu to be elected to the U.S. Congress. She was also the first Hindu to seek a major party nomination for President in 2020.[64]
Raja Krishnamoorthi, Pramila Jayapal and Ro Khanna (Rohit Khanna), all of Indian descent, were elected to Congress in In 2016.[65] American Hindus are now the third-largest religious group in Congress, with four members.[66] (Among lawmakers declining to state their religious affiliations was Indian-American Pramila Jayapal, who was elected to the House of Representatives. Since her mother is a Hindu, the Hindu American Foundation suggests that Jayapal is also Hindu.)[67] From 2019 to 2022, Padma Kuppa, an Indian politician from Troy, Michigan, served in the Michigan House of Representatives.
Several organizations have been made to combat discrimination against Hindus in the United States and make changes in the political scene. Some of these organizations include:
CoHNA: Coalition of Hindus of North America[70]- Due to their activism, Georgia passed a resolution condemning Hinduphobia in 2023, making it the first state in United States to pass such a resolution.[71]
In the 1923 case United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind, the Supreme Court ruled that Thind and other South Asians were not "free white persons" according to a 1790 federal law that stated that only white immigrants could apply for naturalized citizenship.[73] The Immigration Act of 1924 prohibited the immigration of Asians such as Middle Easterners and Indians.[74]
In January 2019, the Swaminarayan Temple in Kentucky was vandalized. Black paint was sprayed on the deity; the words "Jesus is the only God" and the Christiancross was spray painted on various walls.[78][79] In February 2015, Hindu temples in Kent and the Seattle Metropolitan area were vandalized, and in April 2015, a Hindu temple in north Texas was vandalized with xenophobic images spray-painted on its walls.[80][81] In 2011, the Sri Venkateshwara Temple in Pittsburgh was also vandalized and $15,000 worth of jewelry was stolen.[82]
In January 2023, the Shri Omkarnath Temple, located in Brazos Valley, Texas, was broken into by the burglars. A board member of temple, Srinivasa Sunkari, said, "There was a sense of invasion, that sense of loss of privacy when something like this happened to us." Hindu advocacy organizations like HinduPact and Hindu American Foundation demanded an investigation.[83]
In October 2023, burglars raided a Hindu mandir in Sacramento, California, with six suspects stealing a donation box from the premises.[84] The incident, which took place at the Hari Om Radha Krishna Mandir in the Parkway neighborhood of Sacramento, was condemned by the Coalition of Hindus of North America as a potential hate crime.[85][86]
Objections to Hindu prayers in Congress and state legislatures
On July 12, 2007, Rajan Zed, a Hindu cleric, offered a prayer in the U.S. Senate as its guest chaplain. The proceedings were interrupted by three self-professed Christian protestors, who were arrested by Capitol Police and charged with a misdemeanor for disrupting Congress.[91] The conservative Christian group American Family Association objected to the prayer,[92] citing the loss of the "Judeo-Christian foundations" of the United States.[93]
In 2005, the Texas-based Vedic Foundation and the American Hindu Education Foundation filed a complaint to California's Curriculum Commission, arguing that the coverage of Indian history and Hinduism in 6th grade history textbooks was biased against Hinduism.[94] Points of contention included a textbook's portrayal of the caste system, the Indo-Aryan migration theory, and the status of women in Indian society.[95]
^Sen, Arijit (2013). Staged Disappointment - Interpreting the Architectural Facade of the Vedanta Temple, San Francisco. Vol. 47. pp. 207–214. doi:10.1086/673870. S2CID164182046.
^"HinduPACT". World Hindu Council of America. Retrieved December 27, 2023.
^Coulson, Doug (2015). "British Imperialism, the Indian Independence Movement, and the Racial Eligibility Provisions of the Naturalization Act: United States v. Thind Revisited". Georgetown Journal of Law & Modern Critical Race Perspectives. 7: 1–42. SSRN2610266.
^Mann, Gurinder Singh; Numrich, Paul David & Williams, Raymond Brady (2001). Buddhists, Hindus and Sikhs in America: A Short History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. pp. 44–45. ISBN978-0-19512-442-2.
Kurien, Prema (2012). "Chapter 7. What is American about American Hinduism? Hindu Umbrella Organisations in the United States on Comparative Perspective". In Zavos, John; et al. (eds.). Public Hinduisms. New Delhi: SAGE Publ. India. ISBN978-81-321-1696-7.
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Chemical compound Not to be confused with Fluprednidene acetate. FluprednideneClinical dataOther namesFluprednylidene; 9α-Fluoro-11β,17α,21-trihydroxy-16-methylenepregna-1,4-diene-3,20-dioneDrug classCorticosteroid; GlucocorticoidIdentifiers IUPAC name (8S,9R,10S,11S,13S,14S,17R)-9-Fluoro-11,17-dihydroxy-17-(2-hydroxyacetyl)-10,13-dimethyl-16-methylidene-7,8,11,12,14,15-hexahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-3-one CAS Number2193-87-5PubChem CID11794741ChemSpider9969413UNIIFA517NS3N7CompTox Das…