Indium(III) oxide

Indium(III) oxide
Names
	Other names indium trioxide, indium sesquioxide
Identifiers
CAS Number	1312-43-2 ;
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChemSpider	133007 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.013.813
EC Number	215-193-9;
PubChem CID	150905;
UNII	4OO9KME22D ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID40893857 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/2In.3O/q2+3;3-2 Key: PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N ; InChI=1/2In.3O/q2+3;3-2 Key: PJXISJQVUVHSOJ-UHFFFAOYAL;
	SMILES [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[In+3].[In+3];
Properties
Chemical formula	In2O3
Molar mass	277.64 g/mol
Appearance	yellowish green odorless crystals
Density	7.179 g/cm3
Melting point	1,910 °C (3,470 °F; 2,180 K)
Solubility in water	insoluble
Band gap	~3 eV (300 K)
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)	−56.0·10−6 cm3/mol
Structure
Crystal structure	Cubic, (Bixbyite) cI80
Space group	Ia3, No. 206
Lattice constant	a = 1.0117(1) nm
Formula units (Z)	16 formula per cell
Hazards
	GHS labelling:
Pictograms
Signal word	Danger
Hazard statements	H315, H319, H335
Precautionary statements	P260, P261, P264, P270, P271, P280, P302+P352, P304+P340, P305+P351+P338, P312, P314, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313, P362, P403+P233, P405, P501
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)	1 0 0
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa). verify (what is ?) Infobox references

Indium(III) oxide (In₂ O₃) is a chemical compound, an amphoteric oxide of indium.

Physical properties

Crystal structure

Amorphous indium oxide is insoluble in water but soluble in acids, whereas crystalline indium oxide is insoluble in both water and acids. The crystalline form exists in two phases, the cubic (bixbyite type)^[1] and rhombohedral (corundum type). Both phases have a band gap of about 3 eV.^[3]^[4] The parameters of the cubic phase are listed in the infobox.

The rhombohedral phase is produced at high temperatures and pressures or when using non-equilibrium growth methods.^[5] It has a space group R3c No. 167, Pearson symbol hR30, a = 0.5487 nm, b = 0.5487 nm, c = 1.4510 nm, Z = 6 and calculated density 7.31 g/cm³.^[6]

Conductivity and magnetism

Thin films of chromium-doped indium oxide (In_2−xCr_xO₃) are a magnetic semiconductor displaying high-temperature ferromagnetism, single-phase crystal structure, and semiconductor behavior with high concentration of charge carriers. It has possible applications in spintronics as a material for spin injectors.^[7]

Thin polycrystalline films of indium oxide doped with Zn²⁺ are highly conductive (conductivity ~10⁵ S/m) and even superconductive at liquid helium temperatures. The superconducting transition temperature T_c depends on the doping and film structure and is below 3.3 K.^[8]

Synthesis

Bulk samples can be prepared by heating indium(III) hydroxide or the nitrate, carbonate or sulfate.^[9] Thin films of indium oxide can be prepared by sputtering of indium targets in an argon/oxygen atmosphere. They can be used as diffusion barriers ("barrier metals") in semiconductors, e.g. to inhibit diffusion between aluminium and silicon.^[10]

Monocrystalline nanowires can be synthesized from indium oxide by laser ablation, allowing precise diameter control down to 10 nm. Field effect transistors were fabricated from those.^[11] Indium oxide nanowires can serve as sensitive and specific redox protein sensors.^[12] The sol–gel method is another way to prepare nanowires.^{[citation needed]}

Indium oxide can serve as a semiconductor material, forming heterojunctions with p-InP, n-GaAs, n-Si, and other materials. A layer of indium oxide on a silicon substrate can be deposited from an indium trichloride solution, a method useful for manufacture of solar cells.^[13]

Reactions

When heated to 700 °C, indium(III) oxide forms In₂O, (called indium(I) oxide or indium suboxide), at 2000 °C it decomposes.^[9] It is soluble in acids but not in alkali.^[9] With ammonia at high temperature indium nitride is formed:^[14]

In₂O₃ + 2 NH₃ → 2 InN + 3 H₂O

With K₂O and indium metal the compound K₅InO₄ containing tetrahedral InO₄⁵⁻ ions was prepared.^[15] Reacting with a range of metal trioxides produces perovskites^[16] for example:

In₂O₃ + Cr₂O₃ → 2InCrO₃

Applications

Indium oxide is used in some types of batteries, thin film infrared reflectors transparent for visible light (hot mirrors), some optical coatings, and some antistatic coatings. In combination with tin dioxide, indium oxide forms indium tin oxide (also called tin doped indium oxide or ITO), a material used for transparent conductive coatings.

In semiconductors, indium oxide can be used as an n-type semiconductor used as a resistive element in integrated circuits.^[17]

In histology, indium oxide is used as a part of some stain formulations.

References

^ ^a ^b Marezio, M. (1966). "Refinement of the crystal structure of In₂O₃ at two wavelengths". Acta Crystallographica. 20 (6): 723–728. Bibcode:1966AcCry..20..723M. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66001749.
^ "Indium oxide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.
^ Walsh, A; et al. (2008). "Nature of the Band Gap of In₂O₃ Revealed by First-Principles Calculations and X-Ray Spectroscopy" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 100 (16): 167402. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100p7402W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.167402. PMID 18518246. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
^ King, P. D. C.; Fuchs, F.; et al. (2009). "Band gap, electronic structure, and surface electron accumulation of cubic and rhombohedral In₂O₃" (PDF). Physical Review B. 79 (20): 205211. Bibcode:2009PhRvB..79t5211K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205211. S2CID 53118924. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-31.
^ The Minerals Metals & Materials Society (Tms); The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (6 April 2011). TMS 2011 140th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, General Paper Selections. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-118-06215-9. Retrieved 23 September 2011.
^ Prewitt, Charles T.; Shannon, Robert D.; Rogers, Donald Burl; Sleight, Arthur W. (1969). "C rare earth oxide-corundum transition and crystal chemistry of oxides having the corundum structure". Inorganic Chemistry. 8 (9): 1985–1993. doi:10.1021/ic50079a033.
^ "New Material Puts Its Own Spin on Electronics". Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology. 40 (4): 267. 2006. doi:10.2345/i0899-8205-40-4-267.1.
^ Makise, Kazumasa; Kokubo, Nobuhito; Takada, Satoshi; Yamaguti, Takashi; Ogura, Syunsuke; Yamada, Kazumasa; Shinozaki, Bunjyu; Yano, Koki; et al. (2008). "Superconductivity in transparent zinc-doped In₂O₃ films having low carrier density". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (4): 044208. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d4208M. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044208. PMC 5099639. PMID 27878025.
^ ^a ^b ^c Downs, Anthony John (1993). Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. Springer. ISBN 0-7514-0103-X.
^ Kolawa, E. and Garland, C. and Tran, L. and Nieh, C. W. and Molarius, J. M. and Flick, W. and Nicolet, M.-A. and Wei, J. (1988). "Indium oxide diffusion barriers for Al/Si metallizations". Applied Physics Letters. 53 (26): 2644–2646. Bibcode:1988ApPhL..53.2644K. doi:10.1063/1.100541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
^ Li, C; Zhang, D; Han, S; Liu, X; Tang, T; Lei, B; Liu, Z; Zhou, C (2003). "Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Applications of Indium Oxide Nanowires". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1006 (1): 104–21. Bibcode:2003NYASA1006..104L. doi:10.1196/annals.1292.007. PMID 14976013. S2CID 5176429.
^ "Applying Indium Oxide Nanowires as Sensitive and Specific Redox Protein Sensors". Foresight Nanotech Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-10-29.
^ Feng, Tom and Ghosh, Amal K. (1984) "Method for forming indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cells" U.S. patent 4,436,765
^ Wiberg, Egon and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515
^ Lulei, M.; Hoppe, R. (1994). "Über "Orthoindate" der Alkalimetalle: Zur Kenntnis von K₅[InO₄]". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 620 (2): 210–224. doi:10.1002/zaac.19946200205.
^ Shannon, Robert D. (1967). "Synthesis of some new perovskites containing indium and thallium". Inorganic Chemistry. 6 (8): 1474–1478. doi:10.1021/ic50054a009. ISSN 0020-1669.
^ "In₂O₃ (Indium Oxide)". CeramicMaterials.info. Archived from the original on 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2008-10-29.

[Marezio1966-1] Marezio, M. (1966). "Refinement of the crystal structure of In₂O₃ at two wavelengths". Acta Crystallographica. 20 (6): 723–728. Bibcode:1966AcCry..20..723M. doi:10.1107/S0365110X66001749.

[2] "Indium oxide". pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov.

[3] Walsh, A; et al. (2008). "Nature of the Band Gap of In₂O₃ Revealed by First-Principles Calculations and X-Ray Spectroscopy" (PDF). Physical Review Letters. 100 (16): 167402. Bibcode:2008PhRvL.100p7402W. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.100.167402. PMID 18518246. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-12-15. Retrieved 2016-11-25.

[4] King, P. D. C.; Fuchs, F.; et al. (2009). "Band gap, electronic structure, and surface electron accumulation of cubic and rhombohedral In₂O₃" (PDF). Physical Review B. 79 (20): 205211. Bibcode:2009PhRvB..79t5211K. doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.79.205211. S2CID 53118924. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-12-31.

[5] The Minerals Metals & Materials Society (Tms); The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society (TMS) (6 April 2011). TMS 2011 140th Annual Meeting and Exhibition, General Paper Selections. John Wiley and Sons. pp. 51–. ISBN 978-1-118-06215-9. Retrieved 23 September 2011.

[6] Prewitt, Charles T.; Shannon, Robert D.; Rogers, Donald Burl; Sleight, Arthur W. (1969). "C rare earth oxide-corundum transition and crystal chemistry of oxides having the corundum structure". Inorganic Chemistry. 8 (9): 1985–1993. doi:10.1021/ic50079a033.

[7] "New Material Puts Its Own Spin on Electronics". Biomedical Instrumentation & Technology. 40 (4): 267. 2006. doi:10.2345/i0899-8205-40-4-267.1.

[8] Makise, Kazumasa; Kokubo, Nobuhito; Takada, Satoshi; Yamaguti, Takashi; Ogura, Syunsuke; Yamada, Kazumasa; Shinozaki, Bunjyu; Yano, Koki; et al. (2008). "Superconductivity in transparent zinc-doped In₂O₃ films having low carrier density". Science and Technology of Advanced Materials. 9 (4): 044208. Bibcode:2008STAdM...9d4208M. doi:10.1088/1468-6996/9/4/044208. PMC 5099639. PMID 27878025.

[downs-9] Downs, Anthony John (1993). Chemistry of aluminium, gallium, indium, and thallium. Springer. ISBN 0-7514-0103-X.

[10] Kolawa, E. and Garland, C. and Tran, L. and Nieh, C. W. and Molarius, J. M. and Flick, W. and Nicolet, M.-A. and Wei, J. (1988). "Indium oxide diffusion barriers for Al/Si metallizations". Applied Physics Letters. 53 (26): 2644–2646. Bibcode:1988ApPhL..53.2644K. doi:10.1063/1.100541.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)

[11] Li, C; Zhang, D; Han, S; Liu, X; Tang, T; Lei, B; Liu, Z; Zhou, C (2003). "Synthesis, Electronic Properties, and Applications of Indium Oxide Nanowires". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1006 (1): 104–21. Bibcode:2003NYASA1006..104L. doi:10.1196/annals.1292.007. PMID 14976013. S2CID 5176429.

[12] "Applying Indium Oxide Nanowires as Sensitive and Specific Redox Protein Sensors". Foresight Nanotech Institute. Archived from the original on 2008-08-08. Retrieved 2008-10-29.

[13] Feng, Tom and Ghosh, Amal K. (1984) "Method for forming indium oxide/n-silicon heterojunction solar cells" U.S. patent 4,436,765

[Wiberg&Holleman-14] Wiberg, Egon and Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier ISBN 0123526515

[LuleiHoppe1994-15] Lulei, M.; Hoppe, R. (1994). "Über "Orthoindate" der Alkalimetalle: Zur Kenntnis von K₅[InO₄]". Zeitschrift für anorganische und allgemeine Chemie. 620 (2): 210–224. doi:10.1002/zaac.19946200205.

[Shannon1967-16] Shannon, Robert D. (1967). "Synthesis of some new perovskites containing indium and thallium". Inorganic Chemistry. 6 (8): 1474–1478. doi:10.1021/ic50054a009. ISSN 0020-1669.

[17] "In₂O₃ (Indium Oxide)". CeramicMaterials.info. Archived from the original on 2008-06-30. Retrieved 2008-10-29.

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