JI is a transnational organization with cells in Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia and the Philippines.[11] In addition to al-Qaeda, the group is also alleged to have links to the Moro Islamic Liberation Front[11] and Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid, a splinter cell of the JI which was formed by Abu Bakar Baasyir on 27 July 2008. The group has been designated as a terrorist group by the United Nations, Australia, Canada, China, Japan, the United Kingdom and the United States.[12] It remained very active in Indonesia where it publicly maintained a website as of January 2013[update].[13][14]
In October 2021, Director of Identification and Socialization, Detachment 88 Muhammad Sodiq said that 876 members of Jamaah Islamiyah had been arrested and sentenced in Indonesia.[15]
On 16 November 2021, Indonesian National Police launched a crackdown operation, which revealed that the group operated in disguise as a political party, Indonesian People's Da'wah Party. The revelation shocked many people, as it was the first time in Indonesia that a terrorist organization disguised itself as a political party and attempted to intervene and participate in the Indonesian political system.[16]
JI has its roots in Darul Islam (DI, meaning "House of Islam"), a radical Islamist/anti-colonialist movement in Indonesia in the 1940s.[17]
The JI was established as a loose confederation of several Islamic groups. Sometime around 1969, three men, Abu Bakar Bashir, Abdullah Sungkar and Shahrul Nizam 'PD' began an operation to propagate the Darul Islam movement, a conservative strain of Islam.
Bashir and Sungkar were both imprisoned by the New Order administration of Indonesian president Suharto as part of a crackdown on radical groups such as Komando Jihad, that were perceived to undermine the government's control over the Indonesian population. The two leaders spent several years in prison. After release, Bashir and his followers moved to Malaysia in 1982. They recruited people from Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. The group officially named itself Jemaah Islamiyah around that time period.
JI's violent operations began during the communal conflicts in Maluku and Poso.[22] It shifted its attention to targeting U.S. and Western interests in Indonesia and the wider Southeast Asian region[23] since the start of the U.S.-led war on terror. JI's terror plans in Southeast Asia were exposed when its plot to set off several bombs in Singapore was foiled by the local authorities.
Recruiting, training, indoctrination, financial, and operational links between the JI and other militant groups,[25][additional citation(s) needed] such as al-Qaeda, the Abu Sayyaf Group (ASG), the Misuari Renegade/Breakaway Group (MRG/MBG) and the Philippine Rajah Sulaiman movement (RSM) have existed for many years.
Bashir became the spiritual leader of the group while Hambali became the military leader. Unlike the Al-Mau'nah group, Jemaah Islamiyah kept a low profile in Malaysia and their existence was publicized only after the 2002 Bali bombings. It is suspected by some to be linked to al-Qaeda or the Taliban.[26]
Designation as a terrorist group
Jemaah Islamiyah has been designated a terrorist group by the following countries and international organizations:
In 2003, Indonesian police confirmed the existence of "Mantiqe-IV" the JI regional cell which covered Irian Jaya and Australia. Indonesian police said Muklas has identified Mantiqe IV's leader as Abdul Rahim—an Indonesian-born Australian.[34] Jemaah Islamiyah is also strongly suspected of carrying out the 2003 JW Marriott hotel bombing, the 2004 Australian embassy bombing,[35] the 2005 Bali bombings and the 2009 JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton hotel bombings.[36] The Bali and JW Marriott attacks showed that JI did not rule out attacking the same target more than once. The JI also has been directly and indirectly involved in dozens of bombings in the southern Philippines, usually in league with the ASG.[37][38]
However, most of Jemaah Islamiyah prominent figures such as Hambali, Abu Dujana, Azahari Husin, Noordin Top and Dulmatin have either been captured or killed, mostly by Indonesian anti-terrorist squad, Detachment 88.[39][40] While several of its former leaders, including Malaysian Islamic extremist and Afghanistan War veteran Nasir Abbas, have renounced violence and even assisted the Indonesian and Malaysian governments in the war on terrorism. Nasir Abbas was Noordin Top's former trainer.[37]
Indonesian investigators revealed the JI's establishment of a hit squad in April 2007, which was established to target top leaders who oppose the group's objectives, as well as other officials, including police officers, government prosecutors and judges handling terrorism-related cases.[41]
In April 2008, the South Jakarta District Court declared JI an illegal organisation when sentencing former leader Zarkasih and military commander Abu Dujana to 15 years on terrorism charges.[42]
In 2010, Indonesian authorities cracked down on the Jemaah Islamiyah network in Aceh. Between February and May 2010, more than 60 militants were captured.[43] This Aceh network was established by Dulmatin sometime after 2007 when he returned to Indonesia.[44]
Naming
The name Jemaah Islamiyah roughly translates to "Islamic Community" in English and is abbreviated as "JI". To counter the recruitment efforts by the group, Islamic scholars in Indonesia and the Philippines who are critical of the group suggested it be called Jemaah Munafiq (JM) instead, translated as "Hypocrites' Community".[45]
12 March 2000, 3 JI members were arrested in Manila carrying plastic explosives in their luggage. One of them is later jailed for 17 years.
1 August 2000, Jemaah Islamiyah attempted to assassinate the Philippine ambassador to Indonesia, Leonides Caday.[46] The bomb detonated as his car entered his official residence in central Jakarta killing two people and injuring 21 others, including the ambassador.[47]
13 September 2000, a car bomb explosion tore through a packed parking deck beneath the Jakarta Stock Exchange building killing 15 people and injuring 20.[48][47]
30 December 2000, a series of bombings that occurred around Metro Manila in the Philippines, 22 died and over a hundred were injured. In the following years, several members of the Jemaah Islamiyah for their suspected involvement in the bombings.
December 8, 2001, a raid by Singaporean authorities successfully foil a plot by JI to bomb several foreign embassies in Singapore. The plot also revealed several bombing locations, which included the water pipeline between Malaysia and Singapore, and also an MRT station, where Americans frequently traveled.[49]
5 June 2002, Indonesian authorities arrest Kuwaiti Omar al-Faruq. Handed over to the U.S. authorities, he subsequently confesses he is a senior al-Qaeda operative sent to Southeast Asia to orchestrate attacks against U.S. interests. He reveals to investigators detailed plans of a new terror spree in Southeast Asia.[50][51]
After many warnings by U.S. authorities of a credible terrorist threat in Jakarta, on 23 September 2002, a grenade explodes in a car near the residence of a U.S. embassy official in Jakarta, killing one of the attackers.[52]
2 October 2002, a U.S. Soldier and two Filipinos are killed in a JI nail-bomb attack outside a bar in the southern Philippine city of Zamboanga.[53]
10 October 2002, a bomb rips through a bus terminal in the southern Philippine city of Kidapawan, killing six people and injuring twenty-four. On the same day The U.S. ambassador in Jakarta, Ralph Boyce, personally delivers to the Indonesian President a message of growing concern that Americans could become targets of terrorist actions in her country.[54]
12 October 2002, on the second anniversary of the USS Cole bombing in Yemen, a huge car bomb kills more than 202 and injures 300 on the Indonesian resort island of Bali. Most are foreigners, mainly Australian tourists. It is preceded by a blast at the U.S. consulate in nearby Denpasar. The attack known as the 2002 Bali bombings is the most deadly attack executed by JI to date.
Bashir was arrested by the Indonesian police and was given a light sentence for treason.[55]
Hambali was arrested in Thailand on 11 August 2003, and is currently detained and awaiting trial by Military Commissions, in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba.[56]
A British-born Australian named Jack Roche confessed to being part of a JI plot to blow up the Israeli embassy in Canberra, Australia on 28 May 2004. He was sentenced to 9 years in prison on 31 May. The man admitted to meeting figures like Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan.[57]
JI are widely suspected of being responsible for the bombing outside the Australian embassy in Jakarta on 9 September 2004, which killed 11 Indonesians and wounded over 100 more.[58]
9 November 2005, bomb-making expert and influential figure in Indonesian terrorist organization, Azahari Husin was killed in a raid at Batu, East Java.[59]
5 August 2006, Al-Qaeda's Al Zawahiri appeared on a recorded video announcing that JI and Al-Qaeda had joined forces and that the two groups will form "one line, facing its enemies".[60]
13 June 2007, Abu Dujana, the head of JI's military operations, is captured by Indonesian police.[61]
15 June 2007, Indonesian police announced the capture of Zarkasih, who was leading Jemaah Islamiyah since the capture of Hambali. Zarkasih is believed to be the emir of JI.[62]
27 February 2008, the leader of JI in Singapore, Mas Selamat bin Kastari, escaped from the Whitley Road Detention Centre.[63]
1 April 2009, Mas Selamat bin Kastari was recaptured in a raid by Pasukan Gerakan Khas and Special Branch in Johor, Malaysia.[61]
17 July 2009, Jemaah Islamiyah blamed for attacks on the Ritz Carlton Jakarta and the J.W. Marriott hotels in Jakarta.[64]
17 September 2009, Noordin Mohammad Top was killed in a raid by Indonesian police in Surakarta, Central Java.[65] Top was a recruiter, bomb maker, and explosions expert for Jemaah Islamiyah.[66] However, later on his colleagues in Jemaah Islamiyah claimed that Noordin had formed his own splinter cell which was even more violent and militant. He was for a while dubbed the "most wanted Islamic militant in Southeast Asia".[citation needed]
13 December 2010, Indonesian police charged Abu Bakar Bashir, spiritual head of Jemaah Islamiyah, with involvement in plans of terror and military training in Aceh province. The charge against him of inciting others to commit terrorism carries the death penalty.
January 2012, the Philippine military announced that it had killed two key leaders of Jemaah Islamiyah, a Malaysian called Zulkifli bin Hir (aka Marwan) and Mohammad Ali (aka Muawiyah). Senior intelligence sources later stated that Hir and Ali survived the air strike. Reports of Bin Hir's death were again retracted in 2014.[67][68][69]
14 December 2012, the Philippine police tries to kill a suspected Malaysian terrorist after he was trying to detonate a bomb in Davao City, Philippines, and including one of a wife from Bicol Region after being arrested by the police.[70]
26 February 2014, Sheikh Kahar Mundos, a bomb maker, left a bomb in a motorcycle hidden at the city hall in Cagayan de Oro, Philippines.[71]
27 June 2014, Abdul Basit Usman, a bomb maker who was falsely reported as killed in a U.S. airstrike in Pakistan in 2010, is revealed to be alive and a potential terror threat.[72]
16 September 2014, Jemaah Islamiyah claimed responsibility for the bombing of the Rizal Monument in front of the city hall of General Santos, Philippines, killing one person and injuring 7.[73][74]
25 January 2015, JI member Zulkifli Abdhir was killed in the Philippines, an operation that also resulted in the death of 44 police officers.[75]
1 July 2019, Indonesian police arrested Para Wijayanto, who was said to have been the leader of Jemaah Islamiyah since 2007.[76]
2 July 2019, after the arrest of leader Para Wijayanto, Densus 88 counterterrorism unit of Indonesia traced palm oil plantations as a source of funding for the group, according to National Police spokesperson Brig. Gen. Dedi Prasetyo.[77][78]
2020s
23 November 2020, Indonesian Police arrested Upik Lawanga, who has been involved in the 2002 Bali bombings. His role involves constructing bombs to be used in several terror attacks.[79]
17 May 2024, a Royal Malaysian Police station at Ulu Tiram, Johor was attacked by a man that was linked with Jemaah Islamiyah, killing two police officers and wounding one. The suspect was shot dead by another police officer during the attack. Police investigations revealed that the suspect, who has no criminal record, made preparations to confront the police – based on items found in his bag which he used as a shield. There were zinc sheets and paper inside.[82] After the attack, the police launched a raid on the suspect's house and arrested his family members that were linked with the group, including his father.[83]
Abuza, Zachary. Militant Islam in Southeast Asia: Crucible of Terror. Boulder, Colorado, USA: Lynne Rienner Publishers, 2003. ISBN1-58826-237-5.
Atran, Scott (2010). Talking to the Enemy: Faith, Brotherhood, and the (Un)Making of Terrorists. New York: Ecco Press / HarperCollins. ISBN978-0-06-134490-9.
Barton, Greg (2005). Jemaah Islamiyah: radical Islam in Indonesia. Singapore: Singapore University Press. ISBN9971-69-323-2.
Lim, Merlyna. Islamic Radicalism and Anti-Americanism in Indonesia: The Role of the Internet. Washington: East-West Center, 2005. ISBN978-1-932728-34-7.
Reeve, Simon. The New Jackals: Ramzi Yousef, Osama Bin Laden and the Future of Terrorism. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1999. ISBN1-55553-509-7.
Ressa, Maria. Seeds of Terror: An Eyewitness Account of Al-Qaeda's Newest Center of Operations in Southeast Asia. New York: Free Press, 2003. ISBN0-7432-5133-4.
Milton FriedmanLahir(1912-07-31)31 Juli 1912Brooklyn, New YorkMeninggal16 November 2006(2006-11-16) (umur 94)San Francisco, CaliforniaKebangsaanAmericanInstitusiHoover Institution (1977–2006)University of Chicago (1946–77)Columbia University (1937–41, 1943–45, 1964–65)NBER (1937–40)BidangEconomicsMazhabChicago School of EconomicsAlma materColumbia University (Ph.D.), 1946, University of Chicago (M.A.), 1933 Rutgers University (B.A.), (1932)DipengaruhiAdam Smith, Irving Fish…
KalibawangKapanewonNegara IndonesiaProvinsiDaerah Istimewa YogyakartaKabupatenKulon ProgoPemerintahan • PanewuHeri Darmawan, A.P., M.M.Populasi • Total33,387 jiwa (2.009-BPS BAPPEDA diupdate 24/06/2.013) jiwaKode Kemendagri34.01.12 Kode BPS3401110 Luas5.296,37 km²Desa/kelurahan- Kalibawang (Jawa: ꦏꦭꦶꦧꦮꦁ, translit. Kalibawang) adalah sebuah kecamatan di Kabupaten Kulon Progo, Provinsi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Kalibawang merupakan ka…
Ashleigh MurrayMurray di WonderCon tahun 2017Lahir18 Januari 1988 (umur 36)Kansas City, Missouri, Amerika SerikatPekerjaanAktris, penyanyiTahun aktif2007–sekarang Ashleigh Monique Murray (lahir 18 Januari 1988) adalah seorang aktris dan penyanyi asal Amerika Serikat. Dia dikenal karena perannya sebagai Josie McCoy di serial televisi The CW, Riverdale.[1][2] Karier Pada 2016, Murray berakting di The CW Remaja Drama Riverdale, sebagai Josie McCoy.[1][3]&…
Claude Dambury Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Claude DamburyTanggal lahir 30 Juli 1971 (umur 52)Tempat lahir Cayenne, Guyana PrancisPosisi bermain BekKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)1993-1998 Gueugnon 1998-2001 Gamba Osaka 2001-2002 Créteil 2002-2003 Martigues 2003-2005 Stade Reims Tim nasional2008 Guyana Prancis 2 (0) * Penampilan dan gol di klub senior hanya dihitung dari liga domestik Claude Dambury (lahir 30 Juli 1971) adalah pemain sepak bola asal Guyana Prancis. Statistik Guyana P…
US Catanzaro 1929Calcio Detentore della Supercoppa Serie C Aquile, Regina del Sud,[1][2][3] Timore del Nord,[2][3] il Magico,[4] Giallorossi Segni distintivi Uniformi di gara Casa Trasferta Terza divisa Colori sociali Giallo, rosso Simboli Aquila reale Inno AquilePino Pavone, Piero Ciampi[5] Dati societari Città Catanzaro Nazione Italia Confederazione UEFA Federazione FIGC Campionato Serie B Fondazione 1927 Rifondazione2006Rifondazio…
2005 EP by ZoéThe RoomEP by ZoéReleased2005GenreRock en EspañolAlternative rockLabelNoiselab/EMIZoé chronology The Room(2005) Memo Rex Commander y el Corazón Atómico de la Vía Láctea(2006) The Room is the first EP released by Mexican rock band Zoé. This is the first release with their new record label Noiselab. The song Dead was promoted as a single and a music video was made by the direction of Dalai Vado. The Room made it well into the Mexican sales chart and shipped over 50,0…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Februari 2023. Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: P…
Polo air pada Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018LokasiStadion Akuatik Gelora Bung KarnoJakartaTanggal16 Agustus – 1 September 2018Jumlah disiplin2Peserta195 dari 10 negara← 20142022 → Polo air pada Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018 adalah pelaksanaan cabang olahraga polo air pada penyelenggaraan Pesta Olahraga Asia 2018. Kompetisi pada cabang olahraga ini berlangsung di Stadion Akuatik Gelora Bung Karno, Jakarta, sejak tanggal 16 Agustus hingga 1 September 2018.[1] Ed…
Lambang Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Peta Lokasi Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta di Indonesia Peta Kabupaten di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta Berikut daftar kapanewon/kemantren dan kelurahan/kalurahan di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta terdiri dari 4 kabupaten, 1 kota, 78 kapanewon/kemantren, 46 kelurahan dan 392 kalurahan. Pada tahun 2017, jumlah penduduknya diperkirakan mencapai 3.606.111 jiwa dengan total luas wilayah 3.133,15 km².[1][2] Pada tahu…
Experimental rock music mixed with noise This article is about the specific genre. For the general application of noise in rock music, see Noise in music § Rock music, and Noise music § Noise rock and no wave. Not to be confused with hard rock. Noise rockFlipper at the 9:30 Club, Washington, D.C., 1984Other namesNoise punkStylistic origins Experimental rock punk rock noise minimal psychedelic rock acid rock industrial hardcore punk[1] Cultural originsc. Mid-1960s to 198…
Jan HusCukil kayu dari Jan Hus, c. 1587Lahirc. 1369Husinec, Kerajaan Bohemia, Kekaisaran Romawi Suci(sekarang Republik Ceko)Meninggal6 Juli 1415(1415-07-06) (umur 44–45)Konstanz, Keuskupan Konstanz, Kekaisaran Romawi Suci(sekarang Jerman)Nama lainJohn Hus, John HussAlmamaterUniversitas Karlova PrahaEraFilsafat RenaisansKawasanFilsafat BaratAliranHusiteMinat utamaTeologi Dipengaruhi John Wycliffe, Conrad Waldhauser Memengaruhi John Wesley, Jerome dari Praha, Girolamo Savonarola, …
Pour les articles homonymes, voir Azoulay. Audrey Azoulay Portait officiel d'Audrey Azoulay (2016). Fonctions Directrice générale de l'Unesco En fonction depuis le 13 novembre 2017(6 ans, 4 mois et 22 jours) Élection 13 octobre 2017 Réélection 9 novembre 2021 Prédécesseur Irina Bokova Ministre de la Culture et de la Communication 11 février 2016 – 10 mai 2017(1 an, 2 mois et 29 jours) Président François Hollande Premier ministre Manuel VallsBernard Cazen…
العلاقات السعودية المالطية السعودية مالطا السعودية مالطا تعديل مصدري - تعديل العلاقات السعودية المالطية هي العلاقات الثنائية التي تجمع بين السعودية ومالطا.[1][2][3][4][5] مقارنة بين البلدين هذه مقارنة عامة ومرجعية للدولتين: وجه المقارنة ال…
2022 compilation album by various artistsFIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Official SoundtrackCompilation album by various artistsReleased2022Recorded2022StudioFIFA SoundLength29 minutes LabelFIFA Sound (Universal Arabic/Republic)ProducerRedOne, Wassim Slaiby, Roland Orzabal, and Ian Stanley. FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022 Official Soundtrack is a compilation album with various artists released in 2022. This album is the official music album of the 2022 FIFA World Cup held in Qatar.[1] Histor…
Ne doit pas être confondu avec Rayonnement de fond. Pour les articles homonymes, consulter FDC ou CMB . Vous lisez un « bon article » labellisé en 2018. Carte complète du CMB, selon une projection de Mollweide, méthode qui déroule une sphère sur un plan tout en conservant les surfaces, ce qui « permet de comparer en un coup d'oeil les zones chaudes et les zones froides du ciel »[1]. Cette carte montre les fluctuations ou anisotropies de températures de l…
Likelihood of damage to a building or system from an earthquake Lead Rubber Bearing being tested at the UCSD Caltrans-SRMD facility For broader coverage of this topic, see Earthquake engineering. Seismic risk refers to the risk of damage to a building, system, or other entity from an earthquake. Seismic risk has been defined, for most management purposes, as the potential economic, social and environmental consequences of hazardous events that may occur in a specified period of time.[1]&…
تشون دو هوان (بالكورية: 전두환) مناصب رئيس كوريا الجنوبية (5.1 ) في المنصب27 أغسطس 1980 – 25 فبراير 1981 انتخب في الانتخابات الرئاسية الكورية الجنوبية 1980 تشون دو هوان رئيس كوريا الجنوبية (5.2 ) في المنصب25 فبراير 1981 – 24 فبراير 1988 انتخب في الانتخابا…
Cell produced by hematopoiesis Diagram showing the development of different blood cells from hematopoietic stem cells to mature cells. A blood cell, also called a hematopoietic cell, hemocyte, or hematocyte, is a cell produced through hematopoiesis and found mainly in the blood. Major types of blood cells include red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and platelets (thrombocytes). Together, these three kinds of blood cells add up to a total 45% of the blood tissue by vol…
Antihypertensive drug of the calcium channel blocker class ClevidipineClinical dataTrade namesCleviprexAHFS/Drugs.comMonographLicense data US DailyMed: Clevidipine Routes ofadministrationIntravenousATC codeC08CA16 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status US: ℞-only EU: Rx-only[1] Pharmacokinetic dataBioavailability100% (used only IV)Protein binding>99.5%MetabolismBlood and tissue esterasesElimination half-life1 minuteExcretionUrine (63–74%), feces (7–22%)Iden…
4th Corps4th Corps PatchActiveApril 1992Country Bosnia and HerzegovinaAllegianceArmy of the Republic of Bosnia and HerzegovinaBranchRegular ArmyTypeMotorized, Mountain and InfantrySize18,000–20,000[1]Garrison/HQMostarColorsGreen and yellowEngagementsOperation Neretva '93Siege of MostarCommandersCurrentcommanderArif Pašalić Sulejman Budaković Ramiz Dreković Mustafa PolutakNotablecommandersArif PašalićMilitary unit The 4th Corps of the Bosnian army was one of five later seven …