This article is about the post-colonial-era insurgency. For the conflict with the United States of 1899–1913, see Moro Rebellion. For the pre-1899 conflict, see Spanish–Moro conflict. For the series of attacks over Sabah, see Cross border attacks in Sabah.
The root cause of the Moro conflict is associated in a long history of resistance by the Bangsamoro people against foreign rule, including the American annexation of the Philippines in 1898; Moro resistance against the Philippine government has persisted ever since.[37] During the administration of President Ferdinand Marcos, political tensions and open hostilities developed between the Philippine government and Moro rebel groups.[41] The Moro insurgency was triggered[42] by the purported Jabidah massacre on March 18, 1968, during which 60 Filipino Muslim commandos on a planned operation to reclaim the eastern part of the Malaysian state of Sabah were said to have been killed. As retaliation against the Philippine government's failed attempt at reclaiming Sabah, the Malaysian government supported and funded the rebels which devastated the southern Philippines, until support ceased in 2001.[43]
Various organizations pushing for Moro self-determination, either through autonomy or independence, were almost immediately formed in response.[44][45] Although these generally did not last long until University of the Philippines professor Nur Misuari established the Moro National Liberation Front, an armed insurgent group committed to establishing an independent Mindanao, in 1972. In the following years, the MNLF splintered into several different groups including the Moro Islamic Liberation Front founded by Hashim Salamat, which sought to establish an Islamic state within the Philippines.[citation needed] When the MILF modified its demands from independence to autonomy in the late 2008, a faction led by Ameril Umbra Kato disagreed, eventually forming the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters (BIFF) in 2010.[46][47]
Casualty statistics vary for the conflict, though the conservative estimates of the Uppsala Conflict Data Program indicate that at least 6,015 people were killed in armed conflict between the government of the Philippines and the Abu Sayyaf (ASG), BIFF, MILF, and MNLF factions between 1989 and 2012.[48]
ChristianFilipinos, who served under the Spanish Army, searching for Moro rebels during the Spanish–Moro conflict, c. 1887. The insurgency in Mindanao can be traced to the 1500s, when the Spanish arrived in the Moro heartland.
The Moro people have had a history of resistance against foreign rule for more than 400 years. During the Spanish–Moro conflict, Spain repeatedly tried to conquer the Moro Sultanate of Sulu, Sultanate of Maguindanao, and the Confederation of sultanates in Lanao like what it did with the former Muslim Rajahnate of Maynila (As the Rajah of Manila, Rajah Matanda was a grandson of the Sultan of Brunei, "Sultan Bolkiah" and a Princess of Sulu "Dayang-dayang Laila Machanai"). Although Spain succeeded in supplanting Islam in Manila and Mindoro, they failed against the Muslims in the South. The armed struggle against the Spanish, Americans, Japanese, and Christian Filipinos is considered by current Moro Muslim leaders to be part of a four-century-long "national liberation movement" of the Bangsamoro (Moro Nation).[49]
The foundations of the modern conflict can be traced to the Spanish and American wars against the Moros.[50] Following the Spanish–American War in 1898, another conflict sparked in the southern Philippines between the revolutionary Muslims in the Philippines and the United States military that took place between 1899 and 1913. On August 14, 1898, after defeating Spanish forces, the United States claimed the Philippines as its territory under the Treaty of Paris of 1898, establishing a military government under General Wesley Merritt as Military Governor.[51] Filipinos immediately opposed foreign rule by the United States.
American forces took control from the Spanish government in Jolo on May 18, 1899, and at Zamboanga in December 1899.[52] Brigadier General John C. Bates was sent to negotiate a treaty with the Sultan of Sulu, Jamalul Kiram II. Kiram was disappointed by the American takeover, as he expected to regain sovereignty after the defeat of Spanish forces in the archipelago. Bates' main goal was to guarantee Moro neutrality in the Philippine–American War, and to establish order in the southern Philippines. After some negotiation, the Bates Treaty was signed, which was based on an earlier Spanish treaty.[53] The Bates Treaty did ensure the neutrality of the Muslims in the south, but it was actually set up to buy time for the Americans until the war in the north ended.[54][55][56] On March 20, 1900, Bates was replaced by Brigadier General William August Kobbé and the District of Mindanao-Jolo was upgraded to a full department. American forces in Mindanao were reinforced and hostilities with the Moro people lessened, although there are accounts of Americans and other civilians being attacked and slain by Moros.
The American invasion began in 1904 and ended at the term of Major General John J. Pershing, the third and final military governor of Moro Province, although major resistance continued in Mount Bagsak and Bud Dajo in Jolo; in the latter, the United States military killed hundreds of Moro in the Moro Crater massacre.[57][58][59][60] After the war, in 1915, the Americans imposed the Carpenter Treaty on Sulu.[61]
The American colonial government and subsequently the Philippine government pursued a policy of intra-ethnic migration by resettling significant numbers of Christian Filipino settlers from the Visayas and Luzon onto tracts of land in Mindanao, beginning in the 1920s. This policy allowed Christian Filipinos to outnumber both the Moro and Lumad populations by the 1970s, which was a contributing factor in aggravating grievances between the Moro and Filipino Christian settlers as disputes over land increased. Another grievance by the Moro people is the extraction of Mindanao's natural resources by the central government whilst many Moros continued to live in poverty.
Moro Muslims and Lumads were largely supplanted during the Spanish and American colonization programs, with Christian Filipino settlers eventually taking control of key areas along newly built roads and disrupting traditional Moro administrative structures and control over resources. The Americans preferred Christians to become administrators of newly defined townships instead of Lumad and Moro, with environmental degradation resulting from unsustainable population growth (due to the influx of settler migrants) and timber logging.[62]
The active phase of the Moro conflict is attributed to news about the Jabidah massacre in March 1968 – towards the end of the first term of PresidentFerdinand Marcos.[63][64][65] A senate exposé based on the testimony of an alleged survivor claimed that at least 11 Filipino Muslim military trainees had been killed in Corregidor by soldiers of the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[66][38] The trainees had been brought to the island of Corregidor to form a secret commando unit called "Jabidah," which would infiltrate, destabilize, and take over Sabah for the Sulu Sultan who previously owned it.[67] The trainees eventually rejected their mission, for reasons that are still debated by historians today. A survivor, Jibin Arula, said that whatever the reasons behind their objections, all of the recruits aside from him were killed, and he escaped only by pretending to be dead.[68]
The news created unrest among Filipino Muslims, especially among students.[69] Both Muslim intellectuals and common people suddenly became politicized, discrediting the idea of finding integration and accommodation with the rest of the country, and creating a sense of marginalization.[64][65]
Formation of early separatist movements and the MNLF
Various organizations pushing for Moro self rule, either through autonomy or independence, were soon formed. Lanao del Sur congressman Haroun al-Rashid Lucman called for Congress to begin proceedings to impeach President Marcos, and ended up establishing the Bangsamoro Liberation Organization (BMLO) in frustration after the impeachment effort couldn't gather enough congressional support.[70]Cotabato Governor Datu Udtog Matalam [44] established the Muslim Independence Movement (MIM), which openly called for the secession of the region to create a Muslim state,[71] although it only lasted until Matalam negotiated with Marcos and accepted a post in the administration cabinet.[45]
During one of the fiercest battles of the insurgency in 1974, Jolo was extensively damaged and news of the tragedy galvanized other Muslims around the world to pay greater attention to the conflict. Many civilians were supposedly killed when the Armed Forces razed much of Jolo municipality to the ground in a scorched-earth tactic.[72] On September 24, 1974, the Philippine Army killed at least 1,000 Moro civilians who were praying in a mosque in what is known as the Malisbong massacre.[73] Two years later, the Philippine government and the MNLF signed the Tripoli Agreement, declaring a ceasefire on both sides. The agreement provided that Mindanao would remain a part of the Philippines, but that 13 of its provinces would be governed by an autonomous government for the Bangsamoro people.[38] President Marcos later reneged on the agreement, and violence ensued.
The Communist Party of the Philippines maintained a liaison officer in Tripoli with the MNLF.[74]
Formation of the Ilaga
The Philippine government allegedly encouraged Christian settlers in Mindanao to form a militia called the Ilaga to fight the Moros. The Ilaga engaged in killings and human rights abuses and were responsible for the Manili massacre of 65 Moro Muslim civilians in a mosque in June 1971, including women and children.[75] The Ilaga allegedly also engaged in cannibalism, cutting off the body parts of their victims to eat in rituals.[76]
Formation of the MILF
In 1978, Sheikh Salamat Hashim established the Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF), a splinter group of the MNLF seeking to establish an Islamic state.[77] Conflicts between these rebel groups and the Armed Forces of the Philippines continued until the end of President Marcos' regime. From 1972 to 1980, at least 50,000 people were killed in the conflict, one million people were internally displaced, and more than 100,000 Philippine Muslims fled by boat to Malaysia.[78]
Under the Presidency of Fidel V. Ramos, several negotiations and peace talks[41] were held and the ARMM solidified and was to have its own geopolitical system.[38]
On 9–11 December 1997 the MNLF brought the pagan indigenous Lumad leader Mai Tuan to Tehran to attend the eight OIC Islamic Summit Conference.[81]
Formation of the Abu Sayyaf Group
In 1991, Abdurajak Janjalani, a former teacher who had studied Islam in the Middle East, formed the Abu Sayyaf Group after reportedly meeting Osama bin Laden in Afghanistan in the 1980s. Janjalani recruited former members of the MNLF for the more radical and theocratic Abu Sayyaf.[38]
During his term, President Joseph Ejercito Estrada declared an "all-out war" against the MILF on March 21, 2000, although a series of negotiations for cessation of hostilities were held.[77] Apparently, several conflicts in and around Mindanao erupted and clashes between the Philippine military and the rebel groups resulted in substantial loss of life.
During Estrada's term, the rebel groups kidnapped three Italian priests, two of whom were later released and one shot dead;[82][83] seized the municipal hall of Talayan, Maguindanao, and Kauswagan, Lanao del Norte; bombed the RORO ferry M/V Our Lady of Mediatrix at Ozamiz; and took over Narciso Ramos Highway. All these incidents resulted in massive loss of investments abroad, especially in the area of Mindanao.
As a result, the Armed Forces of the Philippines launched a successful campaign against the rebel groups; 43 minor camps, 13 major camps including the MILF headquarters, and Camp Abubakar[84] fell. The MILF suffered heavy losses and the head of the MILF, Sheikh Salamat Hashim, fled the country and sought refuge in Malaysia. On October 5, 2000, 609 rebels surrendered in Cagayan de Oro, along with renegade town mayor Mulapandi Cosain Sarip.[85] This was followed by another surrender of 855 rebels on December 29, 2000. President Estrada then ordered that the Philippine flag be raised in Mindanao, which symbolized victory. It was raised on July 9, 2000, near a Madh'hab and again the next day for President Estrada, who held a feast inside a classroom just meters away from a mosque.[84]
Retaliatory attacks
As a result, several Islamic rebel groups retaliated, bombing several key locations within the National Capital Region on December 30, 2000, resulting in 22 deaths and hundreds of people injured. Saifullah Yunos, one of the perpetrators, was arrested in Cagayan de Oro as he was about to board a plane bound for Manila in May 2003.[86] In 2004, two members of the Jemaah Islamiyah were arrested, namely Mamasao Naga and Abdul Pata, as they were identified by Fathur Rahman al-Ghozi as responsible for the train bombing.[87] Al-Ghozi was also arrested, but was later killed in a firefight when he tried to escape from prison on October 13, 2003.
Macapagal Arroyo (2001–2010)
On May 27, 2001, the Abu Sayyaf seized twenty hostages from an upscale resort in Palawan. Four of the hostages managed to escape.[88] The kidnapping group composed of 40 gunmen then seized the Dr. Jose Torres Memorial Hospital and St. Peter's Church compound in the town of Lamitan in Basilan[89] and claimed to have taken captive 200 people, although 20 people were confirmed to be taken captive inside the hospital, including the staff and the patients.[90][91]
There was a crossfire between the Philippine Army and Abu Sayyaf rebels in Lamitan following the hospital takeover which resulted in the deaths of 12 soldiers, including the army captain.[91] Up to 22 soldiers were reportedly killed in an effort to rescue the hostages.
Five more captives escaped during the battle at Lamitan. Two of the captives were killed prior to the siege in Lamitan, including one beheading.[88] The Abu Sayyaf then conducted a series of raids, including one at a coconut plantation[92] where the rebel groups hacked the heads of two men using bolo knives. The owners and a security guard were also held captive and the rebel groups burned down two buildings, including a chapel, a week after the battle in Lamitan.[92] Another raid was conducted on August 2, 2001, on Barangay Balobo in Lamitan, Basilan. After three days, the Philippine Army rescued numerous hostages[93] after they overtook the hideout of the militants, where 11 bodies were found beheaded.[94] Other hostages were either released or had escaped.[93]
On June 13, 2001, the number of hostages was calculated at around 28, as three more people were found beheaded in Basilan,[95] including Guillermo Sobero.[96] They were beheaded since the Philippine Army would not halt the rescue operation.[96]
The Burnhams were still in the group of 14 still held captive, according to three hostages who escaped in October 2001.[96] On June 7, 2002, after a year of the hostages being held captive, a rescue mission was conducted resulting in the deaths of Martin Burnham and a nurse named Ediborah Yap[97] after they were caught in the crossfire. Martin was killed by three gunshots to the chest while Gracia Burnham was wounded in her right leg. By this time Nur Misuari ordered his supporters to attack government targets to prevent the holding of elections on ARMM in November 2001, ushering his exit as the governor of the region.[38] Misuari would be later arrested in 2007 in Malaysia and was deported back to the Philippines for trial.[38]
In July 2004, Gracia Burnham testified at a trial of eight Abu Sayyaf members, identifying six of the suspects as being her former captors, including Alhamzer Limbong, Abdul Azan Diamla, Abu Khari Moctar, Bas Ishmael, Alzen Jandul and Dazid Baize. Fourteen Abu Sayyaf members were sentenced to life imprisonment while four were acquitted. Alhamzer Limbong was later killed in a prison uprising.[98]
One thousand MILF rebels under the command of Umbra Kato have seized control of thirty-five villages in the North Cotabato province. Two thousand Philippine troops with helicopters and artillery were sent into the seized area on August 9 to liberate it from the rebels. The MILF had wanted North Cotabato to be included in the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao. The government and MILF had been negotiating for the inclusion of the province in the Muslim Autonomous Region but the Supreme Court had struck down the proposal after hearing concerns from local Christian leaders in the region.
The rebel troops were ordered to leave the area by their commanders, but the contingents under Kato refused to leave the villages they had occupied and instead dug in. The Philippine Army responded on August 9 by bombarding them. The next day, the government forces moved to retake the villages, recapturing two of them from the rebels.[99][100]
Numerous clashes erupted between the Philippine Army and rebel groups, such as the clash on June 14, 2009, that killed 10 rebels.[101]
This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Future plans mentioned in pre-2016 sources need to be updated to indicate whether they took place or not\. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.(June 2022)
Peace talks and Aquino-Murad meeting
During the term of PresidentBenigno Aquino III, a series of peace talks for the cessation of hostilities was held, including the meeting of MILF Chair Al Haj Murad Ibrahim in Tokyo, Japan which was lauded on both sides.[38]Norway also joined the International Monitoring Team (IMT) in January 2011, overseeing the ceasefire agreement between the government and MILF on Mindanao. Despite the peace talks, a series of conflicts erupted. On September 10, 2011, Jal Idris, a hardcore member of Abu Sayyaf, was arrested by government forces after a crossfire between the Philippine Army and the rebel group[103] The Armed Forces of the Philippines also killed three Abu Sayyaf militants in a stand-off[104] the day after the arrest of Jal Idris.
Terrorism continued throughout President Aquino's term. Notable cases include when four merchants and a guide were killed by Abu Sayyaf bandits in January 2011.[105] Later a soldier was killed in a clash against the rebels.[106] In August 2011, rebel factions attacked a village in Sulu, killing seven Marines and taking seven civilians captive. They later freed two of the hostages after a ransom was paid.[107] Also, several areas of Mindanao were bombed in August by the government, and a Filipino businesswoman was abducted in September 2011,[108] who was later freed after the three gunmen were gunned down by the Armed Forces of the Philippines.[109]
On October 20, 2011, the MILF was blamed for an attack on 40 government soldiers in the province of Basilan, which led to the deaths of 19 soldiers and six MILF fighters.[110] This violated the ceasefire agreement between the government and MILF, which caused outrage in the government and led to the continuation of the war against terrorism in the country.
In February 2013, two main camps of the Abu Sayyaf group were overrun by forces of the Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) in its latest offensive in Patikul.[111] According to MNLF leader Nur Misuari, the MNLF offensive against the Abu Sayyaf is because of the MNLF opposition to the Abu Sayyaf's human rights abuses, which go against Islam.
Zamboanga City crisis
The Zamboanga City crisis erupted on September 9, 2013, when a MNLF faction known by other groups as the Rogue MNLF Elements (RME), under the Sulu State Revolutionary Command (SSRC), led by Ustadz Habier Malik and Khaid Ajibon attempted to raise the flag of the self-proclaimed Bangsamoro Republik at Zamboanga City Hall (which had earlier declared its independence on August 12, 2013, in Talipao, Sulu), and took civilians hostage. This armed incursion was met by the Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) and the Philippine National Police (PNP), which sought to free the hostages and expel the MNLF from the city. The standoff degenerated into urban warfare, and had brought parts of the city under a standstill for days. On September 28, the government declared the end of military operations in Zamboanga City after successfully defeating the MNLF and rescuing all the hostages.
Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro
On January 24, 2014, the Philippines government chief negotiator Miriam Coronel-Ferrer and MILF chief negotiator Murad Ebrahim signed a peace agreement in Kuala Lumpur. The agreement would pave the way for the creation of the new Muslim autonomous entity called "Bangsamoro" under a law to be approved by the Philippine Congress.[112] The government aims to set up the region by 2016. The agreement calls for Muslim self-rule in parts of the southern Philippines in exchange for a deactivation of rebel forces by the MILF. MILF forces would turn over their firearms to a third party to be selected by the MILF and the Philippine government. A regional police force would be established, and the Philippine military would reduce the presence of troops and help disband private armies in the area.[39] On March 27, 2014, the peace process concluded with the signing of the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro between the Government of the Philippines and the Moro Islamic Liberation Front.
The New York Times claimed that the peace deal between the Philippines and MILF "seeks to bring prosperity to the restive south and weaken the appeal of the extremist groups", and linked the winding down of an American military counterterrorism operation to increased American military cooperation with the Philippines against China.[113]The New York Times hailed Mr Aquino's peace agreement as an "accomplishment" as it reported on Aquino raising the alarm on China in the South China Sea.[114]The New York Times editorial board published an article siding with the Philippines against China in the South China Sea dispute and supporting the Philippines' actions against China.[115][116]The New York Times editorial board endorsed aggressive American military action against China in the South China Sea.[117][118]
On July 23, 2014, Abu Sayyaf leader Isnilon Hapilon swore loyalty to Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi in a video, along with the rest of the organization, giving the Islamic State (known as ISIL and ISIS) a presence in the Philippines.[119][22] In September 2014, the group began kidnapping people to ransom, in the name of ISIL.[120]
Mamasapano clash
On January 25, 2015, the Philippine National Police's Special Action Force (SAF) conducted an operation to capture Abdul Basit Usman and the Malaysian terrorist leader Marwan in Mamasapano, Maguindanao. They were trapped between the MILF's 105th Base Command, the BIFF, and several armed groups. Forty four SAF members were killed on what is known as the Mamasapano clash, but they were able to eliminate Marwan. Alleged United States involvement in the botched operation would likely be a setback for a so-called Asian "pivot" by the United States Armed Forces.[121]
In February 2015, the BIFF unsuccessfully fought for territory in the boundary of Maguindanao and North Cotabato provinces. Subsequently, the Philippine Army, along with the Philippine Marines, declared a state of all-out-war against the BIFF. MILF forces were pulled out to prevent them from falling victim to the fighting.[citation needed]
Rodrigo Duterte (2016–2022)
The MILF and MNLF have expressed their commitment to peace and in finally ending the 47-year-old insurgency while the offensive against Abu Sayyaf and other splinter groups have continued, with skirmishes in Jolo, Basilan and other parts of Mindanao. A bombing in Davao City in September 2016 killed 15 people.
Maute group attack and siege of Marawi
On May 23, 2017, the Maute groupattacked Marawi, they were led by the Malaysian terrorists. President Rodrigo Duterte declared Proclamation No. 216, which placed the whole of Mindanao under a state of martial law and suspended the writ of habeas corpus. Clashes continued until October 2017 as the battle for Marawi City pitted Islamic militants against the Philippine government forces. Violence was severe. The government used heavy artillery and air strikes to shell Abu Sayyaf and Maute positions while the militant groups resorted to executing captured Christians.[122] In 2018, two bombing incidents involving Abu Sayyaf and the BIFF occurred, one in Lamitan, Basilan and two separate incidents in Isulan, Sultan Kudarat.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (September 2023)
In August 2022, two armed Moro group clashed in Cotabato City, forcing hundreds of locals out of the area.[129]
On 19 September 2023, a civilian was hit by a stray bullet and killed in firefights between two rival clans affiliated with the MILF in Barangays Kaya-Kaya and Tukanolocong [130]
On 23 November, a member of the Moro Islamic Liberation Front was killed while five others were wounded in explosions in Cotabato and Maguindanao del Sur[131]
In 2023, the government declared that Sulu province was free of Abu Sayyaf militants.[132] In Basilan province, the government announced that it would build 39 houses for former Abu Sayyaf members.[133]
^"Philippines rebel leader arrested". BBC News. November 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no longer feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.
^Shanti Nair (January 11, 2013). Islam in Malaysian Foreign Policy. Routledge. pp. 67–. ISBN978-1-134-96099-6. Archived from the original on January 15, 2016. Retrieved December 16, 2015. Mustapha was directly implicated in the provision of training facilities for separatist Moro guerrillas as well harbouring Moro Muslim refugees in Sabah due to his ethnic connection.
^ abGutierrez, Eric; Borras, Saturnino Jr (July 20, 2004). Moro Conflict: Landlessness and Misdirected State Policies. East-West Center Washington. ISBN978-1932728149.
^"Philippines rebel leader arrested". BBC News. November 25, 2001. Archived from the original on September 26, 2015. Retrieved September 26, 2015. Malaysia's Inspector-General of Police Norian Mai said Mr Misuari and six of his followers were arrested at 3.30 am on Saturday (1930 GMT Friday) on Jampiras island off Sabah state. Manila had ordered his arrest on charges of instigating a rebellion after the government suspended his governorship of an autonomous Muslim region in Mindanao, the ARMM. Although the Philippines has no extradition treaty with Malaysia, the authorities have already made clear that they intend to hand Mr Misuari over to the authorities in Manila as soon as possible. Malaysian Prime Minister Mahathir Mohamad had said before the arrest that, although his country had provided support to the rebel group in the past in its bid for autonomy, Mr Misuari had not used his powers correctly. "Therefore, we no longer feel responsible to provide him with any assistance," he said.
^ abGeorge, T. J. S. (1980). Revolt in Mindanao: The Rise of Islam in Philippine Politics. Oxford University Press. pp. 130–134.
^ abcdYegar, Moshe (2002). Between Integration and Secession: The Muslim Communities of the Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand and Western Burma/Myanmar. Lexington Books. pp. 267–268.
^"Is BIFF the MILF's 'BFF'?". Philippine Daily Inquirer. February 1, 2015. Archived from the original on February 4, 2015. Retrieved February 1, 2015.
^Bangsamoro Information Office, Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (March 17, 2021). "Remembering Jabidah and the seeds of the struggle". BARMM Official Website. Republic of the Philippines. Archived from the original on March 18, 2021. Retrieved March 18, 2021.
^McKenna, Thomas M. (2000). Ch.7 Murdered or Martyred: Popular Evaluations of Violent Deaths in the Muslim Separatist Movement in the Philippines. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 190. ISBN0-8122-1711-X.
^"MSN". www.msn.com. Archived from the original on November 19, 2012. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
^Banzuelo, Neil (August 7, 2023). "Ex-Abu Sayyaf men to get houses". BusinessWorld Online. Archived from the original on September 5, 2023. Retrieved September 5, 2023.
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Halaman ini berisi artikel tentang sekuel dari Eiffel... I'm in Love yang diproduksi oleh Soraya Intercine Films. Untuk sekuel yang diproduksi i-Trema, lihat Lost in Love. Eiffel... I'm in Love 2Poster filmSutradaraRizal MantovaniProduserSunil SorayaSkenarioDonna RosamaynaPemeranSamuel RizalShandy AuliaTommy KurniawanSaphira IndahHelmy YahyaHilda Arifin Shakira AlatasPenata musikAnto HoedMelly GoeslawSinematograferYunus PasolangPenyuntingSastha SunuPerusahaanproduksiSoraya Intercine FilmsD…
Jaka Sembung adalah tokoh pendekar silat dalam komik karya Djair Warni Komik silat adalah Komik Indonesia yang memiliki latar belakang cerita atau tema silat. Komik ini ada yang berlatar belakang cerita pada suatu zaman antah berantah dan ada sebagian lagi yang menggunakan latar belakang cerita pada masa Majapahit, zaman Islam dan kolonial. Selain itu, banyak juga komik silat yang menggunakan latar kedaerahan dan wilayah di nusantara. Kemunculan komik jenis silat di Indonesia tidak terlepas dari…
Carl Heinrich Wilhelm Anthing. Carl Heinrich Wilhelm Anthing (11 November 1766 – 7 Februari 1823) adalah seorang perwira militer Jerman-Belanda yang menjadi komandan KNIL pertama di Batavia (sekarang Jakarta). Ia menduduki jabatan tersebut antara tahun 1815-1819. CHW. Anthing adalah putera Johann Philip Anthing dan Dorothea Amilia Schierschmidt. Ia mengawali karier sebagai taruna pada tahun 1782. Pada tahun 1786, ia ditempatkan di Resimen Sachsen-Gotha. Setelah penyerahan diri ka…
Ini adalah nama Mandailing, marganya adalah Daulay. Artikel ini bukan mengenai Amru Daulay. H. Amrun Daulay Anggota DPR 2009–2014dari Sumatera UtaraMasa jabatan1 Oktober 2009 – 2012 PenggantiSaidi Butar-Butar Informasi pribadiLahir20 Juli 1946 (umur 77)Sibolga, IndonesiaPartai politikPartai DemokratSunting kotak info • L • B Amrun Daulay (lahir 20 Juli 1946) adalah bekas anggota DPR periode 2009 - 2014 yang berasal dari Partai Demokrat mewakili daerah pemilihan Su…
Artikel ini membutuhkan rujukan tambahan agar kualitasnya dapat dipastikan. Mohon bantu kami mengembangkan artikel ini dengan cara menambahkan rujukan ke sumber tepercaya. Pernyataan tak bersumber bisa saja dipertentangkan dan dihapus.Cari sumber: Anak jalanan – berita · surat kabar · buku · cendekiawan · JSTOR Untuk sinetron RCTI, lihat Anak Jalanan (sinetron). Seorang anak jalananادم yang berada di Kabul, Afganistan (Juni 2003). Anak jalanan adalah s…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. Polyjoule di Shell Eco-Marathon 2010 Eco-Marathon adalah kompetisi tahunan yang disponsori oleh Shell, dimana peserta membuat kendaraan khusus yang bisa melakukan efisiensi bahan bakar sebesar-besarnya. The Eco-Marathon diadakan keliling dunia dan pernah …
SMP Negeri 1 JakartaInformasiJenisNegeriNomor Pokok Sekolah Nasional20100251Kepala SekolahTri Pudjihartono S.PdJumlah kelas22Rentang kelasVII, VIII, IXKurikulumKurikulum 2013Jumlah siswa30-36 orang/kelasStatusRintisan Sekolah Bertaraf InternasionalNEM terendah27,80 (2013, tahap umum)NEM tertinggi29,55 (2013, tahap umum)AlamatLokasiJl. Cikini Raya No.87, Cikini, Menteng, Jakarta Pusat, DKI Jakarta, IndonesiaTel./Faks.(021) 31922417 / (021) 3928683MotoMotoLearning Today, Leading …
Discus throwAtletikRobert HartingRekor putraDunia Jürgen Schult (GDR) 74.08 m (243 ft 0½ in) (1986)Olimpiade Virgilijus Alekna (LTU) 69.89 m (229 ft 3 in) (2004)Rekor putriDunia Gabriele Reinsch (GDR) 76.80 m (251 ft 11 in) (1988)Olimpiade Martina Hellmann (GDR) 72.30 m (237 ft 2 in) (1988) Lempar cakram (Inggris: discus throwcode: en is deprecated ) adala…
Angkatan Bersenjata AustriaBundesheerLambang BundesheerDidirikan18 Maret 1920Formasi terkini15 Mei 1955AngkatanAngkatan Darat AustriaAngkatan Udara AustriaPasukan Khusus AustriaMarkas besarWina, AustriaKepemimpinanPresidenAlexander Van der BellenKanselirKarl NehammerMenteri PertahananKlaudia TannerKepala Staf UmumJenderal Robert BriegerKekuatan personelUsia penerimaan17Wajib militer6 bulanKetersediaanmenurut usia1.941.110 laki-laki, umur 16-49, 1.910.434 perempuan, umur&…
Berikut adalah daftar ekonomi negara-negara di dunia yang disusun menurut produk domestik bruto (PDB) per kapitanya di pasar atau nilai tukar resmi pemerintah. Data di sini adalah perkiraan untuk tahun 2022 yang dihasilkan oleh Dana Moneter Internasional. Ditampilkan juga data menurut Dana Moneter Internasional tahun 2019, Bank Dunia tahun 2018, dan Badan Intelijen Pusat tahun 2007. Negara atau teritori berdasarkan PDB (nominal) per kapita pada 2022. >US$60.000 US$50.0…