Share to: share facebook share twitter share wa share telegram print page

Jupiter in fiction

Refer to caption
Jupiter appears in many pulp science fiction stories. Seen here is the February 1943 cover of Amazing Stories, featuring "Skeleton Men of Jupiter".

Jupiter, the largest planet in the Solar System, has appeared in works of fiction across several centuries. The way the planet has been depicted has evolved as more has become known about its composition; it was initially portrayed as being entirely solid, later as having a high-pressure atmosphere with a solid surface underneath, and finally as being entirely gaseous. It was a popular setting during the pulp era of science fiction. Life on the planet has variously been depicted as identical to humans, larger versions of humans, and non-human. Non-human life on Jupiter has been portrayed as primitive in some works and more advanced than humans in others.

The moons of Jupiter have also been featured in a large number of stories, especially the four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto. Common themes include terraforming and colonizing these worlds.

Jupiter

Early depictions

An illustration of life on Jupiter
Prehistoric life on Jupiter in A Journey in Other Worlds

Jupiter was long believed, incorrectly, to be a solid planet onto which it would be possible to make a landing.[1][2] It has made appearances in fiction since at least the 1752 novel Micromégas by Voltaire, wherein an alien from Sirius and another from Saturn pass Jupiter's satellites and land on the planet itself.[2][3] In the 1800s, writers typically assumed that Jupiter was not only solid but also an Earth-like world and depicted it accordingly.[4][5][6] In the 1886 novel Aleriel, or A Voyage to Other Worlds by W. S. Lach-Szyrma, the planet is covered in an ocean with a few islands and primitive aquatic humanoids living there.[4][7] Jupiter resembles prehistoric Earth with a rich fauna full of lifeforms such as dinosaurs and mastodons in the 1894 novel A Journey in Other Worlds by John Jacob Astor IV.[4][6][8][9] A few utopian works of fiction of the early 1900s are set on Jupiter, including the anonymously published 1908 novel To Jupiter Via Hell and the 1922 novel The Perfect World by Ella Scrymsour.[4][6][10][11]

Jovians

Most writers portrayed the inhabitants of Jupiter as being human, including Marie Corelli in the 1886 novel A Romance of Two Worlds and Cornelius Shea in the 1905 novel Mystic Island; Or, the Tale of a Hidden Treasure.[1] In the anonymously published 1873 novel A Narrative of the Travels and Adventures of Paul Aermont among the Planets, the human inhabitants of Jupiter have heavier-than-air aircraft.[4][12] Some portrayed Jovians as giant humans, including Albert Waldo Howard in the c. 1895 novel The Milltillionaire and William Shuler Harris in the 1905 novel Life in a Thousand Worlds.[1][13] In the satirical 1886 novel A Fortnight in Heaven by Harold A. Brydges, an Earthling who visits Jupiter finds a futuristic version of America and discovers that the planet is populated by giant counterparts of Earth persons.[4][14][15] Others took different approaches to portraying the natives, such as Fred H. Brown in the 1893 short story "A Message from the Stars", where the planet is inhabited by the spirits of the dead, and Homer Eon Flint in the 1918 short story "The King of Conserve Island", where Jovians are winged.[1][16][17]

Pulp era

Jupiter made appearances in several pulp science fiction stories, including the final John Carter story by Edgar Rice Burroughs, the 1943 short story "Skeleton Men of Jupiter".[1][4][6] The 1932 short story "A Conquest of Two Worlds" by Edmond Hamilton depicts a human invasion of a peaceable civilization on Jupiter, which leads an Earthling to rebel against the humans and side with the Jovians.[4][6][18][19] In the 1933 short story "The Essence of Life" by Festus Pragnell, a social scientist is visited by human-looking beings from Jupiter who reveal that they have a kind of elixir of life that they are willing to share, but also that they are ruled by octopus-like beings who keep them as pets.[1][20][21] Jupiter's Great Red Spot is imagined as a landmass of shifting solidity which is mined for radioactive deposits in the 1936 short story "Red Storm on Jupiter" by Frank Belknap Long, and it leaves Jupiter entirely in the 1937 short story "Life Disinherited" by Eando Binder.[4][22]

Surface

As the conditions of Jupiter became better understood in the 1930s and onward, several stories emerged where the planet was portrayed as having a solid surface underneath a high-pressure atmosphere.[4] Some writers proposed that native lifeforms would have adaptations to the expected high surface gravity in the form of a low stature as in the 1939 short story "Heavy Planet" by Milton A. Rothman or a large number of legs to distribute their weight on as in the 1931 novel Spacehounds of IPC by E. E. Smith.[1] Similarly, James Blish posited in The Seedling Stars (a 1957 collection of earlier short stories) that human survival on Jupiter would necessitate pantropy, i.e. modifying the humans to adapt them to the alien environment.[5][23][24] In the 1944 short story "Desertion" by Clifford D. Simak (later included in the 1952 fix-up novel City), humans who have been thus transformed find Jupiter a preferable place to live and refuse to leave.[1][5][6] Other writers resolved the issue of the presumed-harsh conditions of Jupiter by only having robots go there; in the 1942 short story "Victory Unintentional" by Isaac Asimov such robots encounter hostile aliens who mistake them for living beings, and in the 1957 short story "Call Me Joe" by Poul Anderson, a remotely controlled artificial creature explores the Jovian surface.[1][6][23]

Atmosphere

By the late 1950s, it was generally accepted that the atmosphere of Jupiter was for all practical purposes bottomless and the idea of a solid surface beneath it fell into disuse.[4] Some works portray alien lifeforms living in the atmosphere, including the 1971 short story "A Meeting with Medusa" by Arthur C. Clarke.[1] In the 2002 novel Manta's Gift by Timothy Zahn, humanity makes contact with intelligent life in the Jovian atmosphere, and in the 2000 novel Wheelers by Ian Stewart and Jack Cohen, it is discovered that there are entire floating cities there.[5][25][26] Descents into the atmosphere are commonplace, seen in such works as the 1960 short story "The Way to Amalthea" by Soviet science fiction authors Arkady and Boris Strugatsky, the 1972 novel As on a Darkling Plain by Ben Bova, and the 1977 novel If the Stars are Gods by Gregory Benford and Gordon Eklund.[4][6] The Jovian atmosphere also becomes a location for racing in the 1996 short story "Primrose and Thorn" by Bud Sparhawk.[4]

Modern depictions

Jupiter is the destination of an expedition in the 1968 film 2001: A Space Odyssey, whereas the book version by Arthur C. Clarke from the same year instead uses Saturn.[5][6] The planet is transformed into a star in the 1982 sequel novel 2010: Odyssey Two by Clarke and the 1984 film adaptation 2010: The Year We Make Contact as well as the 1982 novel Sayonara Jupiter by Sakyo Komatsu and its 1984 film adaptation Bye-Bye Jupiter, an idea that was later reused by other authors such as Charles L. Harness in the 1991 novel Lunar Justice and John C. Wright in the 2002 novel The Golden Age.[4][5][6] The 2015 film Jupiter Ascending is a space opera set partially on the planet.[27][28]

Moons

Once it was understood that Jupiter itself is a gaseous planet, its moons became more popular settings for stories featuring human or alien life.[1] Occasionally, the entire satellite system has been the focus collectively, such as in the 1984 short story "Promises to Keep" by Jack McDevitt.[4] The four Galilean moons—Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto—have all been colonized in the 1956 novel The Stars My Destination by Alfred Bester.[6]

Io

Refer to caption
"Life on Io" by Frank R. Paul. Back cover of Fantastic Adventures, May 1940.

Io has a tropical climate in the 1935 short story "The Mad Moon" by Stanley G. Weinbaum.[1][6][29] The satellite is mined for resources in the 1981 film Outland, a science-fiction version of the 1952 Western High Noon.[1][5][30] In the 1998 short story "The Very Pulse of the Machine" by Michael Swanwick, Io is implied to be sentient.[1][4][5] The 2019 film Io depicts the satellite as humanity's refuge after Earth has become near-uninhabitable due to pollution.[27][31]

Europa

Europa is depicted as having a breathable atmosphere and native lifeforms on the side of the planet tidally locked towards Jupiter in the 1936 short story "Redemption Cairn" by Stanley G. Weinbaum.[6] The 1992 novel Cold as Ice by Charles Sheffield focuses on a conflict about whether or not Europa should be terraformed.[5][32] Since scientists started hypothesizing that Europa may have water oceans that could harbour life under its surface of ice, several stories have explored the idea, including the 2008 novel The Quiet War by Paul J. McAuley, the 2013 film Europa Report, and the 2016 novel Europa's Lost Expedition: A Scientific Novel by Michael Carroll.[1][6][33]

Ganymede

Ganymede has domed cities in the 1901 novel A Honeymoon in Space by George Griffith.[4] It is terraformed in the 1950 novel Farmer in the Sky by Robert A. Heinlein.[1][5] The 1950 short story "The Dancing Girl of Ganymede" by Leigh Brackett is another early work set on the satellite.[1][6] The colonization of Ganymede has been depicted in numerous works, including the 1964 novel Three Worlds to Conquer by Poul Anderson, the 1975 novel Jupiter Project by Gregory Benford, and the 1997 short story "The Flag in Gorbachev Crater" by Charles L. Harness.[1][4][6]

Callisto

Callisto is colonized in the 1950 short story "U-Turn" by Eric Frank Russell.[6] The 1970s Callisto series by Lin Carter, starting with the 1972 novel Jandar of Callisto, is a planetary romance set on the satellite and an homage to the works of Edgar Rice Burroughs.[1][6][34]

Other moons

Amalthea is a derelict extraterrestrial spaceship in the 1953 short story "Jupiter Five" by Arthur C. Clarke.[1] The 1957 novel Lucky Starr and the Moons of Jupiter by Isaac Asimov takes place on another minor moon of Jupiter, variously referred to as Jupiter IX and Adrastea.[1][35]

See also

A photomontage of the eight planets and the MoonNeptune in fictionUranus in fictionSaturn in fictionJupiter in fictionMars in fictionEarth in science fictionMoon in science fictionVenus in fictionMercury in fiction
Clicking on a planet leads to the article about its depiction in fiction.

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Jupiter". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 379–381. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
  2. ^ a b Westfahl, Gary (2021). "Saturn". Science Fiction Literature through History: An Encyclopedia. ABC-CLIO. pp. 553–555. ISBN 978-1-4408-6617-3.
  3. ^ Carroll, Michael (2014). "Chapter 1: Early Ideas". Living Among Giants: Exploring and Settling the Outer Solar System. Springer. p. 6. ISBN 978-3-319-10674-8.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Stableford, Brian (2006). "Jupiter". Science Fact and Science Fiction: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. pp. 254–255. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8.
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j McKinney, Richard L. (2005). "Jupiter and the Outer Planets". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 448–450. ISBN 978-0-313-32951-7.
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r Stableford, Brian; Langford, David (2023). "Jupiter". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  7. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Lach-Szyrma, W[ladislaw] S[omerville] (1841–1915)". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 416–418. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  8. ^ Clute, John (2022). "Astor, John Jacob". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  9. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Astor, John Jacob [IV], (1864–1912)". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 23–24. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  10. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "The Rev. John Smith Died—And Went to Jupiter Via Hell". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 620–621. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  11. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Scrymsour, Ella M. (1888–)". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 661–662. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  12. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Aermont, Paul (unidentified pseudonym)". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  13. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Hovorre, M. Auburre (pseud. of Albert Waldo Howard)". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 373–374. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  14. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Brydges, Harold A.". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 89–90. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  15. ^
  16. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Brown, Fred. H.". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 86–87. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  17. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin (1990). "Flint, Homer Eon (born Flindt, 1892–1924)". Science-fiction, the Early Years: A Full Description of More Than 3,000 Science-fiction Stories from Earliest Times to the Appearance of the Genre Magazines in 1930: with Author, Title, and Motif Indexes. With the assistance of Richard J. Bleiler. Kent State University Press. pp. 252–253. ISBN 978-0-87338-416-2.
  18. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Hamilton, Edmond [Moore] (1904–1977)". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. p. 165. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
  19. ^ Ashley, Mike (2004). "Romanticism versus Realism". In Ashley, Mike; Lowndes, Robert A. W. (eds.). The Gernsback Days: A Study of the Evolution of Modern Science Fiction from 1911 to 1936. Wildside Press LLC. pp. 198–199. ISBN 978-0-8095-1055-9.
  20. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Pragnell, Festus (1905–1965)". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. pp. 327–328. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
  21. ^ Lowndes, Robert A. W. (2004). "The Dark Days, 1933". In Ashley, Mike; Lowndes, Robert A. W. (eds.). The Gernsback Days: A Study of the Evolution of Modern Science Fiction from 1911 to 1936. Wildside Press LLC. p. 353. ISBN 978-0-8095-1055-9.
  22. ^ Bleiler, Everett Franklin; Bleiler, Richard (1998). "Long, Frank Belknap, Jr. (1903–1994)". Science-fiction: The Gernsback Years : a Complete Coverage of the Genre Magazines ... from 1926 Through 1936. Kent State University Press. pp. 259–260. ISBN 978-0-87338-604-3.
  23. ^ a b McKinney, Richard L. (2005). "Pantropy". In Westfahl, Gary (ed.). The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Science Fiction and Fantasy: Themes, Works, and Wonders. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 579–581. ISBN 978-0-313-32952-4.
  24. ^ Nicholls, Peter (2015). "Pantropy". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  25. ^ D'Ammassa, Don (2005). "Zahn, Timothy". Encyclopedia of Science Fiction. Facts On File. pp. 431–432. ISBN 978-0-8160-5924-9.
  26. ^ "Fiction Book Review: Wheelers". Publishers Weekly. 2000-10-30. Retrieved 2022-02-17.
  27. ^ a b "Jupiter in popular culture". The Universe: A Travel Guide. Lonely Planet. 2019-10-01. ISBN 978-1-78868-705-8.
  28. ^ "Jupiter". NASA Solar System Exploration. Archived from the original on 2022-02-11. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  29. ^ Evans, Arthur B.; Csicsery-Ronay, Istvan; Gordon, Joan; Hollinger, Veronica; Latham, Rob; McGuirk, Carol, eds. (2010). "Stanley Weinbaum, "A Martian Odyssey" (1934)". The Wesleyan Anthology of Science Fiction. Wesleyan University Press. p. 136. ISBN 978-0-8195-6955-4.
  30. ^ Nicholls, Peter; Langford, David (2023). "Outland". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  31. ^ Horton, Adrian (2019-01-18). "IO review – post-cataclysmic Netflix adventure aims high, lands in middle". The Guardian. Retrieved 2022-02-16.
  32. ^ Pederson, Jay P.; Franklin, H. Bruce; Reginald, Robert (1996). St. James Guide to Science Fiction Writers. St. James Press. p. 836. ISBN 978-1-55862-179-4. Cold as Ice focuses on Europa, one of the moons of Jupiter, and on the struggle between those who with it made suitable for human habitation and those who wish it to remain pristine.
  33. ^ Downward, Mathew (2017). "Europa Report". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2022-02-15.
  34. ^ Clute, John (2023). "Carter, Lin". In Clute, John; Langford, David; Sleight, Graham (eds.). The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction (4th ed.). Retrieved 2023-12-24.
  35. ^ Gale, Floyd C. (September 1958). "Galaxy's 5 Star Shelf". Galaxy Science Fiction. p. 103.

Further reading

Read other articles:

Disney Music Group

Music production arm of Walt Disney Studios, a division of The Walt Disney Company Disney Music GroupCompany typeDivisionFoundedMarch 1998; 26 years ago (1998-03)(as Buena Vista Music Group)HeadquartersWalt Disney Studios, Burbank, California, U.S.Key peopleKen Bunt (President)ProductsAlbums, records, music videosServicesMusic recording, music publishingParentWalt Disney StudiosDivisionsDisney Music PublishingLabels:Buena Vista RecordsRMI RecordingsSubsidiariesWalt Disney …

Cool Guys, Hot Ramen

Cool Guys, Hot RamenPoster promosi untuk Flower Boy Ramen Shop (Ki ke Ka: Kim Ba-wool, Cha Chi-soo, Yang Eun-bi, Choi Kang-hyuk, Woo Hyun-woo)GenreRoman, KomediDitulis olehYoon Nan-joongSutradaraJung Jung-hwaPemeranJung Il-wooLee Chung-ahLee Ki-wooPark Min-wooCho Yoon-wooNegara asalKorea SelatanBahasa asliKoreaJmlh. episode16ProduksiProduserPyo Min-sooLokasi produksiKorea SelatanDurasiSenin dan Selasa pukul 23:00 (WSK)Rilis asliRilis31 Oktober (2011-10-31) –20 Desember 2011 (201…

Puteri Indonesia 2022

Puteri Indonesia 2022Tanggal27 Mei 2022TempatPlenary Hall, Jakarta Convention Center, Jakarta, IndonesiaTemaBorobudur: The Beauty and Uniqueness of Borobudur TemplePembawa acaraChoky SitohangPatricia GouwBubah Alfian (co-host)Anastasia Praditha (co-host)Pengisi acaraBunga Citra LestariMawar Eva de JonghVidi AldianoAndi RiantoMagenta OrchestraTamuHarnaaz SandhuSireethorn LeearamwatKarla GuilfúPenyiaranSCTVVidioPeserta44Finalis/Semifinalis11PemenangLaksmi De-Neefe Suardana BaliU…

Jean-Pierre Kutwa

His EminenceJean-Pierre KutwaCardinalArchbishop of AbidjanCardinal Kutwa.ArchdioceseAbidjanSeeAbidjanAppointed2 May 2006Installed18 June 2006PredecessorBernard AgréOther post(s)Cardinal-Priest of Santa Emerenziana a Tor FiorenzaOrdersOrdination11 July 1971by Bernard YagoConsecration16 September 2001by Bernard AgréCreated cardinal22 February 2014by Pope FrancisRankCardinal-PriestPersonal detailsBorn (1945-12-22) 22 December 1945 (age 78)Blockhauss, Ivory CoastNationalityIvorianDe…

Altan Khan

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Altan, Altan Khan des Khotogoid et Khan (homonymie). Altan KhanFonctionKhanBiographieNaissance 1507 ou 1507MongolieDécès 1582 ou 1583MongolieNom dans la langue maternelle སོག་པོ་ཨལ་ཐན་རྒྱལ་པོ།Activité SouverainFamille GengiskhanidesPère Bars Bolud KhanFratrie Günbileg JononNariin Taij (d)Conjoint SanniangziEnfant Sengge Düürengmodifier - modifier le code - modifier Wikidata Altan Khan (1502-1582[1]) (mongol :…

Jacques Fouchier

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Fouchier. Si ce bandeau n'est plus pertinent, retirez-le. Cliquez ici pour en savoir plus. Cet article ne cite pas suffisamment ses sources (juillet 2021). Si vous disposez d'ouvrages ou d'articles de référence ou si vous connaissez des sites web de qualité traitant du thème abordé ici, merci de compléter l'article en donnant les références utiles à sa vérifiabilité et en les liant à la section « Notes et références » En pratique :…

Foreign relations of Malawi

Part of a series on Politics of Malawi Constitution Human rights Government President (list) Lazarus Chakwera Vice-President Saulos Chilima Cabinet Legislature National Assembly Speaker: Catherine Gotani Hara Elections General 1964 1971 1976 1978 1983 1987 1992 1994 1999 2004 2009 2014 2019 Presidential 2020 Referendums 1993 Political parties Administrative divisions Regions Districts Foreign relations Ministry of Foreign Affairs Minister: Nancy Tembo Diplomatic missions of / in Malawi Passport …

Крайние точки Франции

Пляж в городе Бре-Дюн — самой северной точке Франции Ниже приведён список крайних точек Франции. Содержание 1 Континентальная территория страны 2 Европейская территория страны 3 Территория вместе с заморскими департаментами 4 Территория всех французских владений Конт…

Clocortolone

Pharmaceutical drug Clocortolone pivalateClinical dataTrade namesClodermAHFS/Drugs.comConsumer Drug InformationRoutes ofadministrationTopicalATC codeD07AB21 (WHO) Legal statusLegal status US: ℞-only Identifiers IUPAC name [2-(9-Chloro-6-fluoro-11-hydroxy-10,13,16-trimethyl-3-oxo-7,8,11,12,14,15,16,17-octahydro-6H-cyclopenta[a]phenanthren-17-yl)-2-oxo-ethyl] 2,2-dimethylpropanoate CAS Number4828-27-7 NPubChem CID5282493DrugBankDB00838 YChemSpider4445634 YUNIIN8ZUB7…

2000 United States Senate election in Hawaii

2000 United States Senate election in Hawaii ← 1994 November 7, 2000 2006 →   Nominee Daniel Akaka John Carroll Party Democratic Republican Popular vote 251,215 84,701 Percentage 72.68% 24.51% County results Akaka:      70–80% U.S. senator before election Daniel Akaka Democratic Elected U.S. Senator Daniel Akaka Democratic Elections in Hawaii Federal government Presidential elections 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000…

Khalkis

Pelabuhan Chalcis Khalkis merupakan sebuah kota di Yunani. Kota ini letaknya di bagian tengah. Tepatnya di Yunani Tengah. Pada tahun 2001, kota ini memiliki jumlah penduduk sebesar 92.202 jiwa dan memiliki luas wilayah 412 km². Kota ini memiliki angka kepadatan penduduk 224 jiwa/km². Pranala luar Situs resmi Wikivoyage memiliki panduan wisata Calcis. Artikel bertopik geografi atau tempat Yunani ini adalah sebuah rintisan. Anda dapat membantu Wikipedia dengan mengembangkannya.lbs

Mousson

Pour les articles homonymes, voir Mousson (homonymie). Carte des climats mondiaux.Le régime de mousson est en cyan. La mousson est un mot qui provient (par le portugais) de l'arabe mawsim[1] et qui signifie saison, désignant notamment la saison favorable à la navigation vers l'Inde dans l'océan Indien. C'est un flux de masses d'air, originaires d'un hémisphère géographique et qui s'intègre dans la circulation du second hémisphère. Au sens strict, mousson ne s'applique qu'au climat indi…

Ptinidae

Ptinidés Ptinidae Ptinus fur femelle.Classification ITIS Règne Animalia Sous-règne Bilateria Infra-règne Protostomia Super-embr. Ecdysozoa Embranchement Arthropoda Sous-embr. Hexapoda Classe Insecta Sous-classe Pterygota Infra-classe Neoptera Super-ordre Holometabola Ordre Coleoptera Sous-ordre Polyphaga Infra-ordre Bostrichiformia Super-famille Bostrichoidea FamillePtinidaeLatreille, 1802 Les Ptinidae, en français Ptinidés[1], sont une famille de Coléoptères polyphages de la super-famil…

Book of Traversing Eternity

The Book of Traversing Eternity is an ancient Egyptian funerary text used primarily in the Roman period of Egyptian history (30 BC – AD 390). The earliest known copies date to the preceding Ptolemaic Period (332–30 BC), making it most likely that the book was composed at that time.[1] The book describes the deceased soul as visiting temples in Egypt and participating in the cycle of periodic religious rituals, particularly those related to the funerary god Osiris. Some scholars have …

Liga Leumit 1991-1992

Liga Leumit 1991-1992 Competizione Liga Leumit Sport Calcio Edizione 51ª Organizzatore IFA Date dal 14 settembre 1991al 30 maggio 1992 Luogo  Israele Partecipanti 12 Risultati Vincitore Maccabi Tel Aviv(15º titolo) Retrocessioni Maccabi Yavne Hapoel Gerusalemme Statistiche Miglior marcatore Alon Mizrahi (20) Incontri disputati 192 Gol segnati 532 (2,77 per incontro) Cronologia della competizione 1990-1991 1992-1993 Manuale La Liga Leumit 1991-1992 è stata la 51ª edizio…

Umar bin Khattab

Umar beralih ke halaman ini. Untuk kegunaan lain, lihat Umar (nama). Untuk nama umum yang merujuk pada gelarnya, lihat Faruq. ʿUmar bin KhaṭṭābعُمَرAmirul MukmininAl-Faruq[1]Representasi kaligrafi Arab dari nama ʿUmar yang menonjol di salah satu sudut Hagia Sofia, Turki.Khalifah Kekhalifahan Rasyidin ke-2Berkuasa23 Agustus 634—3 November 644(10 tahun, 73 hari)PendahuluAbu BakarPenerus'Utsman bin 'AffanInformasi pribadiKelahiran584Makkah, Jazirah ArabKematian3 Nove…

List of National Treasures of Japan (ancient documents)

Part of the ordination certificate of Enchin from 833 The term National Treasure has been used in Japan to denote cultural properties since 1897.[1][2] The definition and the criteria have changed since the introduction of the term. These ancient documents adhere to the current definition, and have been designated National Treasures since the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties came into effect on June 9, 1951. The items are selected by the Agency for Cultural Affa…

Mildred, Montana

Unincorporated community in Montana, United StatesMildred, MontanaUnincorporated communityMildred, MontanaShow map of MontanaMildred, MontanaShow map of the United StatesCoordinates: 46°40′33″N 104°57′36″W / 46.67583°N 104.96000°W / 46.67583; -104.96000CountryUnited StatesStateMontanaCountyPrairieElevation2,359 ft (719 m)Time zoneUTC-7 (Mountain (MST)) • Summer (DST)UTC-6 (MDT)ZIP code59341[1]Area code406GNIS feature ID774199[…

جواز سفر ميكرونيسيا

جواز سفر كوري ميكرونيسيامعلومات عامةنوع المستند جواز سفرالبلد ولايات ميكرونيسيا المتحدةالغرض التعريف (هوية شخصية)صادر عن  ولايات ميكرونيسيا المتحدةمتطلبات الاستحقاق جنسية ميكرونيسياتعديل - تعديل مصدري - تعديل ويكي بيانات جوازات سفر ميكرونيسيا هي وثيقة سفر تصدر من قبل …

Songs in A Minor

Songs in A Minor Album de Alicia Keys Sortie 5 juin 2001 26 juin 2001 26 juillet 2001- 3 septembre 2001 27 février 2002 29 octobre 2002 Enregistré 1998—2001Backroom Studios(Glendale, Californie)Battery StudiosKrucialKeys StudiosThe Hit FactoryUnique Studios(New York)Doppler StudiosSouthside Studios(Atlanta, Géorgie) Durée 63:04 Genre R'n'B, soul, neo soul Auteur Alicia Keys Compositeur Alicia KeysKerry Brothers, Jr.Jermaine DupriBrian McKnightKandi BurrussJimmy CozierArden AltinoMiri …

Kabupaten Changnyeong
Mexico at the 2022 World Games
Proyek Vanguard
Cristiano Ronaldo
Tugurejo, Wates, Blitar
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Adelaide-class frigate
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Cohutta Wilderness
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Berliet VXB-170
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Gračanica Monastery
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Copyright Catalog
/profillengkap.com/index.php/metana
/profillengkap.com/index.php/article/Garm Darreh, West Azerbaijan
Ari Irham
Algorithmic radicalization
Daftar kecamatan dan kelurahan di Kabupaten Indragiri Hulu
Aneflus maryannae
Carlo Biotti
Alex Rotti
Lengkuas melaka
Bebelis obliquata
/artikeldigital.com/index.php/Dulal Guha
Saint-André-de-Kamouraska
Jack Norton
C. George Sandulescu
Group tournament ranking system
We Have Ways of Making You Laugh
Aksara Biblos
Jim True-Frost
Zaglik-e Kurbolagh
فلسفة يهودية
Herb Alpert's Vibrato Grill & Jazz
Soko G-2 Galeb
بطولة ويمبلدون 1957 - فردي السيدات
معادلة هاملتون جاكوبي أينشتاين
Curtiss Aeroplane and Motor Company
Gelombang
Tallis Obed Moses
White Americans in Maryland
Herbert Simon
السيدة زينب (ريف دمشق)
Cecil Beaton
Kekaisaran Karoling
2001 BA16
1996 European Parliament election in Finland
باول فان همست
Hans-Helmut Trense
Grand Canyon (disambiguation)
Nipuna Ranawaka
Oerder Park
Rina Aiuchi
World Conference on Women, 1980
Boston Caucus
Redding Rancheria
Aérodrome de Münster
The Great Heathen Army
1986–87 Duke Blue Devils men's basketball team
Naruto Line
Leona Valley, California
Население Дагестана
Fons van der Stee
2017–18 Sevilla FC season
Île Maurice
Lluçà
Champlain College Lennoxville
2013 British Indoor Athletics Championships
Fishwick Ramblers F.C.
نقاش القالب:تشكيلة تونس في كأس العالم 2002
Ministry of Education (Saudi Arabia)
Dominican Republic at the 2004 Summer Olympics
Bjørn Inge Utvik
Cikiruhwetan, Cikeusik, Pandeglang
St. Mark's Historic District
Silver Saddle
Abe Murdock
Milieu de terrain
Maximiliano Arias
Ma'ale Rehav'am
Calligra Suite
Pavia Foot Ball Club 1923-1924
Bandar Udara Internasional Osmani
Stadion Arrowhead
ITF Women's Circuit – Wenshan
Rapporto d'aspetto
Kürtőskalács
Sabians
Fumio Kishida
Lucky in Love
John Rettie
The Weavers
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Kalium iodat
Gingerbread man
Pforzheimer House
Associazione Calcio Como 1944-1945
November 1929
Athens, Ohio
Ministry of Manpower (Indonesia)
Berlin
Ready-to-wear
Recep Tayyip Erdoğan Stadium
Template talk:Vancouver Whitecaps FC
Yasmine Ryan
John Marks (doctor)
Template talk:Belgian National Time Trial Championships (men)
Bashettihalli
Benjamin Daydon Jackson
Hilda Carline
1917 Navy Midshipmen football team
Hadron
1932 Texas Mines Miners football team
List of Italian films of 1986
Stoneage Romeos
The Seven Heroes and Five Gallants
Kampala Capital City Authority FC
Pastel de feijão
حمض ثنائي أمينو البيميليك
Edmund Berry Godfrey
Battle of Canusium
Keanae School
1937 California Golden Bears football team
Nicholas Grattan-Doyle
Kota Baru Seberida, Keritang, Indragiri Hilir
OCT Tower
Daniel and the Devil
Judo at the 1992 Summer Olympics – Women's 66 kg
Christiane Durand
Bottom of the 9th (film)
Pinsonfork, Kentucky
Armando Marques (referee)
Desa di Indonesia
Pluviatilol
PPEP TEC High Schools
Circle 1: Live in Germany Concert
1914 in Germany
Abu Yuru
Penzance, Saskatchewan
إفريقيا الاستوائية الفرنسية
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Pegipegi
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/ka/ტაილანდის საგარეო ურთიერთობები
Bernard Kouchner
Hiliamauzula, Aramo, Nias Selatan
Djambu Baros
2022 Ruoff Mortgage 500
Electoral district of Merredin
ريفرسايد (ميزوري)
1986–87 Aberdeen F.C. season
Building insulation
Greedy Fly
إنتف الأول
Arthur Antunes Coimbra Junior
Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts
George Radwanski
Afadzato South District
1898 Brazilian presidential election
Nihon Ki-in
Louder Than a Bomb (film)
Gin Pit Colliery
Hernán Lombardi
Eugene/Springfield Pride Festival
Lionel Faure
2023 Allen, Texas mall shooting
1980–81 UAE Football League
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/ar/شعار جمهورية الكونغو الديمقراطية
Kai Holm
Tiakadougou-Dialakoro
Natalia Ginzburg
نهائي كأس الكؤوس الأوروبية 1983
Kaʻula
Celulosa Arauco y Constitución
Carbon-based life
sebelum Masehi
القيادة العامة لطيران الأمن (السعودية)
(137805) 1999 YK5
恩维莱尔 (萨韦尔讷区)
Kalamukha
Industrial and organizational psychology
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Darma Henwa
Public security
Ng Eain Yow
تغير الفتوى بتغير الزمان والمكان
2005–06 Vancouver Canucks season
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Dunia Kedua
Kevin Robertson
Dewald Township, Nobles County, Minnesota
Asosiasi Produksi Aviasi Tashkent
Thirumangalam Sree Maha Vishnu Siva Temple
2011 New South Wales state election
Upper Denkyira West (Ghana parliament constituency)
The Assignment (1997 film)
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/Tari Pukat
هيركيمر (نيويورك)
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/ja/吉田日出子
Natchitoches people
/kampuspedia.com/index.php/ka/კარლო კოპალიანი
دانيال أليخاندرو هرنانديز
International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons
Template talk:2000s-Sweden-single-stub
Moscow Jewish Film Festival
Honorée Fanonne Jeffers
Battle of Lindley's Fort
Special Committee to Investigate Israeli Practices Affecting the Human Rights of the Palestinian People
Template talk:Sacraments, rites, and liturgies of the Catholic Church
GalNAc-alpha-(1-4)-GalNAc-alpha-(1-3)-diNAcBac-PP-undecaprenol alpha-1,4-N-acetyl-D-galactosaminyltransferase
Battle of Lewes
Agnus Dei
Danu people
2003 European Judo Championships
The Star and the Story
Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Scripted Variety Series
Lahij insurgency
Ron Gardenhire
Noah Ariake Triumph 2022
Patrick Chauvet
Till Eulenspiegel
George Irvine (basketball)
Reichstag inquiry into guilt for World War I
Bryan Grenfell
2023–24 Ferencvárosi TC season
National Highway 35 (India)
2004 United States House of Representatives elections in Pennsylvania
Sulfonamide
Rassolnik
Silver coin
Viktor Pavičić
List of Indonesian dishes
Roman Catholic Diocese of Székesfehérvár
Royal Aquarium
Crown Point State Historic Site
1960 United States men's Olympic basketball team
Anton Walter
Gender in horror films
Loading (canal de televisión)
Loulan Kingdom
Akses Pelabuhan Indonesia
List of county routes in Hudson County, New Jersey
ASP-7663
El Lazarillo de Tormes
سوروتي
Azerbaijan Carpet Museum
Erasmo Franzoni
1980 Damascus Titan missile explosion
List of United States Supreme Court cases involving standing
2002 Southwark London Borough Council election
Penebangan
Lernapar
2009 Ligakupa final
Alzheimer's Society
Piadena
HMS Swallow (1795)
Port Edward, British Columbia
Katsushi Kajii
Kembali kehalaman sebelumnya