Over the course of its history, the LGBT community has adopted certain symbols for self-identification to demonstrate unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another. These symbols communicate ideas, concepts, and identity both within their communities and to mainstream culture. The two symbols most recognized internationally are the pink triangle and the rainbow flag.[1][2][3]
The female and male gender symbols are derived from the astronomical symbols for the planets Venus and Mars respectively. Following Linnaeus, biologists use the planetary symbol for Venus to represent the female sex, and the planetary symbol for Mars to represent the male sex.
Two interlocking female symbols (⚢) represent a lesbian or the lesbian community, and two interlocking male symbols (⚣) a gay male or the gay male community.[4][5] These symbols first appeared in the 1970s.[5]
The combined male-female symbol (⚦) is used to represent androgyne or transgender people; when additionally combined with the female (♀) and male (♂) symbols (⚧) it indicates gender inclusivity, though it is also used as a transgender symbol.[6][7]
Lambda
In 1970, graphic designer Tom Doerr selected the lower-case Greek letter lambda (λ) to be the symbol of the New York chapter of the Gay Activists Alliance.[8][9] The alliance's literature states that Doerr chose the symbol specifically for its denotative meaning in the context of chemistry and physics: "a complete exchange of energy–that moment or span of time witness to absolute activity".[8]
The term bara (薔薇), "rose" in Japanese, has historically been used in Japan as a pejorative for men who love men, roughly equivalent to the English language term "pansy".[16][17]: 40 Beginning in the 1960s, the term was reappropriated by Japanese gay media: notably with the 1961 anthology Ba-ra-kei: Ordeal by Roses [ja], a collection of semi-nude photographs of homosexual writer Yukio Mishima by photographer Eikoh Hosoe,[17]: 34 and later with Barazoku (薔薇族, lit. "rose tribe") in 1971, the first commercially produced gay magazine in Asia.[18] The use of the rose as a prominent symbol of love between males is supposedly derived from the Greek myth of King Laius having affairs with boys under rose trees.[19] Since the 2000s, bara has been used by non-Japanese audience as an umbrella term to describe a wide variety of Japanese and non-Japanese gay media featuring love and sex between masculine men.[20] The rose is also the sacred flower of Eros,[21] the Greek god of love and sex, and patron of love between men.[22] Eros was responsible for the first rose to sprout on Earth, followed by every flower and herb.[23] Roses are a symbol of pederasty in ancient Greece: handsome boys were metaphorically called roses by their male admirers in homoerotic poems such as those by Solon, Straton, Meleager, Rhianus, and Philostratos.[24]
Animals that lovers gave as gifts to their beloved also became symbols of pederastic love, such as hares, roosters, deer, felines and oxen, as a metaphor for sexual pursuits.[25][26]
Violets and their color became a special code used by lesbians and bisexual women.[27][28][29] The symbolism of the flower derives from several fragments of poems by Sappho in which she describes a lover wearing garlands or a crown with violets.[30][31] In 1926, the play La Prisonnière by Édouard Bourdet used a bouquet of violets to signify lesbian love.[32] When the play became subject to censorship, many Parisian lesbians wore violets to demonstrate solidarity with its lesbian subject matter.[33]
White lilies have been used since the Romantic era of Japanese literature to symbolize beauty and purity in women, and are a de facto symbol of the yuri genre (yuri (百合) translates literally to "lily"),[34] which describes the portrayal of intimate love, sex, or emotional connections between women.[35] The term Yurizoku (百合族, lit. "lily tribe") was coined in 1976 by Ito Bungaku, editor of the gay men's magazine Barazoku (see above), to refer to his female readers.[36][37] While not all those women were lesbians, and it is unclear whether this was the first instance of the term yuri in this context, an association of yuri with lesbianism subsequently developed.[38] In Korea and China, "lily" is used as a semantic loan from the Japanese usage to describe female-female romance media, where each use the direct translation of the term – baekhap (백합) in Korea[39] and bǎihé (百合) in China.[40]
In response to this popularity, IKEA Canada hosted a giveaway in November 2022, offering transgender people a special edition Blåhaj in the colors of a transgender pride flag, with the winner's name embroidered on its fin.[43]
Lavender rhinoceros
Daniel Thaxton and Bernie Toale created a lavenderrhinoceros symbol for a public ad campaign to increase visibility for gay people in Boston helmed by Gay Media Action-Advertising; Toale said they chose a rhinoceros because "it is a much maligned and misunderstood animal" and that it was lavender because that is a mix of pink and blue, making it a symbolic merger of the feminine and masculine. (Lavender had already been used to represent LGBT people in other contexts).[44][45][46] However, in May 1974, Metro Transit Advertising said its lawyers could not "determine eligibility of the public service rate" for the lavender rhinoceros ads, which tripled the cost of the ad campaign. Gay Media Action challenged this but were unsuccessful. The lavender rhinoceros symbol was seen on signs, pins, and t-shirts at the Boston Pride Parade later in 1974, and a life-sized papier-mâché lavender rhinoceros was part of the parade. Money was raised for the ads, and they began running on the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority's Green Line by December 3, 1974, and ran there until February 1975. The lavender rhinoceros continued as a symbol of the gay community, appearing at the 1976 Boston Pride Parade and on a flag that was raised at Boston City Hall in 1987.[47]
Outside of Boston, Theatre Rhinoceros, located in San Francisco, and founded in 1977, based its name on this symbol.[48] Theatre Rhinoceros, also called Theatre Rhino, or The Rhino, is a gay and lesbian theatre.[49] It claims to be the world's longest-running professional queer theatre company.[50]
Unicorns have become a symbol of LGBT culture due to earlier associations between the animal and rainbows being extended to the rainbow flag created in 1978 by Gilbert Baker.[51]
Alice Fisher of The Guardian wrote in 2017, "The unicorn has also done its bit for the LGBT community in the last century... Rainbows and unicorns are so intrinsically linked (the association is also a Victorian invention) that it's unsurprising that the magic creature started to appear on T-shirts and banners at Gay Pride around the world, with slogans such as 'Gender is Imaginary' or 'Totally Straight' emblazoned under sparkling rainbow unicorns."[52]
Gay Star News said in 2018 that unicorns are the "gay, LGBTI and queer icons of our time".[53]
Other symbols
Symbols of the LGBT community have been used to represent members' unity, pride, shared values, and allegiance to one another.
Asexual and aromantic symbols
The ace ring, a black ring worn on the middle finger of one's right hand, is a way asexual people signify their asexuality. The ring is deliberately worn in a similar manner as one would a wedding ring to symbolize marriage. Use of the symbol began in 2005.[54][55]
The aro ring, a white ring, worn on the middle finger on one's left hand is a way aromantic people signify their identity on the aromantic spectrum. Use of the symbol began in 2015.[56]
This was chosen as the opposite of the ace ring which is a black ring worn on the right hand.[57]
Another symbol often used by aromantic people is arrows or an arrow as the word arrow is a homophone to the shortened word aro used by aromantic people to refer to themselves.[60]
Michael Page stated that when designing the bisexual flag he took the colors and overlap from the biangles.[64]
Double crescent moon
Some bisexual individuals object to the use of a pink triangle in the biangles symbol of bisexuality (see above), as it was a symbol that Adolf Hitler's regime used to tag and persecute homosexuals. In response, a double crescent moon symbol of bisexuality was devised by Vivian Wagner in 1998.[65][66] This symbol is common in Germany and surrounding countries.[66]
Freedom Rings
Freedom Rings, designed by David Spada in 1991, are six aluminum rings, each in one of the colors of the rainbow flag. These rings are worn by themselves or as part of necklaces, bracelets, and key chains.[67] They are a symbol of gay pride, and were originally sold as a fundraiser for the 1991 San Francisco Gay Freedom Day Parade and quickly became a national trend. In June 1992, several of MTV's on-air hosts wore Freedom Rings in recognition of Pride Month, elevating their visibility.[68][69] They are sometimes referred to as "Fruit Loops".[70]
Gaysper
Gaysper is an LGBT symbol based on the ghostemoji (U+1F47B, "👻") of Android 5.0. It is a modification of the original icon that uses a background with the colors of the rainbow flag. It became popular in Spain from April 2019 following a tweet posted on the official account of the populist far-right party Vox, after which a multitude of users belonging to the LGBT movement began to use it as a symbol.[71][72] The icon has established itself as an example of the phenomenon of reappropriation of elements of the anti-LGBT discourse in contemporary society through social networks.[73][74] Other versions derived from the original symbol involving other flags belonging to the LGBT community, such as the transgender flag, or the bisexual flag, have also become popular.[73][75][76]
In the 1970s, the modern handkerchief (or hanky) code emerged in the form of bandanas, worn in back pockets, in colors that signaled sexual interests, fetishes, and if the wearer was a "top" or "bottom".[77][78] It was popular among the gay leather community of the United States[79] and the cruising scene more broadly.
On October 31, 1969, sixty members of the Gay Liberation Front, the Committee for Homosexual Freedom (CHF), and the Gay Guerilla Theatre group staged a protest outside the offices of the San Francisco Examiner in response to a series of news articles disparaging people in San Francisco's gay bars and clubs.[83][84] The peaceful protest against the Examiner turned tumultuous and was later called "Friday of the Purple Hand" and "Bloody Friday of the Purple Hand".[83][85][86][87]Examiner employees "dumped a barrel of printers' ink on the crowd from the roof of the newspaper building", according to glbtq.com.[88] Some reports state that it was a barrel of ink poured from the roof of the building.[89] The protestors "used the ink to scrawl slogans on the building walls" and slap purple hand prints "throughout downtown [San Francisco]" resulting in "one of the most visible demonstrations of gay power" according to the Bay Area Reporter.[83][86][85] According to Larry LittleJohn, then president of Society for Individual Rights, "At that point, the tactical squad arrived – not to get the employees who dumped the ink, but to arrest the demonstrators. Somebody could have been hurt if that ink had gotten into their eyes, but the police were knocking people to the ground."[83] The accounts of police brutality include women being thrown to the ground and protesters' teeth being knocked out.[83][90] Inspired by Black Hand extortion methods of Camorragangsters and the Mafia,[91] some gay and lesbian activists attempted to institute "purple hand" as a symbol against anti-gay attacks, but the symbol was only briefly used.[92][93] In Turkey, the LGBT rights organization MorEl Eskişehir LGBTT Oluşumu (Purple Hand Eskişehir LGBT Formation), also bears the name of this symbol.[94]
White knot
The white knot is a symbol of support for same-sex marriage in the United States. The white knot combines two symbols of marriage, the color white and "tying the knot," to represent support for same-sex marriage.[95] The White Knot has been worn publicly by many celebrities as a means of demonstrating solidarity with that cause.[96]
The white knot was created by Frank Voci in November 2008, in response to the passage of Proposition 8 in California and bans on same-sex marriage and denial of other civil rights for LGBT persons across the nation.[97]
One of the oldest of these symbols is the downward-pointing pink triangle that male homosexuals in Nazi concentration camps were required to wear on their clothing. The badge is one of several badges that internees wore to identify what kind of prisoners they were.[98] Many of the estimated 5,000–15,000 gay men imprisoned in concentration camps did not survive.[99] The pink triangle was later reclaimed by gay men, as well as some lesbians, in various political movements as a symbol of personal pride and remembrance.[100][101] AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power (ACT-UP) adopted the downward-pointing pink triangle to symbolize the "active fight back" against HIV/AIDS "rather than a passive resignation to fate."[102]
The pink triangle was used exclusively with male prisoners, including transfeminine individuals, as cisgender lesbians were not included under Paragraph 175, a statute which made homosexual acts between males a crime.[103] Lesbian sexual relations were illegal only in Austria and historians differ on whether they were persecuted or not, due to lack of evidence.[104] Some lesbians were imprisoned with a black triangle symbolizing supposed "asociality", this symbol was later reclaimed by postwar lesbians.[101]
Pink triangle
Black triangle
Pink and yellow triangles
The downward-pointing pink triangle used to identify homosexual men and transgender women in the concentration camps.
The downward-pointing black triangle used to mark individuals considered "asocial". The category included homosexual women, nonconformists, sex workers, nomads, Romani, and others.
The downward-pointing pink triangle overlapping a yellow triangle was used to single out male homosexual prisoners who were Jewish.
A pride flag is any flag that represents a segment or part of the LGBT community. Pride in this case refers to the notion of LGBT pride. The terms LGBT flag and queer flag are often used interchangeably.[107]
Numerous communities have embraced distinct flags, with a majority drawing inspiration from the rainbow flag. These flags are often created by amateur designers and later gain traction online or within affiliated organizations, ultimately attaining a semi-official status as a symbolic representation of the community. Typically, these flags incorporate a range of colors that symbolize different aspects of the associated communities.
For information on entering these symbols in a document, see Unicode input.
The meanings given here are those formally associated with the symbol in Unicode. They may be used with other meanings elsewhere. See also Gender symbols#Encoding.
^Also used as equivalent to U+26AC MEDIUM SMALL WHITE CIRCLE (⚬) Engaged, betrothed (genealogy), wedding ring. Cf. also U+25CB WHITE CIRCLE (○), female in genealogies and pedigrees.
^Conner, Randy P.; Sparks, David Hatfield; Sparks, Mariya (1998). Cassell's Encyclopedia of Queer Myth, Symbol and Spirit. UK: Cassell. p. 133. ISBN0-304-70423-7.
^Horak, Laura (2016). "Lesbians Take Center Stage: The Captive (1926-1928)". Girls Will Be Boys: Cross-Dressed Women, Lesbians, and American Cinema, 1908-1934. Rutgers University Press. pp. 143–144. ISBN978-0-8135-7483-7.
^Welker, James (2008). "Lilies of the Margin: Beautiful Boys and Queer Female Identities in Japan". In Fran Martin; Peter Jackson; Audrey Yue (eds.). AsiaPacifQueer: Rethinking Genders and Sexualities. University of Illinois Press. pp. 46–66. ISBN978-0-252-07507-0.
^Reilly, Andrew; Saethre, Eirik J. (2013-10-01). "The hankie code revisited: From function to fashion". Critical Studies in Men's Fashion. 1: 69–78. doi:10.1386/csmf.1.1.69_1.
^Kepner, Jim (1977). Alternate. p. 36. October 31 [1969]: San Francisco gay-rads picket San Francisco Examiner over "queers and fairies" story. Purple ink dumped on pickets who ink handprints on building. Lawrence and 11 others busted for defacing. Purple hand briefly a gay lib symbol.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ abcdefghijklmnopqrstuMcElroy, D.R. (2020). Signs & Symbols of the World: Over 1,001 Visual Signs Explained. New York, New York: Wellfleet Press. p. 198. ISBN978-1577151869.
^Nixon & Düsterhöft (2017) Sex in the Digital Age, p. 150
^ abcdefghiCampbell, Andy (2019). Queer X Design: 50 Years of Signs, Symbols, Banners, Logos, and Graphic Art of LGBTQ. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. p. 218-221. ISBN9780762467853.
^ralatalo (September 20, 2021). "Flags of the LGBTIQ Community". OutRight Action International. Archived from the original on October 10, 2021. Retrieved September 27, 2021.
Rationalist Association of IndiaAbbreviationRAIFounded1930; 94 years ago (1930)TypeNon-profitPurposeAdvocacy of rationalism, atheism, secularism, humanismLocationIndiaFounder PresidentDr. D' AvoineCurrent ChairmanSreeni PattathanamAffiliationsVoting member at International Humanist and Ethical Union (IHEU) Rationalist Association of India (RAI) is an Indian rationalist organization that was established in 1930.[1] Dr. D' Avoine was the President of the Rationalist Assoc…
Astragalus gracilis Klasifikasi ilmiah Kerajaan: Plantae (tanpa takson): Angiospermae (tanpa takson): Eudicots (tanpa takson): Rosids Ordo: Fabales Famili: Fabaceae Genus: Astragalus Spesies: Astragalus gracilis Nama binomial Astragalus gracilisNutt. Astragalus gracilis adalah spesies tumbuhan yang tergolong ke dalam famili Fabaceae. Spesies ini juga merupakan bagian dari ordo Fabales. Spesies Astragalus gracilis sendiri merupakan bagian dari genus Astragalus.[1] Nama ilmiah dari spesies…
Pallazo Piccolomini, Pienza Taman Boboli, Florence Taman Italia adalah jenis taman yang merefleksikan pemikiran Renaissance. Arsitektur Taman Italia mencapai masa keemasan pada abad ke-16.[1] Taman Italia awalnya berkembang sejak abad pertengahan bersamaan dengan meningkatnya aktivitas berkebun, dimana Kota-kota di Italia utara dan sekitar Florence mulai dihiasi dengan villa dan taman bunga mawar.[1] Di Florence, seni Renaissance dimulai saat Brunelleschi (1377-1446) mulai memban…
Questa voce sull'argomento università del Cile è solo un abbozzo. Contribuisci a migliorarla secondo le convenzioni di Wikipedia. Universidad de los Andes UbicazioneStato Cile CittàSantiago del Cile Dati generaliNome latinoVniversitas Stvdiorvm Andinensis Fondazione1989 Tipoprivata, cattolica RettoreJosé Antonio Guzmán Cruzat Mappa di localizzazione Sito web Modifica dati su Wikidata · Manuale L'Universidad de los Andes (con acronimo UANDES) è un'università privata ci…
Generasi baru yang dikembangkan oleh Russia's Almaz Central Design BureauS-400 TriumfArtikel ini perlu diwikifikasi agar memenuhi standar kualitas Wikipedia. Anda dapat memberikan bantuan berupa penambahan pranala dalam, atau dengan merapikan tata letak dari artikel ini. Untuk keterangan lebih lanjut, klik [tampil] di bagian kanan. Mengganti markah HTML dengan markah wiki bila dimungkinkan. Tambahkan pranala wiki. Bila dirasa perlu, buatlah pautan ke artikel wiki lainnya dengan cara menambahkan …
Aster Vranckx Vranckx tampil untuk VfL Wolfsburg pada tahun 2021Informasi pribadiNama lengkap Aster Jan VranckxTanggal lahir 4 Oktober 2002 (umur 21)Tempat lahir Kortenberg, BelgiaTinggi 1,83 m (6 ft 0 in)Posisi bermain GelandangInformasi klubKlub saat ini VfL WolfsburgNomor 6Karier junior SC Hoegaarden KVK Tienen Woluwe-Zaventem MechelenKarier senior*Tahun Tim Tampil (Gol)2019–2021 Mechelen 43 (5)2021– VfL Wolfsburg 26 (2)2022–2023 → AC Milan (loan) 9 (0)Tim nasional…
DomitianusPatung di Louvre, ParisKaisar RomawiBerkuasa14 September 81 – 18 September 96PendahuluTitusPenerusNervaInformasi pribadiKelahiran24 October 51Roma, Kekaisaran RomawiKematian18 September 96(96-09-18) (umur 44)Roma, Kekaisaran RomawiPemakamanRomaNama lengkapTitus Flavius Domitianus (lahir)Caesar Domitianus (69–81)Nama takhtaImperator Caesar Domitianus AugustusAyahVespasianusIbuDomitillaPasanganDomitia Longina (70–96)AnakFlavius Caesar Titus Flavius Domitianus (24 Oktober …
Gunung Rishiri利尻山Gunung Rishiri dilihat dari Danau OtatomariTitik tertinggiKetinggian1.721 m (5.646 ft)[1]Puncak1.721 m (5.646 ft)[1]GeografiGunung RishiriLetak Gunung Rishiri di JepangLetakHokkaidō, JepangPegununganPulau RishiriGeologiUsia batuanPleistosen akhirJenis gunungStratovolcanoLetusan terakhir5830 SM Gunung Rishiri (利尻山code: ja is deprecated , Rishiri-san) adalah gunung berapi kerucut (stratovolcano) yang terletak di seberang Hokkaido, J…
Keuskupan São MateusDioecesis Sancti MatthaeiKatedral Santo MatiusLokasiNegaraBrazilProvinsi gerejawiVitóriaStatistikLuas15.104 km2 (5.832 sq mi)Populasi- Total- Katolik(per 2004)428.339304,426 (71.1%)InformasiRitusRitus LatinPendirian16 Februari 1958 (66 tahun lalu)KatedralCatedral São MateusKepemimpinan kiniPausFransiskusUskupPaulo Bosi Dal'BóEmeritusAldo Gerna, M.C.C.I.Situs webwww.diocesedesaomateus.org.br Keuskupan São Mateus (Latin: Dioecesis Sancti …
Men in Whiteposter film asliSutradaraRyszard BolesławskiProduserMonta BellSkenarioWaldemar YoungBerdasarkanMen in Whiteoleh Sidney KingsleyPemeranClark Gable Myrna LoyPenata musikWilliam AxtSinematograferGeorge J. FolseyPenyuntingFrank SullivanPerusahaanproduksiMetro-Goldwyn-MayerTanggal rilis06 April 1934 (1934-04-06)Durasi74 menitNegaraAmerika SerikatBahasaInggrisAnggaran$213.000[1]Pendapatankotor$1.455.000[1] Men in White adalah sebuah film Amerika Serikat tahun 19…
Diskografi TaeyeonKim Tae-yeon di Konferensi Pers Bulanan Beanpole X Yoon Jong Shin 2019 pada Maret 2019Album studio3Video musik27Extended play7Singel41Singel promosi4 Diskografi penyanyi Korea Selatan Taeyeon terdiri dari tiga album studio, tujuh album mini (EP), empat puluh satu singel (termasuk delapan sebagai artis unggulan dan empat belas direkam untuk soundtrack), dan empat singel promosi. Dia memulai debutnya sebagai anggota girl grup Korea Selatan Girls' Generation pada Agustus 2007, dan…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada Oktober 2022. CNEMA adalah sebuah grup vokal laki-laki Korea Selatan. Para anggota grup tersebut merupakan jebolan program survival SuperBand 2 dan debut dengan merilis single yang berjudul 'MOBYDICK'. Menjelang debutnya, CNMA telah membagikan concept photo untuk debut…
HalseyHalsey pada iHeartRadio Music Awards 2019 di Los Angeles, CaliforniaInformasi latar belakangNama lahirAshley Nicolette FrangipaneLahir29 September 1994 (umur 29)Edison, New Jersey, Amerika SerikatGenrePop elektroPekerjaanPenyanyiPenulis laguInstrumenVokalGitarTahun aktif2014–sekarangLabelAstralwerksCapitolVirgin EMISitus webiamhalsey.com Ashley Nicolette Frangipane (lahir 29 September 1994)[1] dikenal secara profesional sebagai Halsey (/ˈhɔːlzi/),[2] adalah seoran…
Stasiun luar angkasa Mir Arsitektur antariksa, dalam definisi paling sederhananya, adalah teori dan praktik perancangan dan pembangunan lingkungan yang dapat ditinggali di luar angkasa.[1] Kesepakatan arsitektural untuk rancangan pesawat luar angkasa mengalamatkan plingkungan pembangunan total. Arsitektur tersebut utamanya berlandaskan pada bidang teknik (khususnya teknik penerbangan), selain juga melibatkan berbagai disiplin seperti psikologi, fisiologi dan sosiologi. Referensi ^ Sherwo…
Artikel ini sebatang kara, artinya tidak ada artikel lain yang memiliki pranala balik ke halaman ini.Bantulah menambah pranala ke artikel ini dari artikel yang berhubungan atau coba peralatan pencari pranala.Tag ini diberikan pada November 2022. Aika YamagishiAika, 2018Nama asal春菜はなLahir30 November 1992 (umur 31)Tokyo, JepangTahun aktif2017-Dikenal atasPREMIUMTinggi161 cm (5 ft 3 in) Aika Yamagishi (春菜はなcode: ja is deprecated , Yamagishi Aika, lahir …
Toronto, selama pemadaman listrik total pada tahun 2003, memerlukan asut gelap pada pembangkit listrik. Asut gelap (Bahasa Inggris: black start) adalah proses mengembalikan sebuah pembangkit listrik atau bagian dari sistem tenaga listrik agar dapat beroperasi kembali, tanpa memerlukan jaringan transmisi listrik eksternal, dan pulih dari mati listrik total ataupun sebagian.[1] Dalam keadaan normal, listrik yang digunakan oleh suatu pembangkit dipasok dari generatornya sendiri. Namun, jika…
Idris Rumalutur Idris Rumalutur (lahir 11 Februari 1946) adalah seorang birokrat dan politikus Indonesia kelahiran Geser. Ia menempuh pendidikan di Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Geser, Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Negeri Geser, Sekolah Menengah Atas (SMA) Muhammadiyah Ambon, Kampus STIE Ottow Jayapura. Dari 1991 sampai 1993, ia menjabat sebagai Kepala Bagian Keuangan di PT. Nabiri Golding M.I.Ng di Jayapura. Dari 1993 sampai 1994, ia menjadi supervisor alias pengawas utama di PT. You Lin Sari. Dari 1994…
Chandler SmithSmith pada tahun 2019Lahir26 Juni 2002 (umur 21)Talking Rock, GeorgiaKarier NASCAR Seri Xfinity2 lomba dalam kurun waktu 1 tahunNo. mobil/timSam Hunt RacingLomba pertama2022 Ag-Pro 300 (Talladega)Lomba terakhir2022 A-GAME 200 (Dover) Menang Top 10 Pole 0 0 0 Karier NASCAR Seri Truk52 lomba dalam kurun waktu 4 tahunNo. truk/timKyle Busch MotorsportsLomba pertama2019 M&M's 200 (Iowa)Lomba terakhir2022 TSport 200 (Indianapolis) Menang Top 10 Pole 3 27 1 Karier NASCAR Seri Kan…