Latin American Asian

Latin American Asian
*Asiáticos latinoamericanos*
Total population
	Unknown, various estimates
Regions with significant populations
	Philippines and Japan
Languages
	American English, Spanish, Portuguese, Japanese and Filipino
Religion
	Christianity predominantly Roman Catholicism

Latin American Asians are Asian people of full or partial Latin American descent.

Latin American Asians have been present in Asia since the 16th century. The timeline of Latin American settlement in Asia mostly occurred from the 1500s to the 19th century when the Spanish used Filipino sailors to bring Latin Americans from across the Pacific to serve as mercenaries and traders either to supplement its Filipino soldiers in the numerous wars the Philippines had with its Muslim or Confucian neighbors which surrounded the Philippines (ensuring a state of constant warfare)^[4]^[5] or coordinate the Manila Galleon trade between Latin America and Asia. Therein, gems taken from South Asia, spices taken from Southeast Asia and silk and porcelain taken from East Asia were gathered and transshipped from the Philippines across the Pacific Ocean to Latin America in exchange for the products of Mexico in North America (Mainly chocolate and pineapples) and silver taken from the mines of Peru at South America.^[6] This trade eventually extended to Europe where the silver mined in Latin America and silk gathered in the Philippines was used by Spain to fund its wars across Europe (mainly against the Ottoman Empire) and to a lesser extent, support the Philippines' many wars against the Sultanate of Brunei and the many sultanates in Mindanao. In a small scale, a few Latin Americans also settled in the ports of Macau in China and Ternate in Indonesia which were secondary trade-nodes to the primary one between Manila and Acapulco. Asides from this historical Latin American settlement into the Philippines, which has now mostly stopped and doesn't operate anymore and the current people merely being Latin American descendants rather than Latin Americans themselves, there is also the modern presence of Brazilians in Japan which form the largest presence of people from the Americas, living in Asia, barring the Philippines.

History

The first Latin Americans Asians were primarily Mexicans and to a lesser extent, Colombians and Peruvians who made their way to Asia (Mainly the Philippines) in the 16th century, either as mercenaries or traders during the Spanish colonial period of the Philippines.^[7]^[8] For two and a half centuries (between 1565 and 1815) many Mexicans and some Colombians and Peruvians were supplementing Filipino soldiers in the wars fought in conflict-ridden Philippines (I.E during the Castille War and The Battle of Manila etc.).^[9] Others were traders engaged in the Philippine-built Manila-Acapulco Galleon Route and were assisting in the Spanish Empire's monopoly in trade as well as serving as officials for the Viceregal capital of Mexico wherein the Captaincy General of the Philippines was a part of.^[10] The Latin-American soldiers who were sent to the Philippines from the Spanish colonies in America were often made up of mestizos and Indios (Amerindians).^[11] This is proven by the letters written by Governor-Generals such as Don Sebastián Hurtado de Corcuera who wrote that they brought soldiers over from Peru, settled Zamboanga City and waged war against the Sultanate of Maguindanao.^[12]

In the 20th to 21st century, hundreds of thousands of Brazilians and Japanese Brazilians either immigrated to Japan or returned to Japan after Japan became wealthy.^[13]

Geographic distribution

Most of the people born in Latin America who settled in Asia or descendants of the Latin Americans who live in Asia are located in the Philippines. They are mostly concentrated in the old Spanish settlements of the Philippines. I.E Vigan, founded by the Mexico-born Conquistador, Juan de Salcedo or Puerto Princesa at Palawan, a military fortress originally created to engage in wars against the Brunei Sultanate. A city which was co-founded by a future Bishop of Colombia at South America, Saint Ezekiel Moreno, Cavite City or Zamboanga City in Mindanao, home to a Spanish-based creole language called Chavacano, a language with much linguistic borrowings from Quechua which comes from Peru, Nahuatl which has Mexican roots and Taino which is Caribbean in origin. In the 17th century, St Rose of Lima, from the Viceroyalty of Peru was declared a patron-saint of the Philippines, no doubt due to the influx of Peruvian soldiers to help in the wars against the southern Sultanates. Furthermore, in the midst of the Manila Galleon trade, a small number of Latinos settled in the ports of Macau in China and Ternate in Indonesia which were secondary connecting trade nodes to the primary trade-route between Manila, Philippines and Acapulco, Mexico.

Asides from the Philippines the only other country in Asia with a major concentration of immigrants from the Americas is Japan, where there are 250,000 Japanese of Brazilian origin. Because of common language and cultural proximity, a number of Brazilians settled Macau, others in East Timor and Goa.

Significant communities

Philippines

The Latinos and the Latino-descendants in the Philippines, unlike the Latinos in the United States or Canada (who are mostly refugee-immigrants fleeing their homelands for better opportunities in richer countries) are mostly soldiers or adventurers who left a more peaceful New World to help Native Filipinos in wars within conflict-prone Philippines^[14] against the Islamic Bruneian Empire and the Moros to the South, Cambodia and Vietnam to the west and against the occasional raids by Chinese and Japanese pirates.

In the High-Medieval Period and the Age of Exploration the Spaniards often imported Mexican as well as Colombian and Peruvian mercenaries to help Filipino soldiers (Who did most of the fighting though^{[clarification needed]}) in these internal^[15]^{[failed verification]} as well as external wars.^[16] For example, the Archbishop of Manila during the British occupation of Manila was Mexican-born.^[17]

Around the 1600s, Stephanie Mawson in her book entitled ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ showed that there were thousands of Latin-American settlers sent to the Philippines by the Spaniards per year and around that time-frame had cummultatively sent 15,600 settlers from Peru and Mexico^[18] while there were only 600 Spaniards from Spain,^[19] that supplamented^{[clarification needed]} a Philippine population of only 667,612 people.^[20] Due to the initial low population count, Latin American descent quickly spread across the territory.^[21]

Geographic distribution and year of settlement of the Latin-American immigrant soldiers assigned to the Philippines in the 1600s.^[22]
Location	1603	1636	1642	1644	1654	1655	1670	1672
Manila^[22]	900	446	—	407	821	799	708	667
Fort Santiago^[22]	—	22	—	—	50	—	86	81
Cavite^[22]	—	70	—	—	89	—	225	211
Cagayan^[22]	46	80	—	—	—	—	155	155
Calamianes^[22]	—	—	—	—	—	—	73	73
Caraga^[22]	—	45	—	—	—	—	81	81
Cebu^[22]	86	50	—	—	—	—	135	135
Formosa^[22]	—	180	—	—	—	—	—	—
Moluccas^[22]	80	480	507	—	389	—	—	—
Otón^[22]	66	50	—	—	—	—	169	169
Zamboanga^[22]	—	210	—	—	184	—	—	—
Other^[22]	255	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
^[22]	—	—	—	—	—	—	—	—
Total Reinforcements^[22]	1,533	1,633	2,067	2,085	n/a	n/a	1,632	1,572

Furthermore, the Spanish book: "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)" by María Fernanda García de los Arcos tallied the further immigration of 35,000 more Mexican soldiers alone (civilians not included), in the 1700s.^[23] Thus increasing the number of Latin Americans in the Philippines. As a result, German Ethnographer Fedor Jagor using Spanish censuses, estimated that one-third of the island of Luzon, which holds half of the Philippine population, had varying degrees of Spanish and Latin American ancestry.^[1] Corroborating these Spanish era estimates, an anthropological study published in the Journal of Human Biology and researched by Matthew Go, using physical anthropology, concluded that 12.7% of Filipinos can be classified as mestizo (Latin American mestizos or Malay Spanish mestizos), 7.3% as Indigenous American, and European at 2.7%. Thus, as much as 20% of those sampled bodies, which were representative of the Philippines, translating to about 20 million Filipinos, can be physically classified as mestizo in appearance.^[2]

The war-forged Filipino archipelago eventually produced good soldiers. So much so, that a Filipino by the name Isidoro Montes de Oca was well respected by a trusted leader of Mexican Independence, Vicente Guerrero. Even Vicente Guerrero's personal guards were mostly Filipinos or those Latinos who have seen action in the Philippines.

Japan

Japanese Brazilian immigrants to Japan numbered 250,000 in 2004, constituting Japan's second-largest immigrant population. Their experiences bear similarities to those of Japanese Peruvian immigrants, who are often relegated to low income jobs typically occupied by foreigners.^[24] Brazilian and Peruvian settlers in Japan are largely, but not exclusively of Japanese blood. Brazilian settlers to Japan represented the largest number of Portuguese speakers in Asia, greater than those of formerly Portuguese East Timor, Macau and Goa combined.

Notable persons

Philippines

Isabel Larrañaga Ramírez, Foundress of an ecclesiastical order, Peruvian Filipino.
Manuel Rojo del Río y Vieyra, Archbishop of Manila, Mexican Filipino.
Pedro de Agurto, Bishop of Cebu, Mexican Filipino.
Juan de Salcedo, Conquistador, Mexican Filipino.
Jaime Augusto Zobel de Ayala, Entrepreneur, Basque-Filipino of Mexican, Peruvian and Colombian descent
Vicente Catalan, Admiral of the Philippine Navy, Cuban Filipino.
Lieutenant Gabriel Badelly Méndez, Soldier in the Philippine Army, Cuban Filipino.
Juan Fermin de San Martin, Crusader in the Spanish-Moro Conflict, Argentine Filipino.
Mutineers in the Andrés Novales Uprising: Mexican, Colombian, Venezuelan, Peruvian, Chilean, Argentinian and Costa Rican; Filipinos.
Stella Araneta, First Miss International, Colombian Filipino.
Carlos Celdran, Artist, Tour Guide, Segment TV Host and Cultural Activist, Basque-Filipino of El Salvadoran, Guatemalan, Venezuelan and Mexican descent
Chanty, singer and actress, Argentine Filipina

Japan

Yuu Kamiya, novelist
Marcos Sugiyama, volleyball player
Marcus Tulio Tanaka, football player
Kaisei Ichirō, sumo wrestler
Lisa, singer-songwriter, Japanese Colombian

Notes

^ No concrete figures as to the number of Latin American Asians exist. Rough estimates place it at around 18 million Filipinos possessing significant partial or majority Hispanic/Latin American ancestry based on Spanish era censuses^[1] A 2019 inter-university anthropology study classifies 12.7% and 7.2% of the representative sample of Filipinos as "Hispanic" and "Native American". Thus, about 20% of the population or 20 Million Filipinos are Latin American by phenotype.^[2] Plus, some 250,032 Brazilians living in Japan.^[3] Thus, totaling to about 18 million 250 thousand to 20 Million 250 thousand Latin American Asians.
(Based on old Spanish-Censuses of the Philippines, an inter-university anthropology study and the modern count of Brazilians in Japan)

References

^ ^a ^b Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes
^ ^a ^b An Inter-University Study published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology concluded that the bodies curated by the University of the Philippines, representing the country, showed the percentage of the population that's phenotypically classified as Hispanic is 12.7%, while that of Indigenous American is 7.3%. Thus totaling to 20% of the sample representative of the Philippines, are Latino in physical appearance.Go, Matthew (2019). "Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1". Human Biology. 2 (4). University of Florida Press: 1–11. doi:10.5744/fa.2019.1005. Retrieved September 13, 2020. [Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.
^ Richard Gunde (2004-01-27). "Japanese Brazilian Return Migration and the Making of Japan's Newest Immigrant Minority". UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2008-03-21.
^ McAmis, Robert Day (2002). Malay Muslims: the history and challenge of resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8.
^ "Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
^ Williams, Glyn. 1999. The Prize of All the Oceans. Viking, New York. ISBN 0-670-89197-5, p. 4
^ Déborah Oropeza Keresey (July–September 2011). "La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673" (PDF). Historia Mexicana (in Spanish). LXI (1). El Colegio de México: 20–21. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ Déborah Oropeza (Fall–Winter 2009). "Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España" (PDF). Historia Mexicana (in Spanish) (1). Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.
^ De Borja, Marciano R., Basques in the Philippines.
^ Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina en forma de diccionario alfabético. Pág. 621. Compilado por: José María Zamora y Coronado. Editor: Impr. de J. M. Alegria, 1845
^ Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies) ("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians. There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")
^ "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."
^ Japan's trial run for migrant workers
^ "In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. "In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.
^ "Relacion verdadera de la gran vitoria que el Armada Española de la China tuuo contra los olandeses piratas, que andauan en aquellos mares, y de como le tomaron y echaron a fondo doze galeones gruessos, y mataron gra[n] numero de de [sic] gente]". University of Seville. 1618. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010.
^ Nigel Gooding, Filipino Involvement in the French-Spanish Campaign in Indochina, retrieved 2008-07-04
^ Leebrick, Karl Clayton (2007). The English expedition to Manila and the Philippine Islands in the year 1762. University of California, Berkeley. p. 52.
^ Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.
^ Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo
^ The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii)
^ "Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico". June 21, 1997. Retrieved August 18, 2020. Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." In other words, the Mexicans who had arrived in the previous century had so intermingled with the local population that distinctions of origin had been forgotten by the 19th century. The Mexicans who came with Legázpi and aboard succeeding vessels had blended with the local residents so well that their country of origin had been erased from memory.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v .
^ "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)"
^ Hamamatsu Journal; Sons and Daughters of Japan, Back From Brazil

External links

[4] No concrete figures as to the number of Latin American Asians exist. Rough estimates place it at around 18 million Filipinos possessing significant partial or majority Hispanic/Latin American ancestry based on Spanish era censuses^[1] A 2019 inter-university anthropology study classifies 12.7% and 7.2% of the representative sample of Filipinos as "Hispanic" and "Native American". Thus, about 20% of the population or 20 Million Filipinos are Latin American by phenotype.^[2] Plus, some 250,032 Brazilians living in Japan.^[3] Thus, totaling to about 18 million 250 thousand to 20 Million 250 thousand Latin American Asians.
(Based on old Spanish-Censuses of the Philippines, an inter-university anthropology study and the modern count of Brazilians in Japan)

[jagor-1] Jagor, Fëdor, et al. (1870). The Former Philippines thru Foreign Eyes

[PhilippineAnthropologyStudy-2] An Inter-University Study published in the Journal of Forensic Anthropology concluded that the bodies curated by the University of the Philippines, representing the country, showed the percentage of the population that's phenotypically classified as Hispanic is 12.7%, while that of Indigenous American is 7.3%. Thus totaling to 20% of the sample representative of the Philippines, are Latino in physical appearance.Go, Matthew (2019). "Classification Trends among Contemporary Filipino Crania Using Fordisc 3.1". Human Biology. 2 (4). University of Florida Press: 1–11. doi:10.5744/fa.2019.1005. Retrieved September 13, 2020. [Page 1] ABSTRACT: Filipinos represent a significant contemporary demographic group globally, yet they are underrepresented in the forensic anthropological literature. Given the complex population history of the Philippines, it is important to ensure that traditional methods for assessing the biological profile are appropriate when applied to these peoples. Here we analyze the classification trends of a modern Filipino sample (n = 110) when using the Fordisc 3.1 (FD3) software. We hypothesize that Filipinos represent an admixed population drawn largely from Asian and marginally from European parental gene pools, such that FD3 will classify these individuals morphometrically into reference samples that reflect a range of European admixture, in quantities from small to large. Our results show the greatest classification into Asian reference groups (72.7%), followed by Hispanic (12.7%), Indigenous American (7.3%), African (4.5%), and European (2.7%) groups included in FD3. This general pattern did not change between males and females. Moreover, replacing the raw craniometric values with their shape variables did not significantly alter the trends already observed. These classification trends for Filipino crania provide useful information for casework interpretation in forensic laboratory practice. Our findings can help biological anthropologists to better understand the evolutionary, population historical, and statistical reasons for FD3-generated classifications. The results of our studyindicate that ancestry estimation in forensic anthropology would benefit from population-focused research that gives consideration to histories of colonialism and periods of admixture.

[3] Richard Gunde (2004-01-27). "Japanese Brazilian Return Migration and the Making of Japan's Newest Immigrant Minority". UCLA International Institute. Archived from the original on 2012-02-04. Retrieved 2008-03-21.

[5] McAmis, Robert Day (2002). Malay Muslims: the history and challenge of resurgent Islam in Southeast Asia. Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing. p. 33. ISBN 978-0-8028-4945-8.

[6] "Letter from Francisco de Sande to Felipe II, 1578". Archived from the original on 14 October 2014. Retrieved 17 October 2009.

[7] Williams, Glyn. 1999. The Prize of All the Oceans. Viking, New York. ISBN 0-670-89197-5, p. 4

[8] Déborah Oropeza Keresey (July–September 2011). "La Esclavitud Asiática en El Virreinato de La Nueva España, 1565-1673" (PDF). Historia Mexicana (in Spanish). LXI (1). El Colegio de México: 20–21. Retrieved October 19, 2014.

[9] Déborah Oropeza (Fall–Winter 2009). "Ideas centrales en torno a la esclavitud asiática en la Nueva España" (PDF). Historia Mexicana (in Spanish) (1). Encuentro de Mexicanistas 2010 (La esclavitud asiática en el virreinato de la Nueva España, 1565-1673): 2. Archived from the original (PDF) on April 7, 2014. Retrieved October 19, 2014.

[10] De Borja, Marciano R., Basques in the Philippines.

[11] Biblioteca de legislación ultramarina en forma de diccionario alfabético. Pág. 621. Compilado por: José María Zamora y Coronado. Editor: Impr. de J. M. Alegria, 1845

[12] Letter from Fajardo to Felipe III From Manila, August 15 1620.(From the Spanish Archives of the Indies) ("The infantry does not amount to two hundred men, in three companies. If these men were that number, and Spaniards, it would not be so bad; but, although I have not seen them, because they have not yet arrived here, I am told that they are, as at other times, for the most part boys, mestizos, and mulattoes, with some Indians. There is no little cause for regret in the great sums that reënforcements of such men waste for, and cost, your Majesty. I cannot see what betterment there will be until your Majesty shall provide it, since I do not think, that more can be done in Nueva Spaña, although the viceroy must be endeavoring to do so, as he is ordered.")

[13] "SECOND BOOK OF THE SECOND PART OF THE CONQUESTS OF THE FILIPINAS ISLANDS, AND CHRONICLE OF THE RELIGIOUS OF OUR FATHER, ST. AUGUSTINE" (Zamboanga City History) "He (Governor Don Sebastían Hurtado de Corcuera) brought a great reënforcements of soldiers, many of them from Perú, as he made his voyage to Acapulco from that kingdom."

[14] Japan's trial run for migrant workers

[15] "In 1637 the military force maintained in the islands consisted of one thousand seven hundred and two Spaniards and one hundred and forty Indians." ~Memorial de D. Juan Grau y Monfalcon, Procurador General de las Islas Filipinas, Docs. Inéditos del Archivo de Indias, vi, p. 425. "In 1787 the garrison at Manila consisted of one regiment of Mexicans comprising one thousand three hundred men, two artillery companies of eighty men each, three cavalry companies of fifty men each." La Pérouse, ii, p. 368.

[16] "Relacion verdadera de la gran vitoria que el Armada Española de la China tuuo contra los olandeses piratas, que andauan en aquellos mares, y de como le tomaron y echaron a fondo doze galeones gruessos, y mataron gra[n] numero de de [sic] gente]". University of Seville. 1618. Archived from the original on March 5, 2010.

[nigelgooding.co.uk-17] Nigel Gooding, Filipino Involvement in the French-Spanish Campaign in Indochina, retrieved 2008-07-04

[18] Leebrick, Karl Clayton (2007). The English expedition to Manila and the Philippine Islands in the year 1762. University of California, Berkeley. p. 52.

[19] Stephanie Mawson, ‘Between Loyalty and Disobedience: The Limits of Spanish Domination in the Seventeenth Century Pacific’ (Univ. of Sydney M.Phil. thesis, 2014), appendix 3.

[20] Spanish Settlers in the Philippines (1571–1599) By Antonio Garcia-Abasalo

[21] The Unlucky Country: The Republic of the Philippines in the 21St Century By Duncan Alexander McKenzie (page xii)

[ReferenceC-22] "Filipino-Mexican-Central-and-South American Connection, Tales of Two Sisters: Manila and Mexico". June 21, 1997. Retrieved August 18, 2020. Tomás de Comyn, general manager of the Compañia Real de Filipinas, in 1810 estimated that out of a total population of 2,515,406, "the European Spaniards, and Spanish creoles and mestizos do not exceed 4,000 persons of both sexes and all ages, and the distinct castes or modifications known in America under the name of mulatto, quarteroons, etc., although found in the Philippine Islands, are generally confounded in the three classes of pure Indians, Chinese mestizos and Chinese." In other words, the Mexicans who had arrived in the previous century had so intermingled with the local population that distinctions of origin had been forgotten by the 19th century. The Mexicans who came with Legázpi and aboard succeeding vessels had blended with the local residents so well that their country of origin had been erased from memory.

[Mexicans-23] ^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Convicts or Conquistadores? Spanish Soldiers in the Seventeenth-Century Pacific By Stephanie J. Mawson AGI, México, leg. 25, núm. 62; AGI, Filipinas, leg. 8, ramo 3, núm. 50; leg. 10, ramo 1, núm. 6; leg. 22, ramo 1, núm. 1, fos. 408 r –428 v; núm. 21; leg. 32, núm. 30; leg. 285, núm. 1, fos. 30 r –41 v .

[24] "Forzados y reclutas: los criollos novohispanos en Asia (1756-1808)"

[25] Hamamatsu Journal; Sons and Daughters of Japan, Back From Brazil

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[4]

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Latin American Asian

History

Geographic distribution

Significant communities

Philippines

Japan

Notable persons

See also

Notes

References

Further reading

External links

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