ARTIKELDIGITAL.COM

Look up lexical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lexical may refer to: Lexical corpus or lexis, a complete set of all words in a language Lexical item...

Lexical tokenization is conversion of a text into (semantically or syntactically) meaningful lexical tokens belonging to categories defined by a "lexer"...

Lexical density is a concept in computational linguistics that measures the structure and complexity of human communication in a language. Lexical density...

lexical rule is a form of syntactic rule used within many theories of natural language syntax. These rules alter the argument structures of lexical items...

linguistics, lexicalization is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language's lexicon. Whether word formation and lexicalization refer...

Lexical simplification is a sub-task of text simplification. It can be defined as any lexical substitution task that reduces text complexity. Lexical...

In linguistics, lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar. A lexical similarity of 1 (or...

Lexical semantics (also known as lexicosemantics), as a subfield of linguistic semantics, is the study of word meanings. It includes the study of how...

bound morphemes are not included. Items in the lexicon are called lexemes, lexical items, or word forms. Lexemes are not atomic elements but contain both...

In computer science, a lexical grammar or lexical structure is a formal grammar defining the syntax of tokens. The program is written using characters...

mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, or dictionary order) is a generalization of the alphabetical order...

Lexical diversity is one aspect of 'lexical richness' and refers to the ratio of different unique word stems (types) to the total number of words (tokens)...

practice, with lexical scope a name is resolved by searching the local lexical context, then if that fails, by searching the outer lexical context, and...

Language resource management – Lexical markup framework (LMF; ISO 24613), produced by ISO/TC 37, is the ISO standard for natural language processing (NLP)...

"lexical correspondence", but its sister project Wiktionary does: Read the Wiktionary entry "lexical correspondence" You can also: Search for Lexical correspondence...

The lexical approach refers to various methods of teaching foreign languages with focus on lexical units of various sizes. On the smaller end, the lexical...

portmanteau, also known in linguistics and lexicography as a blend word, lexical blend, or simply a blend, is a word formed by combining the meanings and...

In conversational linguistics, lexical entrainment is the phenomenon by which a speaker adopts the referential terms used by their interlocutor. It acts...

In personality psychology, the lexical hypothesis (also known as the fundamental lexical hypothesis, lexical approach, or sedimentation hypothesis) generally...

In linguistics, specifically the sub-field of lexical semantics, the concept of lexical innovation includes the use of neologism or new meanings (so-called...

traditional scheme does—include word class, lexical class, and lexical category. Some authors restrict the term lexical category to refer only to a particular...

In lexicography[citation needed], a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's...

Lexical–gustatory synesthesia is a rare form of synesthesia in which spoken and written language (as well as some colors and emotions) causes individuals...

Lexical field theory, or word-field theory, was introduced on March 12, 1931, by the German linguist Jost Trier. He argued that words acquired their meaning...

In linguistics, the lexical aspect, situation type or Aktionsart (German pronunciation: [ʔakˈtsi̯oːnsˌʔaːɐ̯t], plural Aktionsarten German pronunciation:...

The lexical definition of a term, also known as the dictionary definition, describes the meaning of a word in terms of other words, and it is the style...

between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. A lexical set is a group of words that share a particular vowel or consonant sound...

A lexical function (LF) is a tool developed within Meaning-Text Theory for the description and systematization of semantic relationships, specifically...

Lexical Variant Generation (LVG) is a suite of command-line interface (CLI) tools designed to perform lexical transformations on text. The primary goal...

Lexical choice is the subtask of Natural language generation that involves choosing the content words (nouns, non-auxiliary verbs, adjectives, and adverbs)...

Bilingual lexical access is an area of psycholinguistics that studies the activation or retrieval process of the mental lexicon for bilingual people....

Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a constraint-based grammar framework in theoretical linguistics. It posits several parallel levels of syntactic structure...

machine-readable edition of lexical resources exist, e.g., Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) an ISO standard for encoding lexical resources, comprising an abstract...

often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. These include, lexical definitions, or the common dictionary definitions of words already in a...

The lexical decision task (LDT) is a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly...

A lexical chain is a sequence between two semantically related ordered words in writing. It can span narrow (adjacent words or sentences) or wide context...

tone is the use of pitch contour, pitch register, or both to distinguish lexical or grammatical meaning—that is, to distinguish or to inflect words. In...

linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically...

In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in...

Lexical substitution is the task of identifying a substitute for a word in the context of a clause. For instance, given the following text: "After the...

use of the French term déjà vu, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings. Although colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically...

Lexical diffusion is the hypothesis that a sound change is an abrupt change that spreads gradually across the words in a language to which it is applicable...

by a comma (e.g. Jobs, Steve or Van Gerwen, Michael) representing the "lexical name order". This convention is followed by most Western libraries, as...

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader...

The cuneiform lexical lists are a series of ancient Mesopotamian glossaries which preserve the semantics of Sumerograms, their phonetic value and their...

dislexified) in languages. A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins, in the form of lexical implication rules. These are rules...

users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation) to the current communicative...

Flex (fast lexical analyzer generator) is a free and open-source software alternative to lex. It is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers...

is difficult to specify the meaning at the desired level of precision. Lexical ambiguity is contrasted with semantic ambiguity.[citation needed] The former...

Hebrew: 4886. מָשַׁח (mashach)". biblehub.com. Retrieved 21 January 2026. Lexical summary: "to rub with oil, i.e. to anoint" "χριστός Greek Word Study Tool"...

programming languages, a closure, also lexical closure or function closure, is a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with...

sense). Word classes considered as syntactic categories may be called lexical categories, as distinct from phrasal categories. The terminology is somewhat...

auxiliary verb lacks this form. (A corresponding lexical verb may have the form. For example, although the lexical verb need has a preterite form, the modal...

Non-lexical vocables, also known as wordless vocals, are a form of nonsense syllable used in a wide variety of music. Common English examples are "la...

inclusion and language extensions. Lexical preprocessors are the lowest-level of preprocessors as they only require lexical analysis, that is, they operate...

The lexical integrity hypothesis (LIH) or lexical integrity principle is a hypothesis in linguistics which states that syntactic transformations do not...

learning brought a steady, though dramatically reduced, influx of new Latin lexical borrowings. Since subjects like science and philosophy (including rhetoric...

as a string Common Lisp supports lexical environments. Formally, the bindings in a lexical environment have lexical scope and may have either an indefinite...

Task Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Mini–mental state...

ISBN 978-1-317-85108-0. Reid, Lawrence A. (June 1, 1994). "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1)...

linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships...

verb for "follow" will be found under sequor ("I follow"). Lexeme Lexical item Lexical Markup Framework Null morpheme Principal parts Root (linguistics)...

monolingual English speakers, the primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics...

teacher" is a grammatically correct English sentence used to demonstrate lexical ambiguity and the necessity of punctuation, which serves as a substitute...

that generates lexical analyzers ("scanners" or "lexers"). It is commonly used with the yacc parser generator and is the standard lexical analyzer generator...

this form. (In some cases, a corresponding lexical verb may have the form. For example, although lexical verb need has a plain past tense form, auxiliary...

depends on the quality (voiced vs. unvoiced) of the final preceding phoneme. Lexical morphology is the branch of morphology that deals with the lexicon that...

sake, meaning "for God's sake". It is a common source of neologisms and lexical replacement. Restrictions on language typically originate from the need...

the equal opportunity principle. Rawls orders the principles of justice lexically, as follows: 1, 2b, 2a. The greatest equal liberty principle takes priority...

Lexical similarity % lexical similarity Bangani 56% Jaunsari 61% Sirmauri 55% Nagpuri 74%...

areas that mirror the internal organization of linguistics. For example, lexical semantics and frame semantics have active research communities within computational...

Lexicostatistics Lexical semantics Lexical analysis English lexicology and lexicography List of lexicographers List of linguists Lexical Markup Framework...

Lexical semantics is the branch of semantics that studies word meaning. It examines whether words have one or several meanings and in what lexical relations...

traditional approach, nouns were said to name objects and other entities, lexical verbs to indicate actions, adjectives to refer to attributes of entities...

used in linguistics include: Weighted graphs, which are used to model the lexical similarity between different languages (after computing lexicostatistics)...

may be studied in relation to individual words (named "word stress" or lexical stress) or in relation to larger units of speech (traditionally referred...

IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in spoken (oral) language:...

Mei, Tsu-lin (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". Monumenta Serica. 32: 274–301. doi:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121...

also vary in terms of whether pitch accents are assigned lexically or post-lexically. Lexical pitch accents are associated with particular syllables within...

Lexical similarity % lexical similarity Bangani 59% Jaunpuri 61% Sirmauri 58% Jaunsari 60%...

but differ in the means. Most, if not all, languages have specific or lexical causative forms (such as English rise → raise, lie → lay, sit → set). Some...

lexical items and their atomic parts. Generative semantics’ case for lexical decomposition in which lexical reading, and base but different lexical extensions...

Retrieved February 8, 2026. Lepic, Ryan (2015). Motivation in Morphology: Lexical Patterns in ASL and English (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, San...

Irving L. (1983). The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-231-05557-4. Retrieved...

Long Lexical set Associated character j-diphthongs w-diphthongs r-dropped Lexical set Associated character Lexical set Associated character Lexical set...

an etymological calque is a lexical item calqued from another language by replicating the etymology of the borrowed lexical item although this etymology...

OntoLex is the short name of a vocabulary for lexical resources in the web of data (OntoLex-Lemon) and the short name of the W3C community group that...

Interrogative pronouns in Australian Aboriginal languages are a diverse set of lexical items with functions extending far beyond simply the formation of questions...

communities. Brazil has also been promoting the language in Africa. The lexical similarity and comparable phonology of French to Portuguese makes it a...

Niesiołowski-Spano, Łukasz (2020). "The Levites,*ra-wo,λᾶός/λαοί–A new proposal for lexical and historical relationship". Biblica. 101, 3 (3): 444–452. doi:10.2143/BIB...

an accidental gap, also known as a gap, paradigm gap, accidental lexical gap, lexical gap, lacuna, or hole in the pattern, is a potential word, word sense...

from adjectives, considering them to be two separate parts of speech (or lexical categories). Determiners formerly were considered to be adjectives in some...

prominent characteristic of Emacs Lisp is in its use of dynamic rather than lexical scope by default. That is, a function may reference local variables in...

England's history, Old Norse served as an adstrate, contributing to the lexical structure of Old English. The phenomenon is less common today in standardized...

hypothesize sound changes that may have taken place in them. The study of lexical changes forms the diachronic portion of the science of onomasiology. The...

the lexical structure of different languages and different states of the same language. The origin of the field theory of semantics is the lexical field...

townships. Laitu has 91-96% lexical similarity with Sumtu Chin and Songlai Chin, 85-89% similarity with Chinbon Chin, and 82-84% lexical similarity with Asho...

referring to it euphemistically instead. Read's first extended work, Lexical Evidence from Folk Epigraphy in Western North America: A Glossarial Study...

with creoles, there is no real distinction between modal auxiliaries and lexically modal main verbs that are followed by another main verb. Hawaiian has...

Latinisms has a long history, dating back to the ancient times. Early lexical Latinisms are attested in various languages that came into contact with...

simple two-choice cases. See confusion matrix for more details. Among lexical opposites, a marked form is a non-basic one, often one with inflectional...

UBY is a large-scale lexical-semantic resource for natural language processing (NLP) developed at the Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP) in the...

distinguishes between two types of linguistic items: lexical items or content words, which carry specific lexical meaning grammatical items or function words,...

called LS-category or simply category Categorical data, in statistics Lexical category, a part of speech such as noun, preposition, etc. Syntactic category...

he expressed in his "Technical table". Using this tool, he prepared a lexical set of 100,000 Kyrgyz words in a short period of time. He selected 56,400...

The Malatya dialect of Western Armenian was traditionally spoken in the city of Malatya and nearby villages, extending as far south as Hüsni Mansur (modern...

embedded in domain-specific theories, while conceptual atomism argues that lexical concepts are separate units without internal structure. Philosophers debate...

In linguistics, a word stem is a word part responsible for a word's lexical meaning. The term is used with slightly different meanings depending on the...

The Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary (Bulgarian: Български етимологичен речник) is a multi-volume etymological dictionary of the Bulgarian language. It...

Martha Palmer and Marc Light organized a workshop entitled Tagging with Lexical Semantics: Why, What, and How? in conjunction with the Conference on Applied...

nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic...

becoming accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are one facet of lexical innovation, i.e., the linguistic process of new terms and meanings entering...

Hebraism is a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language. By successive extension it is often applied to the Jewish people, their...

A lexeme (/ˈlɛksiːm/ ) is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of...

English and Russian, have lexical stress, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than...

can either be lexical, in which case the aspect is embedded in the verb's meaning (as in "the sun shines", where "shines" is lexically stative), or it...

nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from...

different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning or lexical category: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine...

Alexandrian school. Traditionally, transitivity patterns are thought of as lexical information of the verb, but recent research in construction grammar and...

The cohort model in psycholinguistics and neurolinguistics is a model of lexical retrieval first proposed by William Marslen-Wilson and Alan Welsh in the...

Hoppin' John, also known as Carolina peas and rice, is a rice and beans dish of legendary origins associated with the cuisine of the Southern United States...

diphthongs. Kimoto (2017) lists the following Arta lexical innovations (highlighted in bold). Lexical innovations in Casiguran Agta are also highlighted...

special vocabulary. The main objects of terminological studies are special lexical units (or special lexemes), first of all terms. They are analysed from...

(Sumerian: 𒌨𒅂UR.IDIM and giš.pirig.gal = ur-gu-lu-ú = ur-idim-[mu] in the lexical series ḪAR.gud = imrû = ballu), was an ancient Mesopotamian mythical creature...

In semantics and lexical typology, colexification is the ability for a language to express different meanings with the same word. When a language colexifies...

rather than inherent lexical property. The information carried by the lemma does not determine its inherent syntactical and lexical category. Virtually...

The Miami accent is an evolving American English accent or sociolect spoken in South Florida, particularly in Miami-Dade county, originating from central...

this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single lexical item that is now largely independent of the literal reading. In phraseology...

an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed...

substituted for a noun. Lexical selection errors are based on semantic relations such as synonymy, antonymy or membership of the same lexical field. For this...

Writer and lexicographer Roland Desnerck [nl] with a lexical card file in the 1960s...

Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew is a scholarly book written in the English language by linguist Ghil'ad Zuckermann, published...

related to the Camus dialect (88% to 94% lexical similarity) and to the South Maasai dialects (77% to 89% lexical similarity). The word "Samburu" itself...

Capiznon or Capiceño (Bisaya nga Kinapisnon) is an Austronesian regional language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Capiznon is concentrated...

or all of the following operations, often called phases: preprocessing, lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), conversion...

from both Canadian and American English to fill accidental gaps in the lexical fields of government, law, manufacturing, business and trade. From the...

In lexical semantics, opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that is even entails that it...

and uh-uh /ˈʌʔə/, or the interjection of error, uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/. Such non-lexical vocables are often used in music, for example la la la or dum dee dum,...

homophones can be used to create complicated linguistic constructs through lexical ambiguity. It has been discussed in literature in various forms since 1967...

High Tider, Hoi Toider, or Hoi Toide English is a family or continuum of American English dialects spoken in very limited communities of the South Atlantic...

nihilo (cf. 'free constructions', Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from...

phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with...

carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes). Inflection changes the grammatical properties...

Tamang, Southwestern Tamang, Eastern Gorkha Tamang, and Western Tamang. Lexical similarity between Eastern Tamang (which is regarded as the most prominent)...

The Polish language, like many others, includes swear words and profanity. While some terms are not always regarded as pejorative, others are considered...

function is invoked. In addition, each nested function forms a lexical closure: the lexical scope of the outer function (including any constant, local variable...

Northeastern Dialect. Comparison: Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem: Even with...

in OpenStreetMap. Several metrics use WordNet, a manually constructed lexical database of English words. Despite the advantages of having human supervision...

and Rev. Ngai Tim. The Matu dialects share 78%–89% lexical similarity. Matu shares 66%–71% lexical similarity with Thaiphum Chin. Rawngtu Chin is spoken...

Rise and Progress of Mohammadanism (1911), Martin Zammit A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic (2002), and Alfred Guillaume Islam (1990) Vasalou...

Podolian or Podillian dialect (Ukrainian: Подільський говір) is a dialect of Ukrainian language spoken in the historical region of Podolia (Ukrainian:...

Makalero or Maklere is a Papuan language spoken in the Lautém district of East Timor. It was previously considered to be a dialect of Makasae, but is nowadays...

The Ugric or Ugrian languages (/ˈjuːɡrɪk, ˈuː-/ or /ˈjuːɡriən, ˈuː-/) are a branch of the Uralic language family. Ugric includes three subgroups: Hungarian...

English prefixes are affixes (i.e., bound morphemes that provide lexical meaning) that are added before either simple roots or complex bases (or operands)...

between form and meaning. Specific topics include scope, binding, and lexical semantic properties such as verbal aspect and nominal individuation, semantic...

full members of that class (perhaps because they carry some independent lexical information), are called semi-auxiliaries. In French, for example, verbs...

of which share 89% to 91% lexical similarity. Ponyo is closely related to Leinong and Khiamniungan, sharing 69%–75% lexical similarity with the former...

similarities with Uzbek(istani) Russian, such as morphological differences and lexical differences such as the use of word урюк for a wild apricot or кислушка...

meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes...

tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life". From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism, like other faiths, is appropriately referred to as...

made American English more familiar in South Africa, with some American lexical items becoming alternatives to comparable British terms. Several white...

prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress). Absence...

In Chinese dialectology, Beijing Mandarin (simplified Chinese: 北京官话; traditional Chinese: 北京官話; pinyin: Běijīng Guānhuà) refers to a major branch of Mandarin...

reasons for choosing the Georgian language rather than Russian included the "lexical similarity of Abkhaz language to Georgian language" and the "common cultural...

English, particularly in the pronunciation of diphthongs. In the PRICE lexical set, including words such as "fine", "wife", and "ride", Broad Australian...

found lexical similarities with Pyu. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing...

tablets are inventories of signs organized thematically, ancestors of the lexical lists typical of the Mesopotamian literary traditions. While it is known...

tire–tar mergers. There are differing opinions as to whether /æ/ in the BATH lexical set can be considered RP. The pronunciations with /ɑː/ are invariably accepted...

language syntax is generally distinguished into three levels: Words – the lexical level, determining how characters form tokens; Phrases – the grammar level...

The Lausberg area is a part of southern Italy, covering much of Basilicata and the northern edge of Calabria, where Southern Italian dialects are spoken...

as child, children, child's and children's may realise the same lexical item. Lexical grouping may be: Formulaic: it relies on partially fixed expressions...

its lexical items: [VP [DP Emma] [V' [V dislikes] [DP [D the] [NP pie]]]] The above phrasal representation allows for an understanding of each lexical item...

dialects of Anung have 87% lexical similarity with each other. Anung has 73-76% lexical similarity with Derung, and 77-83% lexical similarity with the Matwang...

Colombia that form a small family. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Andaqui. The Tiniwan languages are: Tinigua (Tiniwa)...

traditional religions or Christianity, speak Ndam (65% lexical similarity) or Kimré (32% lexical similarity) as a second language. Mire at Ethnologue (18th...

called a lexical concept. A lexical concept is usually treated as a basic concept, although it can just as easily be a complex concept. Two lexical concepts...

the nominal, verbal, transpositional and those not subcategorized for lexical category (including stem-external word-level suffixes and phrase-final...

linguistic and computational concerns; for instance some parsing systems use lexical functional grammar, but in general, parsing for grammars of this type is...

The Chamic languages, also known as Aceh–Chamic and Acehnese–Chamic, are a group of ten languages spoken in Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia) and in parts of Cambodia...

surface form and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in natural language text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface...

nodes for all the lexical items (including those with purely grammatical function) in the sentence. Syntactic relations between lexical items at this level...

differentiating types from other identifiers. In the following example, the lexical class of A cannot be determined without further contextual information:...

text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK, and in lexical analysis. Regular expressions are supported in many programming languages...

Laura; Roldán-García, Alba (July 2025). "Between "Queer" and "Cishet men". Lexical Creativity, Gender Identities and Sexualities in Linguistic Labels in Tumblr"...

The Sepik–Ramu languages are an obsolete language family of New Guinea linking the Sepik, Ramu, Nor–Pondo (Lower Sepik), Leonhard Schultze (Walio–Papi)...

A verbal fluency test is a kind of psychological test in which a participant is asked to produce as many words as possible from a category in a given time...

titled Context Effects on Word Recognition: Implications for Models of Lexical Representation. She spent the next three years as a post-doctoral fellow...

every semantic change of a word would also affect all other words in a lexical field. His approach was later refined by Coseriu (1964). Fritz (1974) introduced...

In computer programming languages, an identifier is a lexical token (also called a symbol, but not to be confused with the symbol primitive data type)...

The Cenderawasih languages, also known as Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay languages and approximately synonymous with West New Guinea languages, are a branch...

Bangad Kalinga (Southern Kalinga). Ethnologue reports that the language is Lexically similar with some languages and dialects: 82% of Southern Kalinga and...

feature that relates to an understanding of the referential limits of a lexical item. Fundamentally, words that specify a spatio-temporal demarcation of...

Errors in early word use or developmental errors are mistakes that children commonly commit when first learning language. Language acquisition is an impressive...

here, and lexical aspect. Other terms for the contrast lexical vs. grammatical include: situation vs. viewpoint and inner vs. outer. Lexical aspect, also...

including dictionary-based methods that use the knowledge encoded in lexical resources, supervised machine learning methods in which a classifier is...

almost extinct. The languages form two branches established on the basis of lexical and morphological innovation. Nyulnyulan Western or Nyulnyulic: Nyulnyul...

WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms...

must select the individual words—known as lexical items—to represent that message in a process called lexical selection. The words are selected based on...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

evidence shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages Paionian: extinct language once...

you to refer to an unspecified person English personal pronouns – Closed lexical category of the English languagePages displaying short descriptions of...

intended meaning in a given context lexical substitution – the task of replacing a word in context with a lexical substitute sememe – unit of meaning...

headed by a lexical predicate in its head position) will be referred as CP ("big CP"), and a CP without V2 (i.e. CP headed by a non-lexical element) will...

Kuuk Thaayorre (Thayore) is a Paman language spoken in the settlement Pormpuraaw on the western part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia...

The Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages are a branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages of eastern Indonesia. They are spoken on islands in the Halmahera...

in the double reading. The irony is not lost in the contexts provided. Lexical gaps concerns words or phrases having no direct translation in any given...

 72. ISBN 978-1-4438-6260-8. Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of Hindvi...

a minor Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is lexically similar to Ndaka and Budu, Mbo, and Nyali. Vanuma at Ethnologue (18th...

Intifada (Arabic: اِنْتِفَاضَة, romanized: intifāḍah) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can also be used to refer...

Kuki-Chin-Mizo language of Myanmar. The Senthang dialects share 79% to 95% lexical similarity. Senthang is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue)...

A semantic feature is a component of the concept associated with a lexical item ('female' + 'performer' = 'actress'). More generally, it can also be a...

space models. While distributional semantics typically has been applied to lexical items—words and multi-word terms—with considerable success, not least due...

An ambiguous phoneme presented in a lexical context will be perceived as consistent with the surrounding lexical context. This perceptual effect is known...

known as the Lambda Papers. It was the first dialect of Lisp to choose lexical scope and the first to require implementations to perform tail-call optimization...

Shastri, Usha; Uppunda, Ajith (2014-12-15). "Production and perception of lexical tones in Manipuri language". Journal of Advanced Linguistic Studies. 1–2:...

forms below are from Sidwell & Rau (2015: 273, 340-363). Selected Khmeric lexical innovations: Proto-Austroasiatic language Sidwell, Paul (2021). "Classification...

warrants separate consideration from, though in addition to, its broader lexical meaning in Classical Arabic. In Islamic historiography, fitna specifically...

signal, in addition to the syntactic structure and semantics, as to the lexical category of the word use in the context of the sentence. In some circumstances...

strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages...

original on 5 October 2025. Retrieved 3 April 2026. James Redfern (1971). A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian Dialect Areas. Mouton Publishers...

distinction should be made between grammatical categories and lexical categories. Lexical categories (considered syntactic categories) largely correspond...

according to aspects of meaning: "semantics" refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while "pragmatics" is concerned with meaning in context. Within...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Cognitive Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context...

a productive category, the widespread use of numeral classifiers, and lexical words in referential function ("nouns") all have one invariable form, a...

in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial...

the Generative tradition have speculated that Salishan languages lack lexical categories such as nouns and verbs. Evidence for such an absence of contrast...

Malayalam get degeminated in Byari. Almost all lexical items in Byari dialect can be related to corresponding lexical items in other Malayalam varieties, Tulu...

Fido is a dog. *Jim loathes on Fido barking. *Jim loathes Fido to bark. Lexical aspect Copula Active–stative alignment Binnick, Robert I. (1991). Time...

small Austronesian language of the Bomberai Peninsula of New Guinea. Lexically it is very close to Irarutu. Locations: Kuri District in Teluk Bintuni...

Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in the neighboring U.S. state of Texas. It is a possible...

(either by graded levels, or as a ranked list). A word list is compiled by lexical frequency analysis within a given text corpus, and is used in corpus linguistics...

majority of experiments investigating the generation effect. According to the lexical activation hypothesis, the participant must search their semantic memory...

to their common origin. However, distinctions exist at various levels: lexical (e.g., Russian voskresenye vs. Belarusian нядзеля, nyadzelya for 'Sunday';...

appear as infinitives, participles, gerunds etc. Grammatical conjugation Lexical categories, commonly known as parts of speech Verbal noun E. Adelaide Hahn...

in linguistics and psycholinguistics to refer to individual speakers' lexical, or word, representations. However, there is some disagreement as to the...

phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with...

the subject. Different words have different functions depending on their lexical category. For example, while a pronoun like who may typically function...

Wolaitta or Wolayttatto Doonaa is a North Omotic language of the Ometo group spoken in the Wolayita Zone and some other parts of southwestern Ethiopia...

FrameNet is a group of online lexical databases based upon the theory of meaning known as Frame semantics, developed by linguist Charles J. Fillmore....

free nouns are and, thus, equating lexical suffixes with incorporated nouns. Gerdts (2003) gives examples of lexical suffixes in the Halkomelem language...

three branches are held together by morphological evidence, as very few lexical cognates are shared among them. The family was proposed by William A. Foley...

and southern dialects, but unlike General American English (GA). In the lexical set NURSE, most non-rhotic American accents preserve the /r/ sound. But...

diphthongs: /aɪ̯/ ஐ and /aʊ̯/ ஔ, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Tamil has no consonant clusters at the beginning of words and the...

that lexical gestures serve to amplify or modulate the semantic content of lexical speech, or that it serves a cognitive purpose in aiding in lexical access...

of vague lexical items. Some earlier studies that did not yet adopt the term "placeholder" use the terms "filler", "dummy". The terms "lexical filler"...

vocabulary of the Algonquian-Basque Pidgin reflects characteristics of lexical borrowing, morphological simplification, and phonological adaptations,...

Chiapas Zoque is a dialect cluster of Zoquean languages indigenous to southern Mexico (Wichmann 1995). The three varieties with ISO codes, Francisco León...

In linguistics, subcategorization denotes the ability/necessity for lexical items (usually verbs) to require/allow the presence and types of the syntactic...

traditionally mostly singular (e.g., "trouser press") except when there were lexical restrictions (e.g., "arms race"), but there is a recent trend towards more...

each other. Vector retrieval can be combined with metadata filtering or lexical search to support filtered and hybrid retrieval workflows. Common techniques...

variety A pronounces the lexical set BATH with an [ɑː] as in the lexical set PALM, whereas a speaker of variety B pronounces the lexical set BATH with an [æ]...

This article contains text in the Linear B syllabic script and characters used to write reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words. Without proper rendering...

Lexical comparison of Quichean languages Gloss Kaqchikel Tzʼutujil Kʼicheʼ Poqomam Uspantek Qʼeqchiʼ custard apple pak pak pak pak pak pak snail pur pur...

the Italian language. Italian words can be divided into the following lexical categories: articles, nouns, adjectives, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, prepositions...

LA: article défini, II.3". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. "Reverso Dictionnaire:...

CE). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-567-08651-8. J.A.L. Lee, A Lexical Study of the Septuagint Version of the Pentateuch (Septuagint and Cognate...

mechanisms contributing to the pronunciation of a written stimulus. The lexical route is the process whereby skilled readers can recognize known words...

the Spanish-language lyrics, featuring a play on words on ecstasy, non-lexical vocables such as "¡Hoo! ¡Hoo ha! ¡Hea hoo! Chiquitan chiquitan tan tan…"...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

different forms and functions that may be limited to one lexical category or shared across lexical categories. Partial reduplication gives the plural form...

as a portmanteau of the two lexical innovations ‘two’ and ‘pig’, respectively. The Cai–Long languages possess major lexical innovations that distinguish...

and I.6, and revising the already written segments to make them more lexically complex. By this time, some early supporters of Joyce's work, such as...

substances are mass nouns by default. It has been suggested nouns do not have a lexical specification for mass-count status, and instead are specified as such...

one of her books, May Henriquez provides a table that shows some of the lexical contrasts between the speech of Jewish and non-Jewish Curaҫaoans. Jacobs...

(February 2002). "Making Sense of Semantic Ambiguity: Semantic Competition in Lexical Access". Journal of Memory and Language. 46 (2): 245–266. doi:10.1006/JMLA...

The South Halmahera languages are the branch of Austronesian languages found along the southeast coast of the island of Halmahera in the Indonesian province...

to be closest to Chopi to its south, the two languages have only a 44% lexical similarity. Tonga at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Jouni Filip Maho, 2009...

varieties include Omok and Chuvan, which survived until the 19th century. Some lexical differences between Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir: Article 1 of the...

is a Minahasan language, a sub-group of the Philippine languages. Some lexical influence originates from European and other non-Minahasan languages, such...

conversational code-switches to long-term lexical borrowings. The recipient language (Cantonese) absorbs foreign lexical elements by what Sarah G. Thomason (2001)...

(analogous to the morpheme, defined as the smallest meaningful unit of lexical form). The term was later adopted, and its meaning broadened, by Kenneth...

hypernym. The meaning relation between hyponyms and hypernyms applies to lexical items of the same word class (that is, part of speech), and holds between...

larger numbers of items and languages. The items included may be either lexical, such as 'hand', 'sky', and 'go', or morphological, such as PLURAL and...

Modality Person Telicity Mirativity Tense–aspect–mood Grammatical aspect Lexical aspect (Aktionsart) Mood Tense Voice General features Affect Boundedness...

wrote that Hoey "has long made himself a name as a keen promoter of a lexical approach to text analysis and text linguistics in general... Hoey has produced...

This article contains Pashto text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Pashto script. Pashto dialects...

words used in a language or other linguistic context or in a person's lexical repertoire. An individual person's vocabulary includes a passive vocabulary...

that shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages, and notably within the centum-satem...

Portuguese creoles are creole languages whose lexical base is mainly derived from Portuguese. The oldest of them, Cape Verdean Creole, appeared at the...

Smith (2017a, 2017b). The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the Maritime...

Proto-Indo-European language (PIE) are basic parts of words to carry a lexical meaning, so-called morphemes. PIE roots usually have verbal meaning like...

operations to 32 levels of lexical nesting. Consider how we would access a lexical level 2 (D[2]) global variable from lexical level 5 (D[5]). Suppose the...

rather than translated and, given the nature of early manuscripts, the lexical difficulty rests in determining just which two Aramaic words constitute...

connection than the lexical relationships that are traditionally sought. As a result, he agreed with the consensus belief that lexical evidence of a genetic...

Hyderabadi Urdu (Urdu: حیدرآبادی اردو) is a variety of Dakhini Urdu, spoken in areas of the former Hyderabad State, corresponding to the Indian state of...

Lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars (LTAG) are a variant of TAG in which each elementary tree (initial or auxiliary) is associated with a lexical item...

previous pre-lexical theory as if the VWFA was pre-lexical one would expect equal activation throughout all frequencies. Instead a lexical theory was proposed...

СТАРТ() ВЫВОД: 'Привет, мир!!!' КОН ПРОЦ The same, but using the English lexics [sic, from the article referenced below]: proc start() output: 'Hello, world...

Khmuic homeland was adjacent to the Palaungic homeland, resulting in many lexical borrowings among the two branches due to intense contact. Sidwell (2014)...

In one study, Tigre was found to have a 71% lexical similarity to Geʽez, while Tigrinya had a 68% lexical similarity to Geʽez, followed by Amharic at...

Some of the rarest are reported to be auditory–tactile, mirror-touch, and lexical–gustatory. There is also disagreement regarding synesthesia's apparent...

Dictionary', 1959) gave a detailed, though conservative, overview of the lexical knowledge accumulated by 1959. Jerzy Kuryłowicz's 1956 Apophonie gave a...

phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named Judeo-Gascon. It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features...

sentence level, the principle claims that what remains if one removes the lexical parts of a meaningful sentence, are the rules of composition. The sentence...

Charles Boberg: Elective direct lexical transfer of non-English words (e.g., garderie for daycare) Imposed direct lexical transfer of non-English words...

Songlai (Songlai Chin) is a Kuki-Chin language of Burma. It is 90% lexically similar to Laitu Chin, but not mutually intelligible. Dialects are Doitu...

2013 book The H Factor of Personality. Based on findings from a series of lexical studies involving several European and Asian languages, the six factors...

languages and the broader Indo-European language family in its usage of lexical tone. The word Punjabi (sometimes spelled Panjabi) has been derived from...

relationship between individual words. This requires an understanding of lexical hierarchy, including hyponymy and hypernymy, meronomy, polysemy, synonyms...

This is a list of words used in mainstream South African English but not usually found in other dialects of the English language. For internationally common...

also: West Papuan languages#Lexical comparison West Bomberai languages#Lexical comparison West Papuan Highlands languages#Lexical comparison[broken anchor]...

Reconstructed functional morphemes from Charles Julian: Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Charles Julian: Julian (2010), pp. 9–11. Chafe...

language have survived, including personal and business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Full libraries...

Google Scholar Lapata, Maria (2000). The acquisition and modelling of lexical knowledge : a corpus-based investigation of systematic polysemy (PhD thesis)...

intelligibility and an 82 percent lexical similarity, and Puluwatese, with a 75 percent intelligibility and an 83 percent lexical similarity. The language today...

added, or removed from a dictionary. They are responsible for arranging lexical material (usually alphabetically, but also sometimes more thematically...

Linguistic categories include Lexical category, a part of speech such as noun, preposition, etc. Syntactic category, a similar concept which can also...

when the same identifier is used for different entities in overlapping lexical scopes. At the level of variables (rather than names), this is known as...

depending on the escaping scheme. An escaped string must then itself be lexically analyzed, converting the escaped string into the unescaped string that...

differentiated language from Vulgar Latin in this respect. The French language's lexical similarity to a selection of other Romance languages is 89% with Italian...

intelligible with Laitu Chin, with which it shares 91 to 96% lexical similarity. Sumtu has 96%–97% lexical similarity with the Dalet Stream variety of Laitu Chin...

opportunity and the difference principle. Rawls arranges the principles in "lexical priority," prioritizing in the order of the liberty principle, fair equality...

responses. These have been categorised as non-lexical, phrasal, or substantive.[volume and issue needed] A non-lexical backchannel is a vocalized sound that has...

synthesis Slavic languages distinguish between lexical and inflectional suffixes. In all cases, the lexical suffix precedes the inflectional in an agglutination...

Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0521646960. Tore Kjeilen. "Lexic Orient.com". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Cognitive Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context...

written standard, though these will often display different phonological, lexical, and sometimes even syntactic features. While there is broad mutual intelligibility...

department of neurology faculty. His 1981 dissertation was titled, Lexical access and lexical decision: mechanisms of frequency sensitivity. Gordon is the inaugural...

Obrador-Cursach (2019) has presented further phonetic, morphological and lexical evidence supporting a close relation between Greek and Phrygian, as seen...

are activated, showing that lexical access is not language-specific and that top-down processing is important in lexical access. Findings suggest that...

of Weakness and Dependency) • ALECSO-Sharjah Prize for Linguistic and Lexical Studies for the year 2018, "mihwar al dirasat fi al muejam al taarikhii...

the dialect continuum. It is phonetically closer to Santee-Sisseton but lexically and grammatically, it is much closer to Lakota. For this reason Lakota...

with either [ɡ] or [ŋ] by consistent nasal speakers: factors such as the lexical stratum of the morpheme may play a role, but it seems difficult to establish...

General Linguistics). Examples of approaches within structural semantics are Lexical field theory (1931-1960s), relational semantics (from the 1960s by John...

Grammar is a model for describing the syntactic environments of individual lexical items, derived from studying their occurrences in authentic linguistic...

decided to use a limited data, not taking into account dialectological lexical richness which shows much broader distribution of specific words. In her...

and Germanic languages. Another measure of morphological complexity, lexical diversity, is similar to Iranian, Germanic, and Romance languages. According...

Function Application if the modifier is given a higher semantic type, either lexically or by applying a type shifter. Predicate Modification Rule: If α {\displaystyle...

inventory. Witsuwitʼen lexical categories include nouns, verbs, adjectives, and postpositions. Directional terms are considered to be a lexical group in Witsuwitʼen...

Rakugo (落語; literally 'story with a fall') is a form of Japanese verbal comedy, traditionally performed in yose theatres. The lone storyteller (落語家, rakugoka)...

levelling towards GSE Differences between the two systems are mostly in lexical incidence. Many working-class speakers use the GSE system when reading...

A separable verb is a verb that is composed of a lexical core and a separable particle. In some sentence positions, the core verb and the particle appear...

languages. Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki (2019): Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items...

standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes. Below is a summary of lexical similarity between major Burmese dialects: Spoken...

distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language...

difference between ei and aai. Other phonological differences include: Some lexical differences between Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian include: West Frisian...

next and text do not rhyme, owing to a vowel split affecting the DRESS lexical set. The word next is realised with the raised vowel [e], which is distinguished...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

peoples. Paul Sidwell notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Katuic and Bahnaric the closer they are geographically...

the ultimate goal of classifying languages computationally, based on the lexical similarities observed. In the first ASJP paper two semantically identical...

relation Code Confabulation Connotation / Denotation Encoding / Decoding Lexical Modality Representation Salience Semiosis Semiosphere Semiotic theory of...

grouping was proposed by Roger Blench (2014), based on exclusively shared lexical items that had been noted by Modi (2013). Blench (2014) argues that Greater...

Jürgen; Höhle, Barbara (2001), "Approaches to bootstrapping", Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition...

Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia. They are not closely related, being 56% lexically similar (Ethnologue). These languages are Selaru and Seluwasan. Grimes...

Babylonian period, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents. The German archaeologists fled before oncoming British troops...

and text corpora of Aramaic dialects. CAL includes more than 3 million lexically parsed words. The project was started in the 1980s and is currently hosted...

usage by Scots-speakers resulted in many phonological compromises and lexical transfers, often mistaken for mergers by linguists unfamiliar with the...

lexico-semantic database of the Polish language. It includes sets of synonymous lexical units (synsets) followed by short definitions. plWordNet serves as a thesaurus-dictionary...

Hanja–Korean script influenced by the Japanese writing system, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Korean script. Korean...

with the Northwest Caucasian languages, absorbing a Northwest Caucasian lexical blending before moving farther westward to a region north of the Black...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

Republic of the Congo. In 1994 there were about 11,000 speakers. It is lexically similar to the Ndaka and Budu, Vanuma and Nyali languages. Mbo at Ethnologue...

includes personal names, toponyms, and names of deities. There are some lexical matches between Hurro-Urartian and Sumerian, which was a language isolate...

of Sanskrit morphology is the root, states Jamison, "a morpheme bearing lexical meaning". The verbal and nominal stems of Sanskrit words are derived from...

areas that mirror the internal organization of linguistics. For example, lexical semantics and frame semantics have active research communities within computational...

Laka or Lau is a Central Sudanic language spoken in Nigeria. It is most closely related to Kabba Laka of Chad. The Hausa refer to the Laka people of Lau...

of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological, and lexical isoglosses, with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Cognitive Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context...

words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative...

It was superseded by a variety of French that retains a large number of lexical and morphological influences from Judeo-Gascon. This variety of French...

"assign" three theta roles. This is coded in a theta grid associated with the lexical entry for the verb. The correspondence between the theta grid and the actual...

Chinese language. Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and lexicalized phrases vary greatly. The Hanyu Da Zidian, a compendium of Chinese characters...

toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number...

is known as macro expansion. The input and output may be a sequence of lexical tokens or characters, or a syntax tree. Character macros are supported...

number of words in our language in an unbounded number of contexts? (2) Is lexical information and the representations used in composing meanings separable...

no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences. Nonetheless, the consensus remains that they...

collected by Manuel María Albis in 1854. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with Paez, Chibcha (also proposed by Rivet 1924), and Tinigua-Pamigua...

Foi, also known as Foe or Mubi River, is one of the two East Kutubuan languages of the Trans-New Guinea family spoken along Lake Kutubu and Mubi River...

linguistic hypotheses, and historical linguistics relies on grammatical and lexical descriptions of languages to trace their individual histories and reconstruct...

language alongside English. Esperanto has been described as "a language lexically predominantly Romanic, morphologically intensively agglutinative, and...

later specialist technical texts or sūtras. The text takes material from lexical lists (Dhātupāṭha, Gaṇapāṭha) as input and describes algorithms to be applied...

Language Learning (CoNLL) Lexical and Computational Semantics and Semantic Evaluation (SemEval) Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics...

distinction in language between closed-class (grammatical) and open-class (lexical) categories. This distinction is motivated by the fact that language uses...

Journal of Politics. 2 (2): 15. Kluge, Angela (April 2008). "A synchronic lexical study of the Ede language continuum of West Africa". Afrikanistik Online...

3rd edition, 2018, s.v. "Bonite", French National Centre for Textual and Lexical Resources [fr] "BONITO". Etimologías de Chile - Diccionario que explica...

with well-established lexical representations are more likely to show lexical competition than people with less-established lexical representation. Kindness...

varieties of Russian or Belarusian/Ukrainian. Russian also has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on...

The Gallo-Italic languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol. In...

6160. עֲרָבָה (`arabah) — Desert, Plain, Wilderness, Steppe". Bible Hub. Lexical Summary; Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. Retrieved 2 July 2026. arabah:...

diglossia because the formal, standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and...

vowels, in contrast with eight or nine in Northern Santali, different lexical items, and to a certain degree, variable morphology. Santali is recognised...

is a Rajasthani language of Pakistan. Spoken by Gurgula people. It is lexically quite similar with Ghera, but very different grammatically. Gurgula at...

Yabutian (Jabuti), with extinct Jeicó unclassified within the family. Lexical parallels with Kamakanan and Purian have yet to be corroborated with reconstructions;...

influence affected the everyday beliefs of the indigenous peoples and the lexical composition of their languages. In the East, it spread along trade routes...

are included in the ISO code for Bamu. However, Ethnologue notes that lexical similarity is below 80% with the most similar dialect of Bamu proper. Dialects...

worse than Friulian, itself extremely impoverished", probably alluding to lexical contamination or impoverishment, without implying a real genetic proximity...

pre-Austronesians to be inconsistent with both the archaeological and linguistic (lexical) evidence. The Austronesian expansion (also called the "Out of Taiwan"...

Baniswola Lexical Change Final Stress Meaning Initial Stress Meaning غووړي ğwoṛí oil غووړي ğwóṛi he/she/they wants مستې masté yogurt مستې máste luscious...

17:24 and 2 Samuel 10:9 and 13. Variants also include the substitution of lexical equivalents, semantic and grammar differences, and larger scale shifts...

at all. In general, spaces are inserted between lexical clusters called eojeol (어절; 語節). These lexical clusters can be subdivided into various other categories...

third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Deciding which measure of either type to use in...

sandhi changes in compounding Differences in sandhi changes in inflection Lexical differences Overall, the Kwatha dialect is more conservative because many...

that probes for weaknesses Lexical scanner, a computer program or component of a program that breaks up its input into lexical tokens Scanner, a class in...

2000 BC; its structure reflects the decimal lexical numerals of Semitic languages rather than Sumerian lexical numbers. However, the use of a special Sumerian...

Geoffrey Nunberg (June 1, 1945 – August 11, 2020) was an American lexical semantician, linguist, and author. In 2001, he received the Linguistics, Language...

language spoken by the Luhya people in Vihiga County, Kenya. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole dialect in Uganda. The Nyore...

Southern Rungtu. The Rungtu dialects share 94%–96% lexical similarity. Rungtu shares 60%–66% lexical similarity with Rawngtu Chin. Rungtu at Ethnologue...

aimlessly". There is a large array of different frequentatives, indicated by lexical agglutinative markers. In general, one frequentative is -:i-, and another...

the Shigatse prefecture, of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. Kyirong has lexical tone, with a three-tone system. There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility...

Zarma (Zarma Ciine/Sanni; Ajami: زَرْمَ ݘِينٜ / زَرْمَ سَنِّ) is one of the Songhay languages. It is the leading indigenous language of the southwestern...

called matershchinnik (матерщинник). Mat is usually defined in terms of its lexical composition. The scholar of mat Yu. I. Levin [ru] defines mat ("obscene...

2022. Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7...

northwestern Nigeria and northern Benin. The Mande languages show a few lexical similarities with the Atlantic–Congo language family, so together they...

a rigid Sorbonnard education, Gargantua is also a novel full of verve, lexical richness, and often crude writing. Rabelais published Gargantua under the...

Malayo-Polynesian languages are marked by a significant historical Papuan influence, lexically, grammatically, and phonologically, and this is responsible for much of...

various regions of the Ottawa Valley may possess their own vocabularies (lexical features) as well. While the French were among the first to settle in the...

Charles H. "Charly" Höllering (born Karl-Heinz Höllering, 19 April 1944, Asch, Sudetenland (now Aš, Czech Republic) – 25 May 2009, Stuttgart) was a German...

Monosemy means 'one-meaning' and is a methodology primarily for lexical semantic analysis, but which has widespread applicability throughout the various...

(Argentinian) Spanish and Turkish. She has published on topics ranging from lexical phonology to the phonology-syntax interface to vowel harmony to featural...

These stages have been described in two types of processing models: the lexical access models and the serial models. Through these models, psycholinguists...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

lemma retrieval is the first step in lexical access. In this step, meaning and the syntactic elements of a lexical item are realized as the lemma. Lemma...

and positions of theta-roles that a lexicon assigns is encoded in its lexical entry (Chomsky 1981, p. 38) and must be satisfied in syntactic structure...

of Afrikaans vocabulary is ultimately of Dutch origin, so there are few lexical differences between the two languages; however, Afrikaans has considerably...

while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian. Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English: Piedmontese on Ethnologue...

language families in South America. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Arawa, Bora-Muinane, Guato, Irantxe, Jivaro, Karib...

can be in a syntactic relation (such as verb–object: make and decision), lexical relation (such as antonymy), or they can be in no linguistically defined...

Semantics Linguistic Logical Subfields Cognitive Computational Lexical Lexis Lexicology Statistical Structural Topics Analysis Compositionality Context...

York, N.Y: Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. Neishtadt, Mila (2015). "The Lexical Component in the Aramaic Substrate of Palestinian Arabic". In Butts, Aaron...

that mostly mark clauses as subordinate. The subordinators form a closed lexical category in English and include whether; and, in some of their uses, if...

program, it rewards a literary culture that is sensitive to grammatical, lexical, versification, or rhetorical techniques the author employs. Since 1969...

quality around [ɔ̞]. In Standard Scottish English, both the LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets are realized with the vowel /ɔ/, producing homophones such as "knotty"...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

category symbols often refer to the syntactic category of a lexical item. Examples include lexical categories such as auxiliary verbs (INFL), phrasal categories...

or verbal stems, to mark intensive and extensive developments in the lexical meaning of verbs. Aramaic has two proper tenses: perfect and imperfect...

30, 2019. Retrieved February 20, 2019. Spence, Justin (January 2016). "Lexical Innovation and Variation in Hupa (Athabaskan)". International Journal of...

derived from the Greek νόος ("nous, mind, reason") and σφαῖρα ("sphere"), in lexical analogy to "atmosphere" and "biosphere". The concept cannot be accredited...

The Kensington Runestone is a slab of greywacke stone covered in runes that was discovered in Western Minnesota, United States, in 1898. Olof Ohman, a...

of Arts in 1951 and his doctorate in 1956 (with a dissertation on "The Lexical Status of Mishnaic Hebrew"). He taught at Brandeis University (1954–56)...

del fiorentino contemporaneo (Dictionary of Modern Florentine) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio pioneered...

disapproval or pity is an unreleased dental click, although it is not a lexical phoneme (a sound that distinguishes words) in English but a paralinguistic...

drunk, performed a martial feat, burned the house down". Vysotsky makes lexical and word-formation substitutions — and the familiar hut on hen's legs turns...

Jungraithmayr, Kiyoshi Shimizu: Chadic lexical roots. Reimer, Berlin 1981. Herrmann Jungraithmayr, Dymitr Ibriszimow: Chadic lexical roots. 2 volumes. Reimer, Berlin...

Chiac is a blending of Acadian French syntax and vocabulary, with numerous lexical borrowings from English. The term "Canadian French" was formerly used to...

suggest that Makury may be an Ao language. The Makury dialects share 93% lexical similarity. Makury is not close to other Naga languages that fall under...

Front ends consist of preprocessing, lexical analysis, syntactic analysis (parsing) and semantic analysis. The goals of compiler front ends are to either...

attachment: arguments are attached via the lexical mechanism, but adjuncts are attached using general (non-lexical) grammatical knowledge that is represented...

Spanish and Portuguese languages is high, lexically and grammatically. Ethnologue gives estimates of the lexical similarity between related languages in...

Judgment Day. Historically, Christian mortalists have advanced theological, lexical, and scientific arguments in support of their position. Theological arguments...

type 'Rājpūt' always gravitates to the Kshatriya varna, which makes the lexical similarity between the two words semantically misleading. In past, the...

language being translated into. Difficulties in translating can arise from lexical and syntactical differences between the source language and the target...

national language. About 10% are ethnically Fula. The Kagoro variety is 86% lexically similar according to Ethnologue, and is being replaced by Bambara. Kita...

closely related to the Antaifasy dialect, with only minor phonological and lexical differences. One distinctive feature is the use of suffixes such as -tra...

Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales (CNRTL) (English: National Center of Textual and Lexical Resources) is a French organisation which...

grammatical and lexical elements from Cameroonian French, Cameroonian English, and Cameroonian Pidgin English, in addition to lexical contributions from...

of Myanmar, with which it shares 84 to 89% lexical similarity. The Ganan dialects share 95 to 99% lexical similarity. Ethnologue lists Ganaan, Ganan,...

based solely on lexical resemblances, which retained as much as 85% of Wurm's hypothesis, though some of it tentatively. The strongest lexical evidence for...

people. The Mro-Khimi varieties share 91% to 98% lexical similarity. Mro-Khimi is 86%–90% lexically similar to the Likhy variety of Eastern Khumi, 81%–85%...

The Bangi language, or Bobangi, is a relative and main lexical source of Lingala spoken in central Africa. Dialects of the language are spoken on both...

can be used to describe lexical categories. Phi-features are often thought of as the "silent" features that exist on lexical heads (or, according to some...

"Speech Levels, Social Predicates and Pragmatic Structure in Balinese: A Lexical Approach". Pragmatics. 15 (2–3): 169–203. doi:10.1075/prag.15.2-3.02ark...

international audiences in 2010, when a 1976 clip of him singing a non-lexical vocable version of the song "I Am Very Glad, As I Am Finally Returning...

v t e Lexical categories and their features Noun Abstract / Concrete Adjectival Agent Animacy Bare Collective Countable Initial-stress-derived Mass Noun...

(phonology, prosody, syntax, morphology) rather than alterations of individual lexical items. Language convergence occurs in geographic areas with two or more...

English, the negating word not cannot attach directly to just any finite lexical verb; rather, it can only attach to an auxiliary or copular verb. For example...

Makyam Naga dialects share 99% lexical similarity. It is closely related to other Konyak languages. Makyam is 31%–35% lexically similar to Ponyo-Gongwang Naga...

a noun referring to a person regarded as intrusive or meddlesome. As a lexical item, it is sometimes discussed alongside Japanese sound symbolism and...

9 July 2026; 26 days ago (9 July 2026) Typing discipline static Scope lexical Implementation language C++ Platform blockchain platforms OS Cross-platform:...

Qiangic. Bradley notes that Lolo-Burmese and Qiangic share some unique lexical items, even though they are morphologically quite different; whereas all...

The Nordic Indo-Germanic people is a mythological group, from which the Germanic peoples allegedly descended. The assumption of the existence of this primordial...

Le Lannou during a research project on the island in 1941. Although its lexical base is mostly of Latin origin, Sardinian nonetheless retains a number...

based on a study of 140 languages from across Eurasia. It lists the 15 lexical items that he found have the most semantic stability, i.e. the 15 words...

excluding cases where the spelling represents the "long a" sound (the lexical sets of FACE /eɪ/ and perhaps SQUARE /ɛər/). This is commonly expressed...

Being based on lambda calculus, ISWIM has higher-order functions and lexically scoped variables. The operational semantics of ISWIM are defined using...

two languages are almost mutually intelligible, and have an estimated lexical similarity of between 82% and 86%. Luganda, a Bantu language, shares its...

such are called "nonsense inscriptions [sv]" (nonsensinskrifter), or "non-lexical inscriptions" (icke-lexikala inskrifter), which are runic inscriptions...

Indonesia. It is most similar to Tombulu and to Tonsea. There is some lexical influence from European languages, such as Dutch, as well as Malay, Tombulu...

Semantic search denotes search with meaning, as distinguished from lexical search where the search engine looks for literal matches of the query words...

a time when the Spanish word was still pronounced with an initial /ʃ/. Lexical comparison from Native American Language Net:[better source needed] Note...

classifications based on different criteria, including morphological, lexical, and phonological characteristics. Some scholars have criticized the tree-based...

and cognition, and language and culture. Key areas of research include lexical semantics, grammatical semantics, phraseology and pragmatics, as well as...

paralinguistic information, has been shown to affect the resolution of lexical ambiguity. Some words have homophonous partners; some of these homophones...

in Sauri-Sirami village, Masirei District, Waropen Regency. Sauri is lexically similar to the East Geelvink Bay languages and presumably belongs in that...

compound verbs “are not nonce, ad hoc lexical calques of Yiddish. The Israeli system is productive and the lexical realization often differs from that of...

syntactic structure) which may occur parallel to lexical searches. As a whole, research into systems of human lexical recognition is limited due to little experimental...

both dialects are mutually intelligible, they are distinguished by minor lexical differences and distinct phonological shifts. Balangao dialect: This is...

lack of reconstructable shared morphology, and evidence that much shared lexical material has been borrowed from Chinese into Tibeto-Burman, by Christopher...

document Hokan languages and to establish sound correspondences in proposed lexical resemblance sets have added weight to the Hokan hypothesis, leading to...

California English (or Californian English) is the collection of English dialects native to California, traditionally classified under General or Western...

may simply reflect jumbles of names or magical formulas. Enough Thracian lexical items have survived to show that Thracian was a member of the Indo-European...

Silva (11 May 2010). Biblical Words and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Lexical Semantics. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87151-4. Aristotle (5 November 2012)...

Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Old Testament Hebrew Lexical Dictionary Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. Astronomica Book...

largely idiosyncratic language, consisting of a mixture of standard English lexical items and neologistic multilingual puns and portmanteau words, which attempts...

in the coastal area from Zhejiang to eastern Guangdong. There are major lexical and grammatical differences between northern and southern varieties, but...

Verbs such as "want," "need," or "belong" can be used to express modality lexically, as can adverbs. (9) It belongs in a museum! Complementizers (e.g. Russian)...

spread to the entire country, and the Occitan of the south lost ground. Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages, and between Latin...

lexical processing, the brain activates both languages when recognizing a word in either language. Rather than selecting a single language, lexical access...

spoke the same dialect. Definite and comprehensive evidence of Germanic lexical units only occurred after Caesar's conquest of Gaul in the 1st century...

koristaja ('a cleaner') and Finnish koristaja ('a decorator'). A high level of lexical similarity exists between German and Dutch, but shifts in meaning of words...

and uniquely shared lexical items, Italic shows the greatest similarities with Celtic and Germanic, with some of the shared lexical correspondences also...

Together with Napu and Bada, it belongs to the Badaic subgroup. Based on lexical similarity, Behoa occupies an immediate position within Badaic between...

this study, it is indicated that Kaluli and Sonia exhibit a significant lexical similarity of 70%, which is higher than any other languages compared. Therefore...

this definition may, but does not necessarily, contradict the dictionary (lexical) definition of the term. Because of this, a stipulative definition cannot...

Levels of adequacy). Recently, conceptual semantics in particular, and lexical semantics in general, have taken on increasing importance in linguistics...

lost by speakers of other varieties of French, as schwa the presence of lexical stress on the penultimate syllable of many words, in contrast to the phrase-final...

syntactically allowable part of a program that may be formed from one or more lexical tokens in accordance with the rules of the programming language, as defined...

occur as C1 in lexical words, while /ʔ k/ are rare. Thus there is a strong tendency for some consonants to mark the beginning of a lexical word, and for...

different groups: the literary compositions such as divination, religious, lexical, medical, mathematical and historical texts as well as epics and myths...

multiple languages within Tiipai. On the other hand, despite a great deal of lexical variation, all varieties of Tiipai are mutually intelligible, meaning that...