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Look up lexical in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Lexical may refer to: Lexical corpus or lexis, a complete set of all words in a language Lexical item...

linguistics, lexicalization is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language's lexicon. Whether word formation and lexicalization refer...

the semantic analysis phase since typedef names and variable names are lexically identical but constitute different token classes. Thus in the hack, the...

same name, because they are lexically scoped local variables with function scope: each one's scope is its own, lexically separate function and thus, they...

the lexical density of the individual's writing and speaking style. Further, human communication in the written form is generally more lexically dense...

In computer science, a lexical grammar or lexical structure is a formal grammar defining the syntax of tokens. The program is written using characters...

programming languages, a closure, also lexical closure or function closure, is a technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with...

A lexical function (LF) is a tool developed within Meaning-Text Theory for the description and systematization of semantic relationships, specifically...

mathematics, the lexicographic or lexicographical order (also known as lexical order, or dictionary order) is a generalization of the alphabetical order...

bound morphemes are not included. Items in the lexicon are called lexemes, lexical items, or word forms. Lexemes are not atomic elements but contain both...

In linguistics, lexical similarity is a measure of the degree to which the word sets of two given languages are similar. A lexical similarity of 1 (or...

Lexical simplification is a sub-task of text simplification. It can be defined as any lexical substitution task that reduces text complexity. Lexical...

between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters. A lexical set is a group of words that share a particular vowel or consonant sound...

Hale addressed some of the implications posed by complex verbs and a lexically-derived syntax. Their proposals indicated that the predicates CAUSE and...

"the language personality theory" which would be different from other lexically-based personality theories (e.g. by Allport, Cattell, Eysenck, etc.) due...

The lexical approach refers to various methods of teaching foreign languages with focus on lexical units of various sizes. On the smaller end, the lexical...

lexical rule is a form of syntactic rule used within many theories of natural language syntax. These rules alter the argument structures of lexical items...

Lexical functional grammar (LFG) is a constraint-based grammar framework in theoretical linguistics. It posits several parallel levels of syntactic structure...

In historical linguistics, cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from an etymological ancestor in...

traditional scheme does—include word class, lexical class, and lexical category. Some authors restrict the term lexical category to refer only to a particular...

into the target language on a morpheme-for-morpheme basis. This produces lexically precise renditions of foreign terms in the native language. Sometimes...

Lexical diversity is one aspect of 'lexical richness' and refers to the ratio of different unique word stems (types) to the total number of words (tokens)...

The cuneiform lexical lists are a series of ancient Mesopotamian glossaries which preserve the semantics of Sumerograms, their phonetic value and their...

machine-readable edition of lexical resources exist, e.g., Lexical Markup Framework (LMF) an ISO standard for encoding lexical resources, comprising an abstract...

In lexicography[citation needed], a lexical item is a single word, a part of a word, or a chain of words (catena) that forms the basic elements of a language's...

Lexical–gustatory synesthesia is a rare form of synesthesia in which spoken and written language (as well as some colors and emotions) causes individuals...

portmanteau, also known in linguistics and lexicography as a blend word, lexical blend, or simply a blend, is a word formed by combining the meanings and...

traditional approach, nouns were said to name objects and other entities, lexical verbs to indicate actions, adjectives to refer to attributes of entities...

simple two-choice cases. See confusion matrix for more details. Among lexical opposites, a marked form is a non-basic one, often one with inflectional...

Lexical substitution is the task of identifying a substitute for a word in the context of a clause. For instance, given the following text: "After the...

phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with...

by a comma (e.g. Jobs, Steve or Van Gerwen, Michael) representing the "lexical name order". This convention is followed by most Western libraries, as...

Language resource management – Lexical markup framework (LMF; ISO 24613), produced by ISO/TC 37, is the ISO standard for natural language processing (NLP)...

linguistics a lexical verb or main verb is a member of an open class of verbs that includes all verbs except auxiliary verbs. Lexical verbs typically...

monolingual English speakers, the primary influence of Norman was as a lexical superstratum, introducing a wide range of loanwords related to politics...

Guinea, sometimes classified as a member of the Mailuan family. It is 70% lexically similar to Abia of the Yareban family. Dutton (1971) proposed it to be...

Cohesion is the grammatical and lexical linking within a text or sentence that holds a text together and gives it meaning. It is related to the broader...

"lexical correspondence", but its sister project Wiktionary does: Read the Wiktionary entry "lexical correspondence" You can also: Search for Lexical correspondence...

original on 5 October 2025. Retrieved 3 April 2026. James Redfern (1971). A Lexical Study of Raeto-Romance and Contiguous Italian Dialect Areas. Mouton Publishers...

the equal opportunity principle. Rawls orders the principles of justice lexically, as follows: 1, 2b, 2a. The greatest equal liberty principle takes priority...

hypothesize sound changes that may have taken place in them. The study of lexical changes forms the diachronic portion of the science of onomasiology. The...

sense). Word classes considered as syntactic categories may be called lexical categories, as distinct from phrasal categories. The terminology is somewhat...

Spanish and Portuguese languages is high, lexically and grammatically. Ethnologue gives estimates of the lexical similarity between related languages in...

Reconstructed functional morphemes from Charles Julian: Reconstructed lexical roots and particles from Charles Julian: Julian (2010), pp. 9–11. Chafe...

In linguistics, the lexical aspect, situation type or Aktionsart (German pronunciation: [ʔakˈtsi̯oːnsˌʔaːɐ̯t], plural Aktionsarten German pronunciation:...

is a Rajasthani language of Pakistan. Spoken by Gurgula people. It is lexically quite similar with Ghera, but very different grammatically. Gurgula at...

In conversational linguistics, lexical entrainment is the phenomenon by which a speaker adopts the referential terms used by their interlocutor. It acts...

languages, but also occurs in Serbo-Croatian. It is also possible for lexically contrastive pitch (or tone) to span entire words or morphemes instead...

The lexical definition of a term, also known as the dictionary definition, describes the meaning of a word in terms of other words, and it is the style...

increments (i.e. phonetically abrupt), but severally at a time (i.e. lexically gradual) rather than always in a homogeneous block. In his view, a sound...

use of the French term déjà vu, are known as adoptions, adaptations, or lexical borrowings. Although colloquial and informal register loanwords are typically...

A lexical chain is a sequence between two semantically related ordered words in writing. It can span narrow (adjacent words or sentences) or wide context...

Lexical choice is the subtask of Natural language generation that involves choosing the content words (nouns, non-auxiliary verbs, adjectives, and adverbs)...

The lexical decision task (LDT) is a procedure used in many psychology and psycholinguistics experiments. The basic procedure involves measuring how quickly...

and lexically-scoped local variables. The keyword local is used to define local dynamically-scoped variables, while my is used for local lexically-scoped...

Tatuyo is a Tucanoan language of Colombia. Lexically, its closest relative is Carapano: the two languages' lexicons are 96.3% cognate. Tatuyo has 6 vowels:...

the lexical structure of different languages and different states of the same language. The origin of the field theory of semantics is the lexical field...

Lexical field theory, or word-field theory, was introduced on March 12, 1931, by the German linguist Jost Trier. He argued that words acquired their meaning...

linguistics, function words (also called functors) are words that have little lexical meaning or have ambiguous meaning and express grammatical relationships...

English and Russian, have lexical stress, where the position of stress in a word is not predictable in that way but lexically encoded. Sometimes more than...

learning brought a steady, though dramatically reduced, influx of new Latin lexical borrowings. Since subjects like science and philosophy (including rhetoric...

text editors, in text processing utilities such as sed and AWK, and in lexical analysis. Regular expressions are supported in many programming languages...

Mei, Tsu-lin (1976). "The Austroasiatics in Ancient South China: Some Lexical Evidence". Monumenta Serica. 32: 274–301. doi:10.1080/02549948.1976.11731121...

and uh-uh /ˈʌʔə/, or the interjection of error, uh-oh /ˈʌʔoʊ/. Such non-lexical vocables are often used in music, for example la la la or dum dee dum,...

different grammatical categories without changing its core meaning or lexical category: determines, determining, and determined are from the root determine...

Latinisms has a long history, dating back to the ancient times. Early lexical Latinisms are attested in various languages that came into contact with...

carry grammatical information (inflectional endings) or lexical information (derivational/lexical suffixes). Inflection changes the grammatical properties...

lexically conditioned ch to k alternation; k occurs before the plural and before suffixes beginning with a, not producing t. stem ablaut: lexically conditioned...

nouns constitute a lexical category (part of speech) defined according to how its members combine with members of other lexical categories. The syntactic...

phonotactics, a pure vowel system, phonemic vowel and consonant length, and a lexically significant pitch-accent. Word order is normally subject–object–verb with...

is difficult to specify the meaning at the desired level of precision. Lexical ambiguity is contrasted with semantic ambiguity.[citation needed] The former...

an accidental gap, also known as a gap, paradigm gap, accidental lexical gap, lexical gap, lacuna, or hole in the pattern, is a potential word, word sense...

small Austronesian language of the Bomberai Peninsula of New Guinea. Lexically it is very close to Irarutu. Locations: Kuri District in Teluk Bintuni...

an imperative procedural language, supporting structured programming, lexical variable scope, and recursion, with a static type system. It was designed...

depends on the quality (voiced vs. unvoiced) of the final preceding phoneme. Lexical morphology is the branch of morphology that deals with the lexicon that...

Niesiołowski-Spano, Łukasz (2020). "The Levites,*ra-wo,λᾶός/λαοί–A new proposal for lexical and historical relationship". Biblica. 101, 3 (3): 444–452. doi:10.2143/BIB...

IPA is designed to represent those qualities of speech that are part of lexical (and, to a limited extent, prosodic) sounds in spoken (oral) language:...

word before they respond to each target word. The prime words are either lexically related or unrelated to the target words, and the effect of the prime...

dislexified) in languages. A lexical conception of polysemy was developed by B. T. S. Atkins, in the form of lexical implication rules. These are rules...

verb for "follow" will be found under sequor ("I follow"). Lexeme Lexical item Lexical Markup Framework Null morpheme Principal parts Root (linguistics)...

England's history, Old Norse served as an adstrate, contributing to the lexical structure of Old English. The phenomenon is less common today in standardized...

Lexical semantics is the branch of semantics that studies word meaning. It examines whether words have one or several meanings and in what lexical relations...

with creoles, there is no real distinction between modal auxiliaries and lexically modal main verbs that are followed by another main verb. Hawaiian has...

Tamang, Southwestern Tamang, Eastern Gorkha Tamang, and Western Tamang. Lexical similarity between Eastern Tamang (which is regarded as the most prominent)...

enough to be considered a separate language. Ngamambo is 88% similar lexically to Meta’, and often is considered separate. Metaʼ at Ethnologue (18th...

Costa Pacífica de América Central y América del sur Como Zona de Difusión Lexical?: Primeras Aproximaciones" (PDF). ALFAL 2014. Archived (PDF) from the original...

ISBN 978-1-317-85108-0. Reid, Lawrence A. (June 1, 1994). "Possible Non-Austronesian Lexical Elements in Philippine Negrito Languages". Oceanic Linguistics. 33 (1)...

Retrieved February 8, 2026. Lepic, Ryan (2015). Motivation in Morphology: Lexical Patterns in ASL and English (Ph.D. thesis). University of California, San...

called LS-category or simply category Categorical data, in statistics Lexical category, a part of speech such as noun, preposition, etc. Syntactic category...

family spoken in the Nuba Mountains in South Kordofan, Sudan. It is 80% lexically similar to Ngile, which is also spoken by the Mesakin people. The most...

a minor Bantu language of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is lexically similar to Ndaka and Budu, Mbo, and Nyali. Vanuma at Ethnologue (18th...

make Hiri Motu not mutually intelligible with Motu. The languages are lexically very similar, and retain a common, albeit simplified, Austronesian syntactical...

influenced the language as well. In the second millennium, Punjabi was lexically influenced by Portuguese (words like almārī), Greek (words like dām),...

at least resembled the elevated intertribal idiom morphologically and lexically more than the other contemporary vernaculars), a view possibly supported...

Flex (fast lexical analyzer generator) is a free and open-source software alternative to lex. It is a computer program that generates lexical analyzers...

people. The Mro-Khimi varieties share 91% to 98% lexical similarity. Mro-Khimi is 86%–90% lexically similar to the Likhy variety of Eastern Khumi, 81%–85%...

Non-lexical vocables, also known as wordless vocals, are a form of nonsense syllable used in a wide variety of music. Common English examples are "la...

polsysyllabic and their lexically stressed syllable is short, the secondary stress falls on the next syllable after the lexically stressed one (e.g. ˈsåmår...

years, resulting in the Persianization of many Indian tongues, mainly lexically. In 1837, the British replaced Persian with English and Hindustani in...

Most of them are very similar to each other, with only some phonetic and lexical differences. The three main dialects spoken in the western end of Brittany...

The lexical integrity hypothesis (LIH) or lexical integrity principle is a hypothesis in linguistics which states that syntactic transformations do not...

according to aspects of meaning: "semantics" refers to grammatical and lexical meanings, while "pragmatics" is concerned with meaning in context. Within...

users adapt the properties of their language use (such as intonation, lexical choice, syntax, and other aspects of formulation) to the current communicative...

Hebrew: 4886. מָשַׁח (mashach)". biblehub.com. Retrieved 21 January 2026. Lexical summary: "to rub with oil, i.e. to anoint" "χριστός Greek Word Study Tool"...

often specific to a given field of knowledge or study. These include, lexical definitions, or the common dictionary definitions of words already in a...

Smith (2017a, 2017b). The evidence presented for this proposal are solely lexical. Despite its name, this branch has been now widespread within the Maritime...

inclusion and language extensions. Lexical preprocessors are the lowest-level of preprocessors as they only require lexical analysis, that is, they operate...

Rise and Progress of Mohammadanism (1911), Martin Zammit A Comparative Lexical Study of Qur'anic Arabic (2002), and Alfred Guillaume Islam (1990) Vasalou...

meaning and same lexical category, or derivational, creating a new word with a new semantic meaning and sometimes also a different lexical category. Prefixes...

Eastern Beboid language of Cameroon. According to Ethnologue, it's 85% lexically similar to Kemezung. Bebe at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription...

Speakers are shifting to Pouye, which is closely related (67% similar lexically). It is spoken in the single village of Pulwa (Bulawa) (3°39′57″S 142°00′52″E...

sake, meaning "for God's sake". It is a common source of neologisms and lexical replacement. Restrictions on language typically originate from the need...

creating one of the most distinct Italian dialects both phonetically and lexically. Assigning local dialects to strict geographical areas is often problematic...

at all. In general, spaces are inserted between lexical clusters called eojeol (어절; 語節). These lexical clusters can be subdivided into various other categories...

including dictionary-based methods that use the knowledge encoded in lexical resources, supervised machine learning methods in which a classifier is...

diphthongs: /aɪ̯/ ஐ and /aʊ̯/ ஔ, the latter of which is restricted to a few lexical items. Tamil has no consonant clusters at the beginning of words and the...

In lexical semantics, opposites are words lying in an inherently incompatible binary relationship. For example, something that is even entails that it...

similarities with Uzbek(istani) Russian, such as morphological differences and lexical differences such as the use of word урюк for a wild apricot or кислушка...

derived from the Greek νόος ("nous, mind, reason") and σφαῖρα ("sphere"), in lexical analogy to "atmosphere" and "biosphere". The concept cannot be accredited...

of Greek, since they share a number of phonological, morphological, and lexical isoglosses, with some being exclusive between them. Scholars have proposed...

in 1836 and led a translation campaign that highlighted the need for a lexical injection in Arabic, to suit concepts of the industrial and post-industrial...

In one study, Tigre was found to have a 71% lexical similarity to Geʽez, while Tigrinya had a 68% lexical similarity to Geʽez, followed by Amharic at...

synthesis Slavic languages distinguish between lexical and inflectional suffixes. In all cases, the lexical suffix precedes the inflectional in an agglutination...

national language. About 10% are ethnically Fula. The Kagoro variety is 86% lexically similar according to Ethnologue, and is being replaced by Bambara. Kita...

also holds across many lexically-unrelated pairs or sets of LUs. These relations are represented in meaning–text theory as lexical functions (LF). An example...

A verbal fluency test is a kind of psychological test in which a participant is asked to produce as many words as possible from a category in a given time...

nihilo (cf. ‘free constructions’, Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from...

Lexical Variant Generation (LVG) is a suite of command-line interface (CLI) tools designed to perform lexical transformations on text. The primary goal...

relatively recent times.[page needed] Tigrinya is lexically 68% similar to Geʽez, slightly higher than the lexical similarity of Amharic to the ancient language...

phonetics from the other groups but it comes closest to the Yaeyama dialect lexically. UNESCO listed six Okinawan language varieties as endangered languages...

High Tider, Hoi Toider, or Hoi Toide English is a family or continuum of American English dialects spoken in very limited communities of the South Atlantic...

communities. Brazil has also been promoting the language in Africa. The lexical similarity and comparable phonology of French to Portuguese makes it a...

and Laos. Paul Sidwell notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Bahnaric and Katuic languages the closer they are geographically...

Dictionary', 1959) gave a detailed, though conservative, overview of the lexical knowledge accumulated by 1959. Jerzy Kuryłowicz's 1956 Apophonie gave a...

The Chamic languages, also known as Aceh–Chamic and Acehnese–Chamic, are a group of ten languages spoken in Aceh (Sumatra, Indonesia) and in parts of Cambodia...

second language. It has a subject–object–verb clause structure and two lexical tones. Bambara is a variety of a group of closely related languages called...

Irving L. (1983). The Language of Ethnic Conflict: Social Organization and Lexical Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 49. ISBN 978-0-231-05557-4. Retrieved...

Latin and coined a large portion of Latin philosophical vocabulary via lexical innovation (e.g. neologisms such as evidentia, generator, humanitas, infinitio...

spoken in the southern Nuba Mountains in the south of Sudan. It is 80% lexically similar to Dengebu, which is also spoken by the Mesakin people. Dialects...

languages, stress is distinctive in Italian. According to Ethnologue, lexical similarity is 89% with French, 87% with Catalan, 85% with Sardinian, 82%...

diphthongs. Kimoto (2017) lists the following Arta lexical innovations (highlighted in bold). Lexical innovations in Casiguran Agta are also highlighted...

must select the individual words—known as lexical items—to represent that message in a process called lexical selection. The words are selected based on...

international audiences in 2010, when a 1976 clip of him singing a non-lexical vocable version of the song "I Am Very Glad, As I Am Finally Returning...

English, Pigeon English, or China Coast Pidgin) was a pidgin language lexically based on English, but influenced by a Chinese substratum. From the 17th...

the caller. Automatic local variables primarily applies to recursive lexically scoped languages. Automatic local variables are normally allocated in...

Wolaitta or Wolayttatto Doonaa is a North Omotic language of the Ometo group spoken in the Wolayita Zone and some other parts of southwestern Ethiopia...

Hebraism is a lexical item, usage or trait characteristic of the Hebrew language. By successive extension it is often applied to the Jewish people, their...

literary forms of Malayalam and Kannada. Literary texts in Telugu are lexically Sanskrit or Sanskritised to an enormous extent, perhaps seventy percent...

Task Halstead–Reitan Neuropsychological Battery Hayling and Brixton tests Lexical Decision Task Luria–Nebraska Neuropsychological Battery Mini–mental state...

spelled speech dysfluency, is any of various breaks, irregularities, or non-lexical vocables which occur within the flow of otherwise fluent speech. These...

2022. Rajyashree (1994). Goparaju Sambasiva Rao (ed.). Language Change: Lexical Diffusion and Literacy. Academic Foundation. pp. 45–58. ISBN 978-81-7188-057-7...

17:24 and 2 Samuel 10:9 and 13. Variants also include the substitution of lexical equivalents, semantic and grammar differences, and larger scale shifts...

no longer accepted by scholars as Alfred's own translations because of lexical and stylistic differences. Nonetheless, the consensus remains that they...

Tanimbar Islands of Indonesia. They are not closely related, being 56% lexically similar (Ethnologue). These languages are Selaru and Seluwasan. Grimes...

referring to it euphemistically instead. Read's first extended work, Lexical Evidence from Folk Epigraphy in Western North America: A Glossarial Study...

function is invoked. In addition, each nested function forms a lexical closure: the lexical scope of the outer function (including any constant, local variable...

(GPSG) Generative semantics Head-driven phrase structure grammar (HPSG) Lexical functional grammar (LFG) Nanosyntax Relational grammar (RG) Harmonic grammar...

tradition, a set of religious beliefs, and "a way of life". From a Western lexical standpoint, Hinduism, like other faiths, is appropriately referred to as...

Songlai (Songlai Chin) is a Kuki-Chin language of Burma. It is 90% lexically similar to Laitu Chin, but not mutually intelligible. Dialects are Doitu...

languages are related, but are not mutually intelligible, being only 30% lexically similar. Somra is closer to Akyaung Ari. Somra is spoken in Somra tract...

Capiznon or Capiceño (Bisaya nga Kinapisnon) is an Austronesian regional language spoken in Western Visayas in the Philippines. Capiznon is concentrated...

rather than translated and, given the nature of early manuscripts, the lexical difficulty rests in determining just which two Aramaic words constitute...

roots are then divided into [+ATR] and [−ATR] categories. This feature is lexically assigned to the roots because there is no determiner within a normal root...

District, Mamberamo Raya Regency. Language use is vigorous. Nisa-Anasi is lexically similar to the East Geelvink Bay languages and presumably belongs in that...

 72. ISBN 978-1-4438-6260-8. Although it has borrowed a large number of lexical items from Persian and some from Turkish, it is a derivative of Hindvi...

also vary in terms of whether pitch accents are assigned lexically or post-lexically. Lexical pitch accents are associated with particular syllables within...

townships. Laitu has 91-96% lexical similarity with Sumtu Chin and Songlai Chin, 85-89% similarity with Chinbon Chin, and 82-84% lexical similarity with Asho...

prominent feature of the English language, both at the level of the word (lexical stress) and at the level of the phrase or sentence (prosodic stress). Absence...

2023-06-19. Rydberg-Cox, Jeffrey (1 June 2000). "Co-occurrence patterns and lexical acquisition in ancient Greek texts". Literary and Linguistic Computing...

Gur language of Burkina Faso. Other than Khe, with which it is 50–60% lexically similar, it is distant from other languages, including the neighboring...

LA: article défini, II.3". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Archived from the original on 1 December 2009. "Reverso Dictionnaire:...

words are replaced by tatsama forms from Sanskrit. The Persian and Arabic lexical elements in Hindi result from the effects of centuries of Islamic administrative...

Muhammad. Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0521646960. Tore Kjeilen. "Lexic Orient.com". Archived from the original on 5 June 2011. Retrieved 5 June...

contextualization or paralinguistic cue; one paper wrote that they "extend the lexical meaning of the words, add character to the sentences, and allow fine-tuning...

Etymologie de PINGOUIN". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Archived from the original on October 26, 2008. Retrieved January 25...

such interactions. Bengali is reportedly similar to Assamese and has a lexical similarity of 40 per cent with Nepali. According to Suniti Kumar Chatterji...

intelligibility and an 82 percent lexical similarity, and Puluwatese, with a 75 percent intelligibility and an 83 percent lexical similarity. The language today...

can be used to describe lexical categories. Phi-features are often thought of as the "silent" features that exist on lexical heads (or, according to some...

or all of the following operations, often called phases: preprocessing, lexical analysis, parsing, semantic analysis (syntax-directed translation), conversion...

toward a fully accepted language of literature, and which was even able to lexically satisfy the demands of a scientific presentation. However, the number...

language have survived, including personal and business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, and daily records. Full libraries...

Wago (和語; Japanese pronunciation: [waꜜɡo]) are native Japanese words, meaning those words in Japanese that have been inherited from Old Japanese, rather...

The Polish language, like many others, includes swear words and profanity. While some terms are not always regarded as pejorative, others are considered...

traditional religions or Christianity, speak Ndam (65% lexical similarity) or Kimré (32% lexical similarity) as a second language. Mire at Ethnologue (18th...

supporting multiple paradigms. C# encompasses static typing, strong typing, lexically scoped, imperative, declarative, functional, generic, object-oriented...

have the lexical form of an identifier but are known as keywords – for example, if is frequently a keyword for an if clause, but lexically is of the...

centuries, and has been influenced considerably by Dutch and Spanish. Due to lexical similarities between Portuguese and Spanish, it is difficult to pinpoint...

linguistic hypotheses, and historical linguistics relies on grammatical and lexical descriptions of languages to trace their individual histories and reconstruct...

in Sauri-Sirami village, Masirei District, Waropen Regency. Sauri is lexically similar to the East Geelvink Bay languages and presumably belongs in that...

evidence shows common characteristic innovations and a number of significant lexical correspondences between the two languages Paionian: extinct language once...

An ambiguous phoneme presented in a lexical context will be perceived as consistent with the surrounding lexical context. This perceptual effect is known...

areas that mirror the internal organization of linguistics. For example, lexical semantics and frame semantics have active research communities within computational...

becoming accepted into mainstream language. Neologisms are one facet of lexical innovation, i.e., the linguistic process of new terms and meanings entering...

The Ugric or Ugrian languages (/ˈjuːɡrɪk, ˈuː-/ or /ˈjuːɡriən, ˈuː-/) are a branch of the Uralic language family. Ugric includes three subgroups: Hungarian...

Hanja–Korean script influenced by the Japanese writing system, where most lexical roots were written in Hanja and grammatical forms in Korean script. Korean...

reasons for choosing the Georgian language rather than Russian included the "lexical similarity of Abkhaz language to Georgian language" and the "common cultural...

northwestern Nigeria and northern Benin. The Mande languages show a few lexical similarities with the Atlantic–Congo language family, so together they...

Interrogative pronouns in Australian Aboriginal languages are a diverse set of lexical items with functions extending far beyond simply the formation of questions...

CE). Edinburgh: T&T Clark. p. 424. ISBN 978-0-567-08651-8. J.A.L. Lee, A Lexical Study of the Septuagint Version of the Pentateuch (Septuagint and Cognate...

Kayan people. The Kayan dialects share more than 90% lexical similarity. Padaung is 71% to 76% lexically similar to Lahta. Pekhon, southern Shan State northwestern...

Palanan Agta, is an Aeta language of Palanan, Isabela northern Philippines. Lexically but not grammatically it is extremely close to Paranan, a non-Negrito...

Nelson-Sathi, Shijulal; Geisler, Hans; Martin, William (2014). "Networks of lexical borrowing and lateral gene transfer in language and genome evolution"....

of Heaven. According to this theory, Heaven established the sovereign lexically[clarification needed] the same way a sovereign would establish a vassal...

original on August 1, 2024. Xenogender identities are said to fill a "lexical gap" or the lack of words in the English language to define one's particular...

written standard, though these will often display different phonological, lexical, and sometimes even syntactic features. While there is broad mutual intelligibility...

homophones can be used to create complicated linguistic constructs through lexical ambiguity. It has been discussed in literature in various forms since 1967...

practice, however, there is no hard and fast boundary between factual and lexical knowledge. Cowie, Anthony Paul (2009). The Oxford History of English Lexicography...

grammatically identical and lexically similar (but non-identical) to its cognate Punjabi and Persian word panj as well as to the lexically dissimilar but still...

third-party observation can also be used. Self-report measures are either lexical or based on statements. Deciding which measure of either type to use in...

6.336. ISSN 1540-9309. Arthur, Jay Mary (2003). The Default Country: A Lexical Cartography of Twentieth-century Australia. UNSW Press. pp. 123–124....

Silva (11 May 2010). Biblical Words and Their Meaning: An Introduction to Lexical Semantics. Zondervan. ISBN 978-0-310-87151-4. Aristotle (5 November 2012)...

differentiated language from Vulgar Latin in this respect. The French language's lexical similarity to a selection of other Romance languages is 89% with Italian...

A lexeme (/ˈlɛksiːm/ ) is a unit of lexical meaning that underlies a set of words that are related through inflection. It is a basic abstract unit of...

The Lausberg area is a part of southern Italy, covering much of Basilicata and the northern edge of Calabria, where Southern Italian dialects are spoken...

literary language served as different literary variants, chiefly differing in lexical inventory and stylistic devices. The common phrase describing this situation...

diglossia because the formal, standardised version of the language is either lexically Sanskrit or heavily influenced by Sanskrit, as taught in schools, and...

Province, Mambasa Territory of the Democratic Republic of the Congo. It is lexically similar to the Mbo, Budu, Vanuma and Nyali languages. Ndaka at Ethnologue...

distinguishes between two types of linguistic items: lexical items or content words, which carry specific lexical meaning grammatical items or function words,...

Romance languages, "biche". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales, "bichon". "French etymology of barbiche". myEtymology.com. Archived from...

Dutch Portuguese Colonial History Association for Portuguese and Spanish Lexically Based Creoles (ACBLPE) Associação Brasileira de Estudos Crioulos e Similares...

Chinese language. Estimates of the total number of Chinese words and lexicalized phrases vary greatly. The Hanyu Da Zidian, a compendium of Chinese characters...

Louanne (17 August 2016). The Trinidad Dougla: Identity, Ethnicity and Lexical Choice. Cambridge Scholars. ISBN 9781443898997. "Dougla dilemma". www...

Perhaps the most controversial aspect of GL has been the manner in which lexically encoded knowledge is exploited in the construction of interpretations...

of Sumerian on Akkadian (and vice versa) is evident in all areas, from lexical borrowing on a massive scale, to syntactic, morphological, and phonological...

"Speech Levels, Social Predicates and Pragmatic Structure in Balinese: A Lexical Approach". Pragmatics. 15 (2–3): 169–203. doi:10.1075/prag.15.2-3.02ark...

Southern Pashto (Pashto: جنوبي/سهيلي پښتو) is a standard variety of the Pashto language spoken in southeastern Afghanistan, and northern parts of the Pakistani...

varieties of Russian or Belarusian/Ukrainian. Russian also has notable lexical similarities with Bulgarian due to a common Church Slavonic influence on...

such a prevalence of English in modern South Korean culture and society, lexical borrowing is inevitable. English-derived Korean, or "Konglish" (콩글리시),...

Yanda Dogon is a Dogon language spoken in Mali. It is reported to be lexically similar to Nanga, which is only known from one report from 1953. Yanda...

of Myanmar, with which it shares 84 to 89% lexical similarity. The Ganan dialects share 95 to 99% lexical similarity. Ethnologue lists Ganaan, Ganan,...

distinguished from other mechanisms such as code-switching, substrata, or lexical borrowing. Other terms used in linguistics for the concept of a mixed language...

in the traditional sense of the word (like verb or noun), but rather a lexical class based on the special relationship between form and meaning exhibited...

in the Lowlands in that it is more phonologically, grammatically, and lexically influenced by a Gaelic substratum. Similarly, the English spoken in the...

variables in their interpreters and lexically scoped variables in their compilers. Scheme introduced the sole use of lexically scoped variables to Lisp; an inspiration...

Intifada (Arabic: اِنْتِفَاضَة, romanized: intifāḍah) is an Arabic word for a rebellion or uprising, or a resistance movement. It can also be used to refer...

can then be analyzed to extract hypernyms of the defined term and other lexical and semantic relations. Controlled vocabulary Dictionary Frahang-i Pahlavig...

that generates lexical analyzers ("scanners" or "lexers"). It is commonly used with the yacc parser generator and is the standard lexical analyzer generator...

dialects of Anung have 87% lexical similarity with each other. Anung has 73-76% lexical similarity with Derung, and 77-83% lexical similarity with the Matwang...

Makyam Naga dialects share 99% lexical similarity. It is closely related to other Konyak languages. Makyam is 31%–35% lexically similar to Ponyo-Gongwang Naga...

mentioned at the top of the article, Ukrainian is most closely related lexically to Belarusian, and is also closer to Polish than to Russian (for example...

Jürgen; Höhle, Barbara (2001), "Approaches to bootstrapping", Phonological, lexical, syntactic and neurophysiological aspects of early language acquisition...

The Cenderawasih languages, also known as Nuclear Cenderawasih Bay languages and approximately synonymous with West New Guinea languages, are a branch...

Archived from the original on 3 May 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2018. "4.1. Lexical Structure". PostgreSQL documentation. 2018. Archived from the original...

articulated on a religious topic: in it there is a fine linguistic and lexical intervention (the subdued language of the Mary and Christ compared to that...

English prefixes are affixes (i.e., bound morphemes that provide lexical meaning) that are added before either simple roots or complex bases (or operands)...

Hyderabadi Urdu (Urdu: حیدرآبادی اردو) is a variety of Dakhini Urdu, spoken in areas of the former Hyderabad State, corresponding to the Indian state of...

Northeastern Dialect. Comparison: Even within the Yusapzai dialect; regional lexical variation is noted; as pointed out by Dr. Muhammad Ali Kaleem: Even with...

able to run unaltered in R. The language was also inspired by Scheme's lexical scoping, allowing for local variables. The name of the language, R, comes...

the Generative tradition have speculated that Salishan languages lack lexical categories such as nouns and verbs. Evidence for such an absence of contrast...

Weapons, Agencies, Acronyms, Slang, Installations, Medical Terms and Other Lexical Units of Warfare. United States: McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers. Willson...

language alongside English. Esperanto has been described as "a language lexically predominantly Romanic, morphologically intensively agglutinative, and...

programming languages and unlike earlier Lisps such as Maclisp, Scheme is lexically scoped: all possible variable bindings in a program unit can be analyzed...

peoples. Paul Sidwell notes that Austroasiatic/Mon–Khmer languages are lexically more similar to Katuic and Bahnaric the closer they are geographically...

Rakugo (落語; literally 'story with a fall') is a form of Japanese verbal comedy, traditionally performed in yose theatres. The lone storyteller (落語家, rakugoka)...

WordNet is a lexical database of semantic relations between words that links words into semantic relations including synonyms, hyponyms, and meronyms...

features of the major communal dialects of Malayalam are summarized below: Lexical items with phonological features reminiscent of Sanskrit (e.g., viddhi...

such are called "nonsense inscriptions [sv]" (nonsensinskrifter), or "non-lexical inscriptions" (icke-lexikala inskrifter), which are runic inscriptions...

The Makassar languages are a group of languages spoken in the southern part of South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, and make up one of the branches of the...

DATR is a language for lexical knowledge representation. The lexical knowledge is encoded in a network of nodes. Each node has a set of attributes encoded...

province of Papua, on the eastern shore of Cenderawasih Bay. Kofei is lexically similar to the East Geelvink Bay languages and presumably belongs in that...

del fiorentino contemporaneo (Dictionary of Modern Florentine) reveals lexical distinctions from all walks of life. Dante, Petrarch, and Boccaccio pioneered...

Kalaamaya. Natingero has also been listed as a dialect, but it is only 40% lexically similar. As of 2015[update], a single fluent speaker, Kaprun elder Brian...

different forms and functions that may be limited to one lexical category or shared across lexical categories. Partial reduplication gives the plural form...

Chiapas Zoque is a dialect cluster of Zoquean languages indigenous to southern Mexico (Wichmann 1995). The three varieties with ISO codes, Francisco León...

The Parkari Koli language (sometimes called just Parkari) is an Indo-Aryan language mainly spoken in the province of Sindh, Pakistan. It is spoken in the...

words used in a language or other linguistic context or in a person's lexical repertoire. An individual person's vocabulary includes a passive vocabulary...

spread to the entire country, and the Occitan of the south lost ground. Lexical and grammatical similarities among the Romance languages, and between Latin...

Colombia that form a small family. Jolkesky (2016) also notes that there are lexical similarities with Andaqui. The Tiniwan languages are: Tinigua (Tiniwa)...

names bind to which objects – at which locations in the program code (lexically) and in which one of the possible execution paths (temporally). Use of...

made American English more familiar in South Africa, with some American lexical items becoming alternatives to comparable British terms. Several white...

current version 8.0 and previous versions are now also distributed by Lexical Analysis Software Limited. The software runs under Windows. WordSmith is...

and text corpora of Aramaic dialects. CAL includes more than 3 million lexically parsed words. The project was started in the 1980s and is currently hosted...

individual components within words or compounds are translated to create new lexical items in the target language (a process also known as "loan translation")...

Ōno's lexical law, or simply Ōno's law, is a statistical law for the varying rate that four word classes that appear in the lexicon of classical Japanese...

method of internal reconstruction. Less-standard techniques, such as mass lexical comparison, are used by some linguists to overcome the limitations of the...

Bangad Kalinga (Southern Kalinga). Ethnologue reports that the language is Lexically similar with some languages and dialects: 82% of Southern Kalinga and...

The Gallo-Italic languages constitute the majority of the Romance languages of northern Italy: Piedmontese, Lombard, Emilian, Ligurian, and Romagnol. In...

liturgical language of the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Tigre has a lexical similarity of 71% with Ge’ez and of 64% with Tigrinya. As of 1997, Tigre...

Hoppin' John, also known as Carolina peas and rice, is a rice and beans dish of legendary origins associated with the cuisine of the Southern United States...

Some of the rarest are reported to be auditory–tactile, mirror-touch, and lexical–gustatory. There is also disagreement regarding synesthesia's apparent...

The Bulgarian Etymological Dictionary (Bulgarian: Български етимологичен речник) is a multi-volume etymological dictionary of the Bulgarian language. It...

people from the 12th to the 15th century); Middle English was influenced lexically by Norman-French, Old French and Latin. In the Middle English period Latin...

Geraghty (2017) notes that many Southern Oceanic languages are often lexically and typologically aberrant, likely with Papuan substrata - particularly...

and Rev. Ngai Tim. The Matu dialects share 78%–89% lexical similarity. Matu shares 66%–71% lexical similarity with Thaiphum Chin. Rawngtu Chin is spoken...

Southern Bantoid language of Cameroon. A variety called Mengum is only 56% lexically similar, and so should perhaps be considered a distinct language. Ngie...

to be closest to Chopi to its south, the two languages have only a 44% lexical similarity. Tonga at Ethnologue (26th ed., 2023) Jouni Filip Maho, 2009...

Region. The various Dutch dialects spoken in Belgium contain a number of lexical and grammatical features that distinguish them from the standard Dutch...

lexical items and their atomic parts. Generative semantics’ case for lexical decomposition in which lexical reading, and base but different lexical extensions...

Long Lexical set Associated character j-diphthongs w-diphthongs r-dropped Lexical set Associated character Lexical set Associated character Lexical set...

standard Burmese with respect to vocabulary, lexical particles, and rhymes. Below is a summary of lexical similarity between major Burmese dialects: Spoken...

"Viennois, -oise (definition)". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Retrieved 19 June 2011. Viennoiseries & Gouters : L'art du Fait Maison...

Turkic languages, and several of its now-archaic grammatical as well as lexical features are extant in the modern Yellow Uyghur, Lop Nur Uyghur and Khalaj...

6160. עֲרָבָה (`arabah) — Desert, Plain, Wilderness, Steppe". Bible Hub. Lexical Summary; Strong's Exhaustive Concordance. Retrieved 2 July 2026. arabah:...

Kuuk Thaayorre (Thayore) is a Paman language spoken in the settlement Pormpuraaw on the western part of the Cape York Peninsula, Queensland in Australia...

difference between ei and aai. Other phonological differences include: Some lexical differences between Clay Frisian and Wood Frisian include: West Frisian...

may be studied in relation to individual words (named "word stress" or lexical stress) or in relation to larger units of speech (traditionally referred...

Kutu, Kami, Zaramo, Kwere, Doe The Ruvu languages are 60–70% similar lexically. Mbugu (Ma'a) is a mixed language based largely on Pare. Derek Nurse &...

related to the Camus dialect (88% to 94% lexical similarity) and to the South Maasai dialects (77% to 89% lexical similarity). The word "Samburu" itself...

Malayalam get degeminated in Byari. Almost all lexical items in Byari dialect can be related to corresponding lexical items in other Malayalam varieties, Tulu...

therefore likely to have also had an influence on modern Spanish. The lexical influence of Arabic reached its greatest level during the Christian Reconquista...

also: West Papuan languages#Lexical comparison West Bomberai languages#Lexical comparison West Papuan Highlands languages#Lexical comparison[broken anchor]...

the Shigatse prefecture, of the Tibetan Autonomous Region. Kyirong has lexical tone, with a three-tone system. There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility...

Together with Napu and Bada, it belongs to the Badaic subgroup. Based on lexical similarity, Behoa occupies an immediate position within Badaic between...

include: Vowels have phonemic vowel length, with one set of lexically long and one of lexically short phonemes. This may be variously influenced by the Scots...

(sophos), which means wisdom or knowledge. Another explanation traces the lexical root of the word to ṣafā (صفاء), which in Arabic means "purity", and in...

morphemes as leaves or features as leaves. Direct surface-to-syntax mapping in lexical functional grammar (LFG) – leaves are words Direct syntax-to-semantics...

and C++. Its SQL parser is written in yacc, but it uses a home-brewed lexical analyzer. MySQL works on many system platforms, including IBM AIX, BSDi...

Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in the neighboring U.S. state of Texas. It is a possible...

distinction further. ANTLR – Parser generator program Flex – UNIX program for lexical analysisPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets GNU bison –...

and promotional health messages: the effects of controlling language, lexical concreteness, and the restoration of freedom at the University of Oklahoma...

dropping, particularly in informal contexts. The process of developing new lexical items began as soon as British English-speaking colonists in North America...

its relative lexical unity, the two dialectal blocks of Catalan (Eastern and Western) show some differences in word choices. Any lexical divergence within...

surface form and lexical forms of words. Surface forms of words are those found in natural language text. The corresponding lexical form of a surface...

Delta; The Lagos or Western dialect which is highly influenced by Yoruba lexical borrowings/linguistic elements and calque translations; and the Onitsha...

Retrieved 5 May 2018. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and_Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 110. Archived from...

prevention, rather than defect removal. closure A technique for implementing lexically scoped name binding in a language with first-class functions. Operationally...

The Bangi language, or Bobangi, is a relative and main lexical source of Lingala spoken in central Africa. Dialects of the language are spoken on both...

Not all characters are suitable for the comparative method. For example, lexical items that are loans from a different language do not reflect the phylogeny...

Zëūdiāng. The Lainong Naga dialects share 89%–100% lexical similarity. Lainong Naga is 69%–75% lexically similar to Ponyo-Gongwang Naga, 62%–67% with Khiamniungan...

UBY is a large-scale lexical-semantic resource for natural language processing (NLP) developed at the Ubiquitous Knowledge Processing Lab (UKP) in the...

Uganda and Turkana of Kenya. Teso (spoken in both Kenya and Uganda) is lexically more distant. All consonants (except, of course, for /w/ and /j/) can...

theme of Icelandic language ideologies is grammatical, orthographic and lexical purism for Icelandic. This is evident in general language discourses, in...

Laka or Lau is a Central Sudanic language spoken in Nigeria. It is most closely related to Kabba Laka of Chad. The Hausa refer to the Laka people of Lau...

special vocabulary. The main objects of terminological studies are special lexical units (or special lexemes), first of all terms. They are analysed from...

The Raja Ampat–South Halmahera languages are a branch of Malayo-Polynesian languages of eastern Indonesia. They are spoken on islands in the Halmahera...

African English and in Lesotho. Except for faint lexical variation within Lesotho, and for marked lexical variation between the Lesotho/Free State variety...

Place names considered unusual can include those which are also offensive words, inadvertently humorous (especially if mispronounced) or highly charged...

as a portmanteau of the two lexical innovations ‘two’ and ‘pig’, respectively. The Cai–Long languages possess major lexical innovations that distinguish...

grouping was proposed by Roger Blench (2014), based on exclusively shared lexical items that had been noted by Modi (2013). Blench (2014) argues that Greater...

Republic of the Congo. In 1994 there were about 11,000 speakers. It is lexically similar to the Ndaka and Budu, Vanuma and Nyali languages. Mbo at Ethnologue...

space models. While distributional semantics typically has been applied to lexical items—words and multi-word terms—with considerable success, not least due...

and uniquely shared lexical items, Italic shows the greatest similarities with Celtic and Germanic, with some of the shared lexical correspondences also...

(2008), p. xiv. "Pique". Centre national de ressources textuelles et lexicales. Allan & Mackay (2007), p. 155. Gallery 3 - Sizes, Shapes and Colours...

Itbayat, Isneg, Manobo, Samal and Kankanaey. The Malaynon dialect is 93% lexically similar to Aklanon and has retained the "l" sounds, which elsewhere are...

The Kensington Runestone is a slab of greywacke stone covered in runes that was discovered in Western Minnesota, United States, in 1898. Olof Ohman, a...

while more recent imports tend to come from France and from Italian. Lexical comparison with other Romance languages and English: Piedmontese on Ethnologue...

The Miami accent is an evolving American English accent or sociolect spoken in South Florida, particularly in Miami-Dade county, originating from central...

language planning initiative aimed at Hindustani script, style, status & lexical reform and modernization. One of primary stated objectives of Hamari Boli...

those of Class II do. By default verbs are in Class II. Certain verbs are lexically in Class I (like nòa 'advise'), together with all verbs with complex onsets...

from each other. It is also accepted by Glottolog. Grass languages are lexically divergent, sharing very few cognates with the other Ramu languages. Foley...

the Indo-Europeans were a small people grammatically, phonetically and lexically close to Semitic-Hamitic populations of the Near East. See also "New Indology"...

display which is indexed to locate a desired frame. The depth of a routine's lexical nesting is a known constant, so the size of a routine's display is fixed...

Babylonian period, stored in private houses, with Sumerian literature and lexical documents. The German archaeologists fled before oncoming British troops...

in the double reading. The irony is not lost in the contexts provided. Lexical gaps concerns words or phrases having no direct translation in any given...

function is executed, instead of where it was defined. Proper support for lexically scoped first-class functions was introduced in Scheme and requires handling...

systems to sort version-6 UUIDs in order of creation simply by sorting them lexically. By reinstating the original NCS hi-lo byte order of the timestamp to...

and coastal districts which defined by phonological, morphological, and lexical innovations and most notably within the elaboration of the register; speech-level...

time, especially with the introduction of anonymous functions and full lexical scoping. Several features were added in new Lua versions. Versions of Lua...

Cash SS, Schomer D, Halgren E (October 2009). "Sequential processing of lexical, grammatical, and phonological information within Broca's area". Science...

warrants separate consideration from, though in addition to, its broader lexical meaning in Classical Arabic. In Islamic historiography, fitna specifically...

mobile, independent of the number of syllables in the word. Changes in lexical accent placement indicate different semantic meaning and grammatical meanings...

is the homeland of the Proto-Turkic language. Relying on Proto-Turkic lexical items about the climate, topography, flora, fauna, people's modes of subsistence...

organization of communication into a system of phonemes and the development of lexical rules capable of producing an infinite number of new messages (see digital...

Schmidt in 1975 was co-author of Lex, a software program to generate lexical analysers for the Unix computer operating system. In 1983, he joined Sun...

South Halmahera–West New Guinea and New Caledonian subgroups do show lexical tone. Most Austronesian languages are agglutinative languages with a relatively...

or verbal stems, to mark intensive and extensive developments in the lexical meaning of verbs. Aramaic has two proper tenses: perfect and imperfect...

nihilo (cf. 'free constructions', Tauli 1977), along with other sources of lexical enrichment such as derivations, compositions and loanwords (often from...

According to Nurse & Philippson (2003), they form a valid node. Indeed, at 90% lexical similarity they may be dialects of a single language. Additionally, Bende...

nouns with lexically determined gender are the feminine t-lussi ("butter") and masculine a-ɣi ("buttermilk") in Figuig. Mass nouns have lexically determined...

other varieties, as well as noticeable lexical differences. The Utsuki dialect, on the other hand, is lexically similar to the Toriuchi dialect and those...

used in linguistics include: Weighted graphs, which are used to model the lexical similarity between different languages (after computing lexicostatistics)...

The most significant of these was Medieval Greek, which contributed lexically, phonemically, and grammatically to Early Romani (10th–13th centuries)...

Regency, where the Lakes Plain language Saponi was also spoken. Woria is lexically similar to the East Geelvink Bay languages and presumably belongs in that...

is spoken in the northeastern coastal areas of Isabela, Philippines. Lexically but not grammatically, it is extremely close to Pahanan Agta as groups...

France: Centre National de Resources Textuelles et Lexicales (National Center for Textual and Lexical Resources). 2002. Retrieved 24 February 2024. Manaher...

predicatively, or attributively without derivation, and fails to be lexically specified morphosyntactically, it is known as precategoriality. Languages...

Retrieved 15 July 2015. Mario Jarmasz, July, 2003. ROGET'S THESAURUS AS A LEXICAL RESOURCE FOR NATURAL LANGUAGE PROCESSING. Thesis, Ottawa, Canada. Schuman...

spawned the common word "jumbo", meaning large in size. Examples of his lexical impact are phrases like "jumbo jet", "jumbo shrimp", "jumbo eggs", and...

linguistic and computational concerns; for instance some parsing systems use lexical functional grammar, but in general, parsing for grammars of this type is...

of tongue height. Elisions of vowels are morphologically and somewhat lexically determined.[citation needed] Verbal reduplication in Wogeo expresses imperfective...

Venetian, also known as wider Venetian or Venetan (łengua vèneta [ˈ(l)eŋɡwa ˈvɛneta]) or vèneto [ˈvɛneto]), is a Romance language spoken natively in the...

chapter takes its name from verse 25 in which the word Al-Qasas occurs. Lexically, qasas means to relate events in their proper sequence. Thus, from the...

endings, but with its lexical endings in place. For example, chatters has the inflectional root or lemma chatter, but the lexical root chat. Inflectional...

questions, such as wer mag denn Fusspilz? (who wants athlete's foot?) can be lexically identical to sincere questions, but often use a prosodic construction...

Définition de QUADRIMESTRE". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (cnrtl.fr). Retrieved 4 January 2025. "Semester". Merriam-Webster (Merriam-Webster...

Proto-Indo-European, via a Balto-Slavic stage in which it developed numerous lexical and morphophonological isoglosses with the Baltic languages. In the framework...

information to interpret their implications. Additional difficulties come from lexical and structural ambiguities, in which a word or a sentence can be associated...

Ech-charfi, Ahmed; Azzouzi, Lamyae (2017-05-11). "Ethnic Stereotypes and Lexical Semantics: The Emergence of the Rural/Urban Opposition in Moroccan Arabic"...

intermediate dialect of Marathi and Konkani, incorporating significant lexical and phonetic influences from Portuguese as well as elements found in Goan...

Zarma (Zarma Ciine/Sanni; Ajami: زَرْمَ ݘِينٜ / زَرْمَ سَنِّ) is one of the Songhay languages. It is the leading indigenous language of the southwestern...

social–linguistic construct learned in childhood, structured in terms of lexical metaphors and narrative practice, against Ned Block's criticism that it...

Munda languages is lexical flexibility, that is, a large number to almost entire their lexicons are precategorial, i.e. lexically underspecified for categories...

is known as macro expansion. The input and output may be a sequence of lexical tokens or characters, or a syntax tree. Character macros are supported...

gemstones, homeopathy, Kabbalah and Tarot divination were added later. Lexically, chakra is the Indic reflex of an ancestral Indo-European form *kʷékʷlos...

Yonaguni, spoken on Yonaguni Island, is phonologically distinct but lexically closer to other Yaeyama varieties. The southern Ryukyus were settled by...

from biomedical texts (ddiextraction 2013). Second Joint Conference on Lexical and Computational Semantics. Vol. 2. Association for Computational Linguistics...

California English (or Californian English) is the collection of English dialects native to California, traditionally classified under General or Western...

almost extinct. The languages form two branches established on the basis of lexical and morphological innovation. Nyulnyulan Western or Nyulnyulic: Nyulnyul...

Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-23. Old Testament Hebrew Lexical Dictionary Archived 2019-04-02 at the Wayback Machine. Astronomica Book...

with some speakers across the border in Bangladesh. Khumi shares 75%–87% lexical similarity with Eastern Khumi, and 78-81% similarity with Mro-Khimi. A...

Alexandrian school. Traditionally, transitivity patterns are thought of as lexical information of the verb, but recent research in construction grammar and...

the nominal, verbal, transpositional and those not subcategorized for lexical category (including stem-external word-level suffixes and phrase-final...

found lexical similarities with Pyu. However, since the analysis was automatically generated, the grouping could be either due to mutual lexical borrowing...

Austronesian languages spoken throughout the Indonesian archipelago. Although lexical evidence is lacking, the non-Austronesian languages of Timor are thought...

by C. F. Voegelin and F. M. Voegelin on JSTOR A Case of Taboo-Motivated Lexical Replacement in the Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus by Kevin Tuite...

January 2020). "The Levites, *ra-wo, λᾶός / λαοί – A new proposal for lexical and historical relationship". Biblica. 101 (3): 444–452. Retrieved 9 December...

that lexical gestures serve to amplify or modulate the semantic content of lexical speech, or that it serves a cognitive purpose in aiding in lexical access...

Charles Boberg: Elective direct lexical transfer of non-English words (e.g., garderie for daycare) Imposed direct lexical transfer of non-English words...

phonological features not found in southern dialects. Coastal dialects show lexical influence from Tulu and Konkani due to prolonged language contact. Dialects...

phonologically determined, albeit with a few cases of lexically determined distribution) and, in small lexically restricted sets of verbs, by the addition of -nnig-...

better classed as adjectives. Not all languages can be said to have a lexically distinct class of determiners. In some languages, the role of certain...

Asturian (/æˈstʊəriən/; asturianu [astuˈɾjanʊ]) is a West Iberian Romance language spoken in the Principality of Asturias, Spain. Asturian is part of a...

their Southeast Asian relatives, especially in phonology, morphology, and lexical inventories, likely due to prolonged language contact within the South...

varieties include Omok and Chuvan, which survived until the 19th century. Some lexical differences between Kolyma Yukaghir and Tundra Yukaghir: Article 1 of the...

of the vocabulary of Kabyle is common across its dialects, though some lexical differences exist, e.g. the word dream in English (from west to east):...

etymological reinterpretation. Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1403917232....

nouns do not possess grammatical gender, although this may be marked lexically, nor do they inflect for number. However, definite human nouns may take...

specialized in the field recognize the prevalence of Ligurian phonetic, lexical and morphologic traits (Werner Forner, Jean-Philippe Dalbera and Giulia...

Dardic from Indo-Aryan on the basis of his previous studies showing low lexical similarity to Indo-Aryan (43.5%) and negligible difference with similarity...

This is a list of words used in mainstream South African English but not usually found in other dialects of the English language. For internationally common...

language spoken by the Luhya people in Vihiga County, Kenya. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole dialect in Uganda. The Nyore...

Indonesia. It is close to Mariri. Hughes (1987) estimates that around 80% of lexical items are shared. The language's name comes from the Gwatle island (Batuley...

OntoLex is the short name of a vocabulary for lexical resources in the web of data (OntoLex-Lemon) and the short name of the W3C community group that...

differences between the French of Switzerland and of France are most noticeably lexical, influenced by local substrate languages. While substantial phonological...

sound features; syntactic typology, which deals with word order and form; lexical typology, which deals with language vocabulary; and theoretical typology...

to modern Chuvash, but also had some important connections, especially lexical and morphological, to Ottoman Turkish and Yakut Archived, Article (1982)...

Semantic search denotes search with meaning, as distinguished from lexical search where the search engine looks for literal matches of the query words...

Kuki-Chin-Mizo language of Myanmar. The Senthang dialects share 79% to 95% lexical similarity. Senthang is spoken in the following locations (Ethnologue)...

in keeping with its role in pathways involved in word recognition and lexical processing. Studies employing transcranial magnetic stimulation indicate...

variety A pronounces the lexical set BATH with an [ɑː] as in the lexical set PALM, whereas a speaker of variety B pronounces the lexical set BATH with an [æ]...

between form and meaning. Specific topics include scope, binding, and lexical semantic properties such as verbal aspect and nominal individuation, semantic...

by Mauritian Creole, particularly in its sentence structure and through lexical borrowing, with younger and more urban speakers tending to use more Creole...

Internationale d'Études Occitanes, Turnhout: Brepols Stephan Koppelberg, El lèxic hereditari característic de l'occità i del gascó i la seva relació amb el...

spoke the same dialect. Definite and comprehensive evidence of Germanic lexical units only occurred after Caesar's conquest of Gaul in the 1st century...

North Germanic languages other than by limited grammatical (particularly lexical) characteristics resulting from prolonged contact. Sámi is divided into...

the subject. Different words have different functions depending on their lexical category. For example, while a pronoun like who may typically function...

was once a productive form, but now is almost extinct and retained in a lexically specific set of words. In Common Czech the ending became productive again...

closely related Pira-tapuya do not intermarry, but their languages are 75% lexically similar. Kotiria is a member of the Tucanoan language family, which is...

2023-12-25 at the Wayback Machine Association of Portuguese and Spanish Lexically-based Creoles Language Varieties Creole language at Answers.com Creole...

every semantic change of a word would also affect all other words in a lexical field. His approach was later refined by Coseriu (1964). Fritz (1974) introduced...

Lahuli–Spiti languages, and is fairly close to Standard Tibetan. There is a 74% lexical similarity with the related language Stod Bhoti or Lahuli. Spiti Bhoti...

from English and Native American can be reflected in any of these five: lexically specific items (québécismes lexématiques), which do not exist in other...

Atsu,chepa, Alaba, Gbedu, and Kirikpo located to the south of Lapai. Lexically, it is most closely related to Kami and Dibo. Gupa-Abawa at Ethnologue...

priming because the transposed letter non-word is able to activate the lexical representation of its base word[citation needed]. A non-word that is created...

most comprehensive written source. The phonological, morphosyntactic, and lexical differences between two geographically distant dialects can be as abundant...

excluding cases where the spelling represents the "long a" sound (the lexical sets of FACE /eɪ/ and perhaps SQUARE /ɛər/). This is commonly expressed...

This article contains Pashto text. Without proper rendering support, you may see unjoined letters or other symbols instead of Pashto script. Pashto dialects...

this means is that the idiomatic reading is, rather, stored as a single lexical item that is now largely independent of the literal reading. In phraseology...

important feature is phonemic stress, wherein the placement of stress is lexically contrastive: identical sequence of sounds can represent distinct words...

(Luciano Beretta, Adriano Celentano, Miki Del Prete)  – 4:54 Grammelot Non-lexical vocables in music – Form of nonsense syllable used in a wide variety of...

Lexical similarity % lexical similarity Bangani 56% Jaunsari 61% Sirmauri 55% Nagpuri 74%...

Dictionary. Retrieved 24 June 2012. "WordNet Search". WordNet: An Electronic Lexical Database. Princeton University. Retrieved 1 July 2012. "litotes (figure...

cognitive routes, are involved in reading aloud. One mechanism is the lexical route, which is the process whereby skilled readers can recognize known...

February 2016. - "Quiche", Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales. Accessed 12 February 2015. This source also notes the first reference...

this form. (In some cases, a corresponding lexical verb may have the form. For example, although lexical verb need has a plain past tense form, auxiliary...

Lexicostatistics Lexical semantics Lexical analysis English lexicology and lexicography List of lexicographers List of linguists Lexical Markup Framework...

intelligible with Laitu Chin, with which it shares 91 to 96% lexical similarity. Sumtu has 96%–97% lexical similarity with the Dalet Stream variety of Laitu Chin...

characterized by relatively normal syntax and prosody but severe impairment in lexical access, resulting in poor comprehension and nonsensical or jargon speech...

speculatively considered Tibeto-Burman, exhibit many unique structural and lexical properties that probably reflect both a long history in the region and...

and enum values Magik OCaml, for value, type, and module names Perl, for lexical variables and subroutines Oracle SQL and PL/SQL, for all unquoted identifiers...

languages. Lexical comparisons of numerals in four Chamdo languages from Nyima & Suzuki (2019): Suzuki & Nyima (2018: 4-6) provide the following lexical items...

reversed by lexical replacement in dialects in Serbia from the 14th century. Dialects in Croatia and Slovenia have preserved more of the lexical items with...

into two main dialect groups: northern and southern. He noted significant lexical differences between them — for instance, the word ampela was used in the...

London: St Edmundsbury Press. ISBN 9780710300744. Paradis, Carole (1992). Lexical Phonology and Morphology: The Nominal Classes in Fula. New York: Garland...

struck the tree'. Whether a word can serve as an event is not determined lexically, e.g. ʔimmllkī-Ø ti-nusʔūlχ-tx 'the thief is a boy', nusʔūlχ-Ø ti-q̓s-tx...

strong proof of common Proto-Altaic lexical items nor solid regular sound correspondences but, rather, only lexical and structural borrowings between languages...

Tibetan. Following Nishi (1987) and Beyer (1992), he identified several lexical innovations that can be used as a diagnosis to distinguish Tibetic from...

French Guiana and French territories of the Caribbean and with a recent lexical adstratum from Portuguese. Lanc-Patuá, spoken more widely in the state...

based on a study of 140 languages from across Eurasia. It lists the 15 lexical items that he found have the most semantic stability, i.e. the 15 words...

The South Halmahera languages are the branch of Austronesian languages found along the southeast coast of the island of Halmahera in the Indonesian province...

probabilistic context-free grammar (PCFG) (see also stochastic grammar). Lexical semantics What is the computational meaning of individual words in context...

communication. In task-oriented studies, participants were more likely to lexically align when the interlocutors' shared vocabulary most directly related...

entities. He claims that speech is grammatically complex while writing is lexically dense. In other words, a sentence such as "a cousin of mine, the one about...

result of /i, u/ within vowel clusters. In Maʼya both tone and stress are lexically distinctive. This means both the stress and the pitch of a word may affect...

Lexicalized tree-adjoining grammars (LTAG) are a variant of TAG in which each elementary tree (initial or auxiliary) is associated with a lexical item...

Bosavi language, and is 19% lexically similar with Dibiyaso, but this appears to be due to loans. It has a greater (61%) lexical similarity with Doso, its...

referred to in Taiwan as Guoyu. There are several closed systems of Khitan lexical items for which systematic information is available. The following is a...

2025-11-04. Kaplan, Jennifer; Fisher, Dianne G.; Rogness, Neal T. (July 2010). "Lexical Ambiguity in Statistics: How students use and define the words: association...

better effect on the teacher – Grammatically correct sentence demonstrating lexical ambiguity List of linguistic example sentences Neko no ko koneko, shishi...

February 2013. Simmelbauer, Andrea (2000). The Dialect of Northumberland: A Lexical Investigation. Carl Winter. p. 17. ISBN 978-3-8253-0934-3. Jones, Charles...

Peterborough, United Kingdom: Bookvault Publishing. ISBN 9781807385842. "Portail lexical – Définition de tracer" (in French). Archived from the original on 18 August...

teacher" is a grammatically correct English sentence used to demonstrate lexical ambiguity and the necessity of punctuation, which serves as a substitute...

the same language, despite being mutually unintelligible and only 68% lexically similar. The Inpui-speaking people are mainly concentrated in the Tamenglong...

Regular languages are commonly used to define search patterns and the lexical structure of programming languages. For example, the regular language L...

example, may be most closely related to Nobonob, yet they are only 30% lexically similar. The languages are: Kare East Hansemann: Nobonob (Garuh), Wagi...

York, N.Y: Morrow. ISBN 978-0-688-08093-8. Neishtadt, Mila (2015). "The Lexical Component in the Aramaic Substrate of Palestinian Arabic". In Butts, Aaron...

Kam–Tai  Kam–Sui Western Kam–Tai  Hlai Be–Tai Ong-Be Tai Based on shared lexical innovations, Norquest (2021) significantly revised his classification of...

Island in the Kangean Islands region, north of the Bali Sea. Based on lexical studies, viewed from a dialectological perspective, the Kangean dialect...

lack of reconstructable shared morphology, and evidence that much shared lexical material has been borrowed from Chinese into Tibeto-Burman, by Christopher...

2024. Emerson, p. 98. Tamba, Irène (2021). "Chapter 10 – A Geographic and Lexical Puzzle:colors in Names of Seas". In Kupchik, John (ed.). Studies in Asian...

a noun referring to a person regarded as intrusive or meddlesome. As a lexical item, it is sometimes discussed alongside Japanese sound symbolism and...

kakairun in 1900, and texts for religious instruction. Delaporte filled lexical gaps with borrowings from German, which was taught alongside Nauruan. In...

between the Jewish languages is the presence of Hebrew and Judeo-Aramaic lexical components, stemming from the shared use of these languages in writing...

and Germanic languages. Another measure of morphological complexity, lexical diversity, is similar to Iranian, Germanic, and Romance languages. According...

or derived from an etymon (but see below).[citation needed] Cognates or lexical cognates are sets of words that have been inherited in direct descent from...

phonetic and lexical features, which linguistics named Judeo-Gascon. It has been superseded by a sociolect of French that retains most of the lexical features...

of meaning of how the action is carried out and also interact with the lexical semantics of the root verb: telic and non-telic actions, semelfactives...

"MIDI : Définition de MIDI". Centre National de Ressources Textuelles et Lexicales (in French). Retrieved 2025-03-19. Taylor, Colin Duncan (2021). Menu from...

quality around [ɔ̞]. In Standard Scottish English, both the LOT and THOUGHT lexical sets are realized with the vowel /ɔ/, producing homophones such as "knotty"...

3rd edition, 2018, s.v. "Bonite", French National Centre for Textual and Lexical Resources [fr] "BONITO". Etimologías de Chile - Diccionario que explica...

to a large extent, also lexically. They are mutually intelligible to a high extent, although Western Dakota appears lexically closer to the Lakota language...

Retrieved 2018-09-10. Ghil'ad Zuckermann (2003). Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew, Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, (Palgrave...

make-up of the language militate against such a classification. Some English lexical items that are archaic or only used in idiomatic expressions in Standard...

families were found to speak it in 2011. Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Barbacoan languages due to contact. Below are listed...

speak Khumi. Anung has 72-76% lexical similarity with Mro-Khimi although mutual intelligibility is low, and 23-37% lexical similarity with neighbouring...

reconstruct some of its features. Some historical evidence on the phonetic and lexical features of the Afri were already observed in ancient times. Pliny observes...

dialect of Mandarin and are mutually intelligible, but also feature various lexical, phonological, and grammatical differences. There exists significant variation...

the Ottoman Empire, in the form of the Ottoman Turkish language, mostly lexically.[citation needed] The damaskin texts mark the transition from Middle Bulgarian...

language spoken by the Banyole in Butaleja District, Uganda. There is 61% lexical similarity with a related but different Nyole language in Kenya. Nyole...

Lakes Plain language of Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Ethnologue reports a 23% lexical similarity with Sikaritai, another East Tariku language. Papasena at Ethnologue...