Liberalism in Germany

This article aims to give a historical outline of liberalism in Germany (German: Liberalismus). The liberal parties dealt with in the timeline below are, largely, those which received sufficient support at one time or another to have been represented in parliament. Not all parties so included, however, necessarily labeled themselves "liberal". The sign ⇒ denotes another party in that scheme.

Background

The early high points of liberalism in Germany were the Hambacher Fest (1832) and the Revolutions of 1848 in the German states. In the Frankfurt Parliament National Assembly in the Frankfurt am Main Frankfurt Paulskirche (1848/1849), the bourgeois liberal factions Casino and Württemberger Hof (the latter led by Heinrich von Gagern) were the majority. They favored a constitutional monarchy, popular sovereignty, and parliamentary rule. Organized liberalism developed in the 1860s, combining the previous liberal and democratic currents. Between 1867 and 1933 liberalism was divided into progressive liberal and national liberal factions. Since 1945 only one liberal party has been significant in politics at the national level: The Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei, FDP).

History

Pre 1860s

From German Progress Party to German State Party

1861: Liberals united in the German Progress Party (Deutsche Fortschrittspartei)
1867: The moderate faction seceded as the ⇒ National Liberal Party
1868: A radical South German faction seceded as the ⇒ Democratic People's Party
1884: The party merged with the ⇒ Liberal Union into the German Freeminded Party (Deutsche Freisinnige Partei)
1893: The party split in the Freeminded People's Party (Freisinnige Volkspartei) and the ⇒ Freeminded Union (Freisinnige Vereinigung)
1910: The FVP merged with the ⇒ Freeminded Union and the ⇒ German People's Party into the Progressive People's Party (Fortschrittliche Volkspartei)
1918: The party is reorganised into the German Democratic Party (Deutsche Demokratische Partei), incorporating parts of the ⇒ National Liberal Party
1930: The DDP in an attempt to survive reorganised itself into the German State Party (Deutsche Staatspartei)
1933: The party is forced to dissolve itself

German People's Party (1868)

1868: A radical faction of the ⇒ German Progress Party formed the German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei)
1910: The DVP merged into the ⇒ Progressive People's Party

National Liberal Party / German People's Party (1918)

National Liberals

1867: A right-wing faction of the ⇒ German Progress Party formed the National Liberal Party (Nationalliberale Partei)
1871: A conservative faction of NLP formed the Imperial Liberal Party (Liberale Reichspartei)
1880: A left-wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Liberal Union
1918: The NLP is reorganised into the German People's Party (Deutsche Volkspartei), part of the party joined the German Democratic Party
1933: The party is dissolved

Liberal Union

1880: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ National Liberal Party formed the Liberal Union (Liberale Vereinigung)
1884: The party merged with the ⇒ German Progress Party into the ⇒ German Freeminded Party

Freeminded Union

1893: The ⇒ German Freeminded Party split into the Freeminded Union (Freisinnige Vereinigung) and the ⇒ Freeminded People's Party
1903: The ⇒ National Social Union joined the Freeminded Union
1908: A left-wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Democratic Union
1910: The party merged into the ⇒ Progressive People's Party

National Social Union

1896: The National Social Union (Nationalsozialer Verein) is formed
1903: The party is dissolved and members joined the ⇒ Freeminded Union

Democratic Union

1908: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ Freeminded Union formed the Democratic Union (Demokratische Vereinigung)
1918: The remnants of the Union joined the German Democratic Party

From Liberal Democratic Party of Germany to Alliance of Free Democrats (GDR)

1945: Liberals in East Germany re-organised themselves into the Liberal Democratic Party of Germany (Liberal-Demokratische Partei Deutschlands). Since 1949 the party is under control of the communist dictatorship
1990: The LDPD regained its liberal profile and shortened its name in February into Liberal Democratic Party (Liberal-Demokratische Partei). The same month it joined the newly founded Free Democratic Party (GDR) (Freie Demokratische Partei (DDR)) and the German Forum Party (Deutsche Forumpartei) into Association of Free Democrats (Bund Freier Demokraten). In March the Association of Free Democrats absorbed the National Democratic Party of Germany (Nationaldemokratische Partei Deutschlands), and finally in August it merged into present-day ⇒ Free Democratic Party

Free Democratic Party

1945–1946: Liberals in West Germany re-organised themselves in regional parties
1948: The regional liberal parties merged into the Free Democratic Party (Freie Demokratische Partei)
1956: A conservative faction seceded and formed the Free People's Party (Germany) (Freie Volkspartei). FDP is initially a hardright party well to the right of CDU
1982: A left-wing faction seceded as the ⇒ Liberal Democrats
1990: The FDP incorporated the ⇒ Association of Free Democrats

Liberal Democrats

1982: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ Free Democratic Party formed the present-day Liberal Democrats (Liberale Demokraten), without success

New Liberals

2014: A left-wing faction of the ⇒ Free Democratic Party formed the present-day New Liberals (Neue Liberale), contested in Hamburg state election 2015
2021: The party was dissolved, formed into an association and members were urged to join Volt Deutschland

Party of Humanists

2014: The secular liberal and socially liberal, Party of Humanists (Partei der Humanisten) is formed.

Liberal leaders

Liberals before 1918: Eduard Lasker (1829–1884); Rudolf von Bennigsen – Hans Victor von Unruh – Eugen Richter
Freisinn: Theodor Barth – Friedrich Naumann – Max Weber
Deutsche Demokratische Partei: Walther Rathenau – Theodor Heuss
Deutsche Volkspartei: Gustav Stresemann
LDPD (East-Germany): Waldemar Koch, Wilhelm Külz, Manfred Gerlach
Freie Demokratische Partei: Reinhold Maier – Thomas Dehler – Hans-Dietrich Genscher – Otto Graf Lambsdorff – Walter Scheel – Guido Westerwelle – Christian Lindner

Liberal thinkers

In the Contributions to liberal theory the following German thinkers are included:

Immanuel Kant (1724–1804)
August Ludwig von Schlözer (1735–1809)
Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835)
Lujo Brentano (1844–1931)
Friedrich Naumann (1860–1919)
Max Weber (1864–1920)
Walther Rathenau (1867–1922)
Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930)
Wilhelm Röpke (1899–1966)
Ralf Dahrendorf (1929–2009)
Karl-Hermann Flach (1929–1973)

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